Sock

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A hand-knitted sock HandKnittedWhiteLaceSock.jpg
A hand-knitted sock
Argyle socks Argyle (PSF).png
Argyle socks

A sock is a piece of clothing worn on the feet and often covering the ankle or some part of the calf. Some types of shoes or boots are typically worn over socks. In ancient times, socks were made from leather or matted animal hair. In the late 16th century, machine-knit socks were first produced. Until the 1800s, both hand-made and machine-knit socks were manufactured, with the latter technique becoming more common in the 19th century, and continuing until the modern day.

Contents

One of the roles of socks is absorbing perspiration. The foot is among the heaviest producers of sweat in the body, it can produce over 0.25 US pints (0.12 L) of perspiration per day; [1] socks help to absorb this sweat and draw it to areas where air can evaporate the perspiration. In cold environments, socks made from cotton or wool help warm up cold feet which in turn helps decrease the risk of getting frostbite. Thin socks are most commonly worn in the summer months to keep feet cool. Light colored socks are typically worn with sports shoes and dark colored socks with dress shoes (often black or navy blue dress socks).

Etymology

The modern English word sock is derived from the Old English word socc, meaning "light slipper". This comes from the Latin soccus, a term to describe a "light, low-heeled shoe" worn by Roman comic actors, [2] and deriving from the Ancient Greek word sykchos. [3]

History

The earliest known pair of socks, created by naalbinding. Dating from 300-500, these were excavated from Oxyrhynchus on the Nile in Egypt. The split toes were designed for use with sandals. On display in the Victoria and Albert museum, reference 2085&A-1900. BLW Pair of socks.jpg
The earliest known pair of socks, created by naalbinding. Dating from 300–500, these were excavated from Oxyrhynchus on the Nile in Egypt. The split toes were designed for use with sandals. On display in the Victoria and Albert museum, reference 2085&A-1900.
12th-century cotton sock, found in Egypt. The knitter of this sock started work at the toe and then worked up towards the leg. The heel was made last and then attached to loops formed while knitting the leg. This practice allowed the heel to be easily replaced when it wore out. Islamic sock.jpg
12th-century cotton sock, found in Egypt. The knitter of this sock started work at the toe and then worked up towards the leg. The heel was made last and then attached to loops formed while knitting the leg. This practice allowed the heel to be easily replaced when it wore out.

Socks have evolved over the centuries from the earliest models, which were made from animal skins gathered up and tied around the ankles in the manner of the later Greek and Roman carbatinae shoes. Because the manufacture of socks was relatively time-consuming in preindustrial times, they were long used only by the rich. The poor wore footwraps, simple cloths wrapped around the feet. These remained in use in Eastern European armies until the end of the 20th century.

According to the Greek poet Hesiod, in the 8th century BC, the Ancient Greeks wore socks called "piloi", which were made from matted animal hair. [4] The Romans also wrapped their feet with leather or woven fabrics. Around the 2nd century AD, the Romans started sewing the fabrics together making fitted socks called "udones". By the 5th century AD, socks called " puttees " were worn by holy people in Europe to symbolize purity.

During the Middle Ages, the length of trousers was extended and the sock became a tight, brightly colored cloth covering the lower part of the leg. Since socks did not have an elastic band, garters were placed over the top of the stockings to prevent them from falling down. When breeches became shorter, socks began to get longer (and more expensive). By 1000 AD, socks became a symbol of wealth among the nobility. From the 16th century onwards, an ornamental design on the ankle or side of a sock has been called a "clock". [5] [6] [7]

The invention of a knitting machine in 1589 meant that socks could be knitted six times faster than by hand. Nonetheless, knitting machines and hand knitters worked side by side until 1800.

The next revolution in sock production was the introduction of nylon in 1938. Until then socks were commonly made from silk, cotton and wool. Nylon was the start of blending two or more yarns in the production of socks, a process that still continues today.

Fabrication

Socks can be created from a wide variety of materials, such as cotton, wool, nylon, acrylic, polyester, olefins (such as polypropylene). [8] To get an increased level of softness other materials that might be used during the process can be silk, bamboo, linen, cashmere, or mohair. [8] Merino wool is a popular fabric choice that offers warmth and comfort to socks, and retains its shape better when blended with other materials. [9] : 242  The color variety of socks can be any color that the designers intend to make the sock upon its creation. Sometimes art is also put onto socks to improve their appearance. Colored socks may be a key part of the uniforms for sports, allowing players teams to be distinguished when only their legs are clearly visible.

