Uniform

For other uses, see Uniform (disambiguation).

A variety of uniforms used in the Canadian Militia, 1898.

A uniform is a variety of costume worn by members of an organization while participating in that organization's activity. ^[1] Modern uniforms are most often worn by armed forces and paramilitary organizations such as police, emergency services, security guards, in some workplaces and schools ^[2] and by inmates in prisons. ^{[3] [4]}

In some countries, some other officials also wear uniforms in their duties; such is the case of the Commissioned Corps of the United States Public Health Service or the French prefects. For some organizations, such as police, it may be illegal for non members to wear the uniform.

Etymology

From the Latin unus (meaning one), and forma (meaning form). ^[5]

Corporate and work uniforms

Uniformed newspaper vendors in Mexico City. Employers in some workplaces require their employees to wear a uniform.

Workers sometimes wear uniforms or corporate clothing of one nature or another. ^{[6] [7]} Workers required to wear a uniform may include retail workers, bank and post-office workers, public-security and health-care workers, blue-collar employees, personal trainers in health clubs, instructors in summer camps, lifeguards, janitors, public-transit employees, towing- and truck-drivers, airline employees and holiday operators, and bar, restaurant and hotel employees. The use of uniforms in commercial or public-service organizations often reflects an effort in branding and in developing a standard corporate image.

An airline pilot in uniform.

The term uniform may be misleading because employees are not always fully uniform in appearance and may not always wear attire provided by the organization, while still representing the organization in their attire. Academic work on organizational dress by Rafaeli & Pratt (1993) referred to uniformity (homogeneity) of dress as one dimension, and conspicuousness as a second. ^[8] Employees all wearing black, for example, may appear conspicuous and thus represent the organization even though their attire is uniform only in the color of their clothing, not in its features. Pratt & Rafaeli, (1997) described struggles between employees and management about organizational dress as struggles about deeper meanings and identities that dress represents. ^[9] And Pratt & Rafaeli (2001) described dress as one of the larger set of symbols and artifacts in organizations, which coalesce into a communication grammar. ^[10]

Armed forces and security

Main article: Military uniform

A Russian honor guard wearing their full dress uniforms. Full dress is a formal uniform typically worn in ceremonies.

Military uniform is the standardised costume worn by members of the armed forces and paramilitaries of various nations. ^[11] Military dress and military styles have gone through great changes over the centuries from colourful and elaborate to extremely utilitarian. Military uniforms in the form of standardised and distinctive dress, intended for identification and display, are typically a sign of organised military forces equipped by a central authority. The utilitarian necessities of war and economic frugality are now the dominant factors in uniform design. Most military forces, however, have developed several different uniform types.

Military personnel in most armed forces and some civilian officials may wear some or all of the following: combat uniform, service dress, dress uniform, full dress uniform, mess dress.

Medical workers

A nurse uniform in Serbia during World War I

Uniforms can distinguish various categories of staff in medical institutions: doctors, surgeons, nurses, ancillary staff and volunteers.

Traditional female nurses' uniforms resemble uniforms (habits) worn by religious orders. ^{[12] [13]}

Equipment - notably stethoscopes - worn like a badge of office, may accompany or replace medical uniforms.

Educational

Main article: School uniform

Taiwan schoolgirls in uniform during the time of Japanese rule, 1927.

Uniforms are required for students in many schools in different countries. School uniforms vary from a standard issue T-shirt to rigorous requirements for many items of formal wear at private schools. School uniforms are in place in many public schools as well.

Countries where mandatory school uniforms are common include Japan, South Korea, Hong Kong, Thailand, India, Australia, UAE, Singapore, Albania, Philippines, some schools in Taiwan, New Zealand, South Africa, Indonesia and the United Kingdom, among many other places. In some countries, uniform types vary from school to school, in the United Kingdom, many pupils between 11 and 16 of age wear a blazer, tie and trousers for boys and blouse, tie and trousers, skirt, or culottes for girls. The ties tend to have a set pattern or a logo embroidered representing the school, and jackets will usually carry a badge on the breast pocket with the school's name, coat of arms, and motto or emblem. Children in many British state primary schools will have a uniform jumper and/or polo shirt with the school name and logo.

Some universities in the DPRK require students to wear uniforms. ^[14]

Diplomats

Main article: Diplomatic uniform

From about 1800 to after the Second World War, diplomats from most countries (and often senior non-military officials generally) wore official uniforms at public occasions. Such uniforms are now retained by only a few diplomatic services, and are seldom worn.

