Valerian (herb)

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Valerian
Valeriana officinalis - Niitvalja.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Dipsacales
Family: Caprifoliaceae
Genus: Valeriana
Species:
V. officinalis
Binomial name
Valeriana officinalis
L.

Valerian (Valeriana officinalis, Caprifoliaceae) is a perennial flowering plant native to Europe and Asia. [1] [2] In the summer when the mature plant may have a height of 1.5 metres (5 feet), it bears sweetly scented pink or white flowers that attract many fly species, especially hoverflies of the genus Eristalis . [3] It is consumed as food by the larvae of some Lepidoptera (butterfly and moth) species, including the grey pug.

Contents

Crude extract of valerian root may have sedative and anxiolytic effects, and is commonly sold in dietary supplement capsules to promote sleep, but clinical evidence that it is effective for this purpose is weak or inconclusive. [1] [2]

Its roots and leaves cause a catnip-like response in cats.

History

Inflorescence Valeriana officinalis inflorescence - Niitvalja.jpg
Inflorescence

Valerian has been used as a herb in traditional medicine since at least the times of ancient Greece and Rome. [2] Hippocrates described its properties, and Galen later prescribed it as a remedy for insomnia. [2] In medieval Sweden, it was sometimes placed in the wedding clothes of a bridegroom to ward off the "envy" of the elves. [4] In the 16th century, Pilgram Marpeck prescribed valerian tea for a sick woman. [5]

John Gerard's Herball, or Generall Historie of Plantes , first published in 1597, states that his contemporaries found valerian "excellent for those burdened and for such as be troubled with croup and other like convulsions, and also for those that are bruised with falls". He says that the dried root was valued as a medicine by the poor in the north of England and the south of Scotland, such that "no brothes, pottages or phisicalle meates are woorth [worth] anything if Setwall [valerian] were not at one end". [6] [7]

The 17th century astrological botanist Nicholas Culpeper thought the plant