Fort Payne, Alabama, is regarded as the "Sock capital of the world" due to nearly half of socks manufactured in the early 21st century were made here. The Fort Payne sock industry employed about 7000 workers at its peak around 2000 AD. [10] Fort Payne, while still one of the largest producers of socks only produces only a quarter of socks, has lost that title to Datang.

The township-level district of Datang in the city of Zhuji in Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China, has become known as Sock City. The town currently produces 8 billion pairs of socks each year, [11] a third of the world's sock production, effectively creating two pairs of socks for every person on the planet in 2011. [12]

Styles

Toe socks Yellow-green toe socks.jpg
Toe socks
Flip-flops socks Flip-Flops socks.jpg
Flip-flops socks

Socks are manufactured in a variety of lengths. No show, low cut, and ankle socks extend to the ankle or lower and are often worn casually or for athletic use. No show and low-cut socks are designed to create the look of bare feet when worn with shoes (sock not visible). Knee-high socks are sometimes associated with formal dress or as being part of a uniform, such as in sports (like football and baseball) or as part of a school's dress code or youth group's uniform. Over-the-knee socks or socks that extend higher (thigh-high socks) are sometimes referred to as female garments in the common era. They were widely worn by children, both boys and girls, during the late 19th and early 20th centuries; although, the popularity varied widely from country to country. [13] When worn by adult females, knee-high or thigh-high socks can become the object of sexual attraction and fetishism by some men. [14] Liner socks are socks which are worn underneath another sock with the intention being to prevent blisters.

Toe socks encases each toe individually the same way a finger is encased in a glove, while other socks have one compartment for the big toe and one for the rest, like a mitten; most notably what Japanese call tabi while other parts of the world simply call it split toe socks. Both of these allow one to wear flip-flops with the socks. [15]

Leg warmers, which are not typically socks, may be replaced with socks in cold climates and are similar to leggings due to the fact that they typically only keep legs warm in cold weather but not the entire foot.

A business sock or dress sock is a term for a dark-colored sock (typically black or navy blue) for formal or casual footwear. It is often loosely referred to as a work sock or a formal sock for formal occasions, for example, weddings, funerals, graduation ceremonies, prom, church, or work.

Crew socks are short and thick or thin everyday socks. Those socks are usually ribbed at the top of the ankles. [16] [17] They can be used in a way to warm legs if pulled all the way up. [18] [ clarification needed ] The first familiar practice of crew socks[ clarification needed ] was in 1948.[ citation needed ] Crew socks are usually unisex. [19]

A low cut sock is a kind of sock that describe in a way to be cut below the ankle. Low cut socks are formed to cover the contours of a person's feet. Although low cut socks are unisex, women and girls commonly use them. Low cut socks are normally worn with shoes such as boat shoes, Oxfords, moccasins and loafers.[ citation needed ]

The Ancient Egyptian style of sock is a blend between modern Western socks and Japanese tabi, both of which it predates. Like tabi, Egyptian socks have one compartment for the big toe and another for the rest, permitting their use with sandals. Like Western socks, they fit snugly to the foot and do not use fasteners like tabi.

Sizes

Knee-high white socks, often worn as part of a school uniform or for fashion Kneehighschooluniformsocks-tokyoarea-jan182020.jpg
Knee-high white socks, often worn as part of a school uniform or for fashion

Although generally holding to a pattern of being divided into sizes of small-medium-large, etc., what range of shoe sizes those sock sizes correspond to carries in different markets. [20] Some size standards are coordinated by standard-setting bodies but others have arisen from custom. [21] Sock lengths vary, from ankle-high to thigh level. [22]

Sports

Most sports require some sort of sock, usually a knee length or mid-calf sock to protect one's legs from being scraped while participating in sport activities. In basketball, tube socks are worn, and in lacrosse, mid-calf socks are required.[ citation needed ] In football, knee socks are used. They are mostly to stop grass burns. [23]

Other uses of the word

The layer of leather or other material covering the insole of a shoe is also referred to as a sock. When only part of the insole is covered, leaving the forepart visible, this is known as a half-sock. [24]

Footwraps

Footwraps used by the Finnish Army until the 1990s FootClothFromFinnishDefenceForces.JPG
Footwraps used by the Finnish Army until the 1990s

Footwraps, pieces of cloth that are worn wrapped around the feet, were worn with boots before socks became widely available. They remained in use by armies in Eastern Europe until the beginning of the 21st century. [25]

Thermal socks

For use in cold environments, thermal socks are thicker. They are commonly worn for skiing, skating, and other winter sports. They provide not only insulation, but also greater padding due to their thickness.