Police

A uniformed police officer in Sweden. The police often wear uniforms to distinguish themselves in public.

See also: Police § Uniformed, Police uniforms and equipment in the United Kingdom, Police uniforms in the United States, and Uniforms of the Singapore Police Force

Members of the police in every country have a uniform for identification as law-enforcement personnel or agents. ^[15] They are distinguished from the public by the uniform the police wear during overt policing activity. Usually each country has its own different police uniform.

Contrast plainclothes law enforcement and undercover operations.

Sports

See also: Sportswear, Jersey (sport), Baseball uniform, Basketball uniform, American football uniform, Kit (association football), Kit (cycling), and Cricket whites

Most, if not all, sports teams also wear uniforms, made in the team's distinctive colors. In individual sports like tennis and golf, players may choose any clothing design allowed by the competition rules.

To prevent the confusion (for officials, players, and fans) that might result from two opposing teams wearing uniforms (kits) with similar colors, teams have different variations for "home" and "away" games, where typically one is dark and the other is light. In the four major North American sports leagues, one of the two uniforms is almost always predominantly white, and each league except for the National Basketball Association (NBA) has a rule to determine which team should normally wear its white uniform. Customarily, National Football League (NFL) and National Hockey League (NHL) teams wear their color uniforms for home games. By contrast, Major League Baseball (MLB) teams wear their white uniforms for home games. The NBA traditionally required home teams to wear white, or at least a light color, but as of the 2017–18 season allows home teams to wear any uniform color, mandating only that away teams wear a color that sufficiently contrasts with the home team's choice. ^[16] These rules are not strictly enforced, however, for any of the four major professional sports leagues in North America. Some NFL teams, most notably the Dallas Cowboys, prefer to wear their white jerseys for home games. When Joe Gibbs was the head coach of the Washington Redskins — first from 1981 to 1992, and again from 2004 to 2007 — the Redskins exclusively wore white jerseys at home games. ^[17] In the United Kingdom, especially in football, the terms "kit" or "strip" (as in 'football kit') are more common (instead of uniform).

Domestic workers

Domestic workers are often required by their employers-managers to wear a uniform. ^{[18] [19]}

Prison

Prisoners in Utah (c. 1885) wearing striped prison uniforms. Prisons often require inmates to wear uniforms.

Main article: Prison uniform

A prison uniform is any uniform worn by individuals incarcerated in a prison, jail or similar facility of detention. ^[20] Prison uniforms are standard-issue clothing designed for easy identification of prisoners and prevention of escape. ^{[21] [22] [23]} The distinct colors and designs make prisoners stand out from civilians, while also minimizing their ability to hide contraband.

Beautician

The beauticians use uniforms to protect their skin from harmful chemicals and acid. These chemical resistant and water proof uniforms are not only safe to work in but also provide a professional, polished appearance throughout the day.

Scouting

Statue of a Boy Scout in uniform. The Scout uniform is a specific characteristic of scouting used in most of their events.

See also: Scouting § Uniform, and Uniform and insignia of the Boy Scouts of America

The Scout uniform is a specific characteristic of the Scouting movement, in the words of Baden-Powell at the 1937 World Jamboree, "it covers the differences of country and race and make all feel that they are members one with another of one World Brotherhood". The original uniform, which has created a familiar image in the public eye, consisted of a khaki button-up shirt, shorts and a broad-brimmed campaign hat. Baden-Powell himself wore shorts since being dressed like the youth contributed to reducing perceived "distance" between the adult and the young person. Nowadays, uniforms are frequently blue, orange, red, or green, and shorts are replaced by long pants in areas where the culture calls for modesty, and in winter weather. The campaign hats have also been dropped in some Scouting organisations.

Buttons

Some uniforms have specially-manufactured buttons, which, in the case of antiques, often outlast the fabric components of the uniform, and become highly collectable items. ^[24] Nowadays, buttons come in different materials, shapes sizes and colors.