Diabetic socks are a kind of thermal sock made from an acrylic, cotton, nylon, and elastic. These are made to improve comfort while at the same time keeping feet cool and dry. However, there is no solid evidence that they are helpful. [26]

Holiday items

A sock is also used as a holiday item during Christmas. Children hang a large ceremonial sock called a Christmas stocking by a nail or hook on Christmas Eve, and then their parents fill it with small presents while the recipients are asleep. According to tradition, Santa Claus brings these presents to well-behaved children, while naughty kids instead receive coal. [27]

Religion

Among Muslims, socks have initiated a discussion about the intricacies of wudhu, the formal washing carried out before prayer. Some Muslim clerics, mindful of possible hardship among Muslims in inhospitable circumstances, have issued Muslim edicts permitting practicing Muslims to wipe water over their sock or sprinkle their sock. [28] This would allow prayer where there are no seating facilities, or if there is a queue. This is the stated opinion especially of Maliki Sunnis. [29]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Shoe</span> Footwear

A shoe is an item of footwear intended to protect and comfort the human foot. Though the human foot can adapt to varied terrains and climate conditions, it is vulnerable, and shoes provide protection. Form was originally tied to function but over time shoes also became fashion items. Some shoes are worn as safety equipment, such as steel-toe boots, which are required footwear at industrial worksites.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Stocking</span> Hosiery that covers the feet and legs to the knee or higher

Stockings are close-fitting, variously elastic garments covering the leg from the foot up to the knee or possibly part or all of the thigh. Stockings vary in color, design, and transparency. Today, stockings are primarily worn for fashion and aesthetics, usually in association with mid-length or short skirts.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Boot</span> Type of footwear extending above the ankle joint

A boot is a type of footwear. Most boots mainly cover the foot and the ankle, while some also cover some part of the lower calf. Some boots extend up the leg, sometimes as far as the knee or even the hip. Most boots have a heel that is clearly distinguishable from the rest of the sole, even if the two are made of one piece. Traditionally made of leather or rubber, modern boots are made from a variety of materials.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pantyhose</span> Garment for women and girls

Pantyhose, sometimes also called sheer tights, are close-fitting legwear covering the wearer's body from the waist to the toes. Pantyhose first appeared on store shelves in 1959 for the advertisement of new design panties as a convenient alternative to stockings and/or control panties which, in turn, replaced girdles.

<i>Tabi</i> Traditional Japanese sock with split-toed construction

Tabi are traditional Japanese socks worn with thonged footwear such as zori, dating back to the 15th century.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Suit</span> Western business attire of matching jacket and trousers

A suit, lounge suit, or business suit is a set of clothes comprising a suit jacket and trousers of identical textiles worn with a collared dress shirt, necktie, and dress shoes. A skirt suit is similar, but with a matching skirt instead of trousers. It is considered informal wear in Western dress codes. The lounge suit originated in 19th-century Britain as a more casual alternative for sportswear and British country clothing, with roots in early modern Western Europe. After replacing the black frock coat in the early 20th century as regular daywear, a sober one-colored suit became known as a lounge suit.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Riding boot</span> Boot made to be used for horse riding

A riding boot is a boot made to be used for horse riding. The classic boot comes high enough up the leg to prevent the leathers of the saddle from pinching the leg of the rider, has a sturdy toe to protect the rider's foot when on the ground and has a distinct heel to prevent the foot from sliding through the stirrup. The sole is smooth or lightly textured to avoid being caught on the tread of the stirrup in the event of a fall.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sandal</span> Type of footwear with an open upper

Sandals are an open type of shoe, consisting of a sole held to the wearer's foot by straps going over the instep and around the ankle. Sandals can also have a heel. While the distinction between sandals and other types of footwear can sometimes be blurry, the common understanding is that a sandal leaves all or most of the foot exposed. People may choose to wear sandals for several reasons, among them comfort in warm weather, economy, and as a fashion choice. Usually, people wear sandals in warmer climates or during warmer parts of the year in order to keep their feet cool and dry. The risk of developing athlete's foot is lower than with enclosed shoes, and the wearing of sandals may be part of the treatment regimen for such an infection.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Catholic school uniform</span>

A Catholic school uniform in North America typically consists of a pleated and tartan skirt or jumper dress, Mary Jane or saddle shoes, a button-down shirt, and a sweater for girls, while boys' uniforms consist of a button-down shirt, a necktie, and dark pants. Actual school uniforms vary widely by location and individual school.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Leggings</span> Several types of leg coverings

Leggings are several types of leg attire that have varied through the years. Modern usage from the 1960s onwards has come to refer to elastic close-fitting high-rise garments worn over the legs typically by women, such as leg warmers or tights. Usage from the 18th century refers to men's wear usually made of cloth or leather that is wrapped around the leg down to the ankle. In the 19th century, leggings usually referred to infants' leg clothing that were matched with a jacket, as well as leg-wrappings made of leather or wool and worn by soldiers and trappers. Leggings prominently returned to women's fashion in the 1960s, drawing from the form-fitting clothing of dancers. With the widespread adoption of the synthetic fibre Lycra and the rise in popularity of aerobics, leggings came to further prominence in the 1970s and 1980s, and eventually made their way into streetwear. Leggings are a part of the late 2010s into the 2020s athleisure fashion trend of wearing activewear outside sporting activities and in casual settings.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Slip (clothing)</span> Womans undergarment worn beneath a dress or skirt

A slip is a woman's undergarment worn beneath a dress or skirt. A full slip hangs from the shoulders, usually by means of narrow straps, and extends from the breast to the fashionable skirt length. A half slip hangs from the waist. The word petticoat may also be used for half slips.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Toe socks</span> Sock with individual toes

Toe socks are socks that have been knitted so that each toe is individually encased the same way as fingers within a glove.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mary Jane (shoe)</span> Closed, low-cut shoe with one or more straps

Mary Jane is an American term for a closed, low-cut shoe with one or more straps across the instep.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gaiters</span> Garment worn over the shoe and lower pants leg

Gaiters are garments worn over the shoe and bottom of the pant or trouser leg, and used primarily as personal protective equipment; similar garments used primarily for display are spats.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1990s in fashion</span> Costume and fashion of the 1990s

Fashion in the 1990s was defined by a return to minimalist fashion, in contrast to the more elaborate and flashy trends of the 1980s. One notable shift was the mainstream adoption of tattoos, body piercings aside from ear piercing and, to a much lesser extent, other forms of body modification such as branding.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1700–1750 in Western fashion</span> Clothing in Europe and areas under its influence from 1700-1750

Fashion in the period 1700–1750 in European and European-influenced countries is characterized by a widening silhouette for both men and women following the tall, narrow look of the 1680s and 90s. This era is defined as late Baroque/Rococo style. The new fashion trends introduced during this era had a greater impact on society, affecting not only royalty and aristocrats, but also middle and even lower classes. Clothing during this time can be characterized by soft pastels, light, airy, and asymmetrical designs, and playful styles. Wigs remained essential for men and women of substance, and were often white; natural hair was powdered to achieve the fashionable look. The costume of the eighteenth century, if lacking in the refinement and grace of earlier times, was distinctly quaint and picturesque.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Knee highs</span> Type of hosiery

Knee highs are hosiery that cover the feet and legs up to the knee. A fashion accessory for casual and classic cool or warm weather apparel. Typically worn by women in many societies, they are sometimes worn with modern semi-formal attire. Unlike ordinary socks, they are generally made of nylon or other stocking materials. There were also different types and uses of knee highs for women.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Informal wear</span> Western dress code suited for office use

Informal wear or undress, also called business wear, corporate/office wear, tenue de ville or dress clothes, is a Western dress code for clothing defined by a business suit for men, and cocktail dress or pant suit for women. On the scale of formality, it is considered less formal than semi-formal wear but more formal than casual wear. Informal or undress should not be confused with casual wear such as business casual or smart casual; most situations calling for “informal wear” will usually tolerate casual dress to varying extents.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fashion boot</span> Boot worn for style rather for utilitarian purposes

A fashion boot is a boot worn for reasons of style or fashion. The term is usually applied to women's boots. Fashion boots come in a wide variety of styles, from ankle to thigh-length, and are used for casual, formal, and business attire. Although boots were a popular style of women's footwear in the 19th century, they were not recognized as a high fashion item until the 1960s. They became widely popular in the 1970s and have remained a staple of women's winter wardrobes since then.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jorabs</span> Knitted socks or slippers of Central Asia, the Balkans, and the Middle East

Jorabs are multicolored socks with intricate patterns, knitted from the toe-up. They are usually worn in such a way as to display rich decoration.