Hygiene

In some countries or regions such as the UK, Australia or Hong Kong, the cost of cleaning one's uniform or work clothing can be partially deducted or rebated from the personal income tax, if the organization for which the person works does not have a laundry department or an outsourced commercial laundry. ^{[25] [26]}

See also

• Costume
• Court dress
• Dress code
• Industrial laundry
• Political uniform
• Social behavior
• Uniform fetishism

References

1. The Code of Federal Regulations of the United States of America. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1971. p. 279.
2. "Manual on School Uniforms | Office of Justice Programs". www.ojp.gov. Retrieved 2024-03-23.
3. Tynan, Jane; Godson, Lisa (2019-08-08). Uniform: Clothing and Discipline in the Modern World. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 76. ISBN   978-1-350-04557-6.
4. Federal Probation. Administrative Office of the United States Courts. 1983. p. 65.
5. Atkinson, Charles Francis (1911). "Uniforms"  . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica . Vol. 27 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 582.
6. Taxpayer Information Publications. Department of the Treasury, Internal Revenue Service. 1995. p. 63.
7. Wage, New York (State) Division of Women in Industry and Minimum (1940). Report of the Industrial Commissioner to the Hotel Minimum Wage Board, Relating to Wages and Other Conditions of Employment of Women and Minors in Hotels and Other Lodging Establishments. p. 42.
8. Rafaeli, A.; Pratt, M. G. (1993). "Tailored Meanings: On the Meaning and Impact of Organizational Dress". The Academy of Management Review. 18 (1): 32–55. doi:10.5465/amr.1993.3997506.
9. Pratt, M. G.; Rafaeli, A. (1997). "Organizational dress as a symbol of multilayered social identities". Academy of Management Journal. 40 (4): 862–898. doi:10.5465/256951.
10. Pratt, M. G.; Rafaeli, A. (2001). "Symbols as a language of organizational relationships". Research in Organizational Behavior. 23: 93–132. doi:10.1016/S0191-3085(01)23004-4.
11. Busch, Otto Von; Viau, Jeanine (2022-02-10). Silhouettes of the Soul: Meditations on Fashion, Religion, and Subjectivity. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 151. ISBN   978-1-350-17992-9.
12. Compare: Finkelman, Anita Ward; Kenner, Carole (2010). Professional Nursing Concepts: Competencies for Quality Leadership. Jones & Bartlett Publishers. ISBN   9781449617677 . Retrieved 2016-11-08. Prior to the all-white uniform, the nurse's uniform was gray or blue, similar to a nun's habit and to the uniforms worn during Florence Nightingale's time [...].
13. Hardy, S.; Corones, A. (2017). "The Nurse's Uniform as Ethopoietic Fashion". Fashion Theory. 21 (5): 523–552. doi:10.1080/1362704X.2016.1203090.
14. Lankov, Andrei (2014-01-10). North of the DMZ: Essays on Daily Life in North Korea. McFarland. p. 114. ISBN   978-0-7864-5141-8.
15. Project Reports of the National Institute of Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice. U.S. Department of Justice. 1971. p. 82.
16. Whitaker, Lang (July 18, 2017). "NBA, Nike unveil new uniforms for 2017-18 season". NBA.com. Retrieved October 15, 2018.
17. "White at Home in the NFL". www.uni-watch.com. Retrieved July 5, 2015.
18. Demos, Vasilike (Vicky); Segal, Marcia Texler (2022-08-15). Gender Visibility and Erasure. Emerald Group Publishing. ISBN   978-1-80382-595-3.
19. Demos, Vasilike (Vicky); Segal, Marcia Texler (2022-08-15). Gender Visibility and Erasure. Emerald Group Publishing. ISBN   978-1-80382-595-3.
20. Purkayastha, Sharmila (2023-08-31). Of Captivity and Resistance: Women Political Prisoners in Postcolonial India. Cambridge University Press. p. 55. ISBN   978-1-009-39275-4.
21. Roth, Mitchel P. (2005-11-30). Prisons and Prison Systems: A Global Encyclopedia. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. ISBN   978-0-313-06042-7.
22. Gallo, Ester; Scrinzi, Francesca (2016-07-15). Aiprintee. Springer. ISBN   978-1-137-37978-8.
23. Jolliffe, Pia (2018-10-12). Prisons and Forced Labour in Japan: The Colonization of Hokkaido, 1881-1894. Routledge. ISBN   978-1-351-20633-4.
24. Peach State Button Club (2010). "Uniform (Division II)". Button Country. Georgia, USA: buttoncountry.com. Retrieved 11 March 2010.
25. HM Revenue & Customs. "SE67240 - Tax treatment of nurses: expenses deductions - laundering uniforms - amount to be deducted" . Retrieved 1 November 2007.
26. Australian Taxation Office. "Claiming a deduction for laundry/dry cleaning of work clothing". Archived from the original on 27 February 2008. Retrieved 1 November 2007.