References

  1. ↑ "Howstuffworks "Why do feet stink?"". Howstuffworks. Health.howstuffworks.com. 16 November 2000. Archived from the original on 2009-08-30. Retrieved 2010-03-05.
  2. ↑ "LacusCurtius – Roman Shoes – Soccus". Penelope.uchicago.edu. Archived from the original on 2022-09-30. Retrieved 2010-03-19.
  3. ↑ "Sock". Online Etymology Dictionary]. Archived from the original on November 5, 2013. Retrieved August 28, 2012.
  4. ↑ Take Me Back. New York, New York: Dorling Kindersley Limited. 2008. p.  292. ISBN   978-0-7566-4090-3.
  5. ↑ "clock3". Merriam-webster.com. 2007-04-25. Archived from the original on 2011-11-16. Retrieved 2010-03-05.
  6. ↑ "historyofsocksus". www.blacksocks.com. Archived from the original on 2015-04-09. Retrieved 2015-01-03.
  7. ↑ "Sock History". archive of www.lonelysock.com. Archived from the original on 2016-09-29.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  8. 1 2 "Site | Ohioline". Archived from the original on 2002-09-17. Retrieved 2002-09-17.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  9. ↑ Herring, Kirk (2010). "Running footwear: triathlon and duathlon". In Ward, Matthew B.; Knight, E. Leslie; Langer, Paul R. (eds.). Athletic Footwear and Orthoses in Sports Medicine. Springer. pp. 223–256. OCLC   640142234.
  10. ↑ "Fort Payne landmarks". 15 March 2016. Archived from the original on 19 April 2016. Retrieved 12 February 2022.
  11. ↑ "Largest Sock Production Town in China". cri.cn. 2008-05-25. Archived from the original on 2012-07-19. Retrieved 8 September 2012.
  12. ↑ "Sock City's decline may reveal an unraveling in China's economy". The Guardian . 8 September 2012. Archived from the original on 5 November 2013. Retrieved 8 September 2012.
  13. ↑ "End of an era: knee high socks face defeat". August 19, 2013. Archived from the original on March 2, 2021. Retrieved January 3, 2015.
  14. ↑ Boothby, Richard. Sex on the Couch: What Freud Still Has To Teach Us About Sex and Gender. Routledge. 2014. P. 225.
  15. ↑ Marshall, John (1988). Make Your Own Japanese Clothes: Patterns and Ideas for Modern Wear. Tokyo: Kodansha International, Ltd. pp. 108–114. ISBN   0-87011-865-X. Archived from the original on 2022-01-30. Retrieved 2020-10-20.
  16. ↑ "crew sock". Dictionary.com. Dictionary.com, LLC. Archived from the original on 5 July 2015. Retrieved 4 September 2015.
  17. ↑ "Crew Sock | Definition of Crew sock by Merriam-Webster". www.merriam-webster.com. Archived from the original on 2016-01-25.
  18. ↑ "Crew sock". www.thefreedictionary.com. Archived from the original on 2015-12-25.
  19. ↑ Goldstein, Jayme Adelson; Shapiro, Norma (6 March 2008). Oxford Picture Dictionary (second ed.). OUP Oxford. ISBN   978-0-19-436976-3.
  20. ↑ "Sizing". Sock Info. Bridgedale. Archived from the original on 29 March 2018. Retrieved 28 March 2018.
  21. ↑ "Foot Size Chart". Yarn Standards. Craft Yarn Council. Archived from the original on 29 March 2018. Retrieved 28 March 2018.
  22. ↑ "sock_size_chart". .co.uk/acatalog. Archived from the original on 2015-01-03. Retrieved 2015-01-03.
  23. ↑ "Baseball and socks appeal". Archived from the original on 2012-09-11. Retrieved 2015-01-03.
  24. ↑ "Half sock: Patent 6044497". Freepatentsonline.com. 1998-08-17. Archived from the original on 2011-06-14. Retrieved 2010-03-05.
  25. ↑ "Russian Army: Footwraps are Out, Socks are in". RIA Novosti. January 14, 2013. Archived from the original on 16 January 2013. Retrieved January 3, 2015.
  26. ↑ "Are Diabetic Socks Better Than Generic Socks?". Archived from the original on 2017-12-29. Retrieved 2018-08-27.
  27. ↑ Bowler, Gerry (2000). The World Encyclopedia of Christmas. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart. p.  156. ISBN   0-7710-1531-3.
  28. ↑ Spencer, Tanya (2013). Personal Security: A Guide for International Travelers. p. 25.
  29. ↑ Al-Muwatta Of Iman Malik Ibn Ana – Page 14, 2013 Anas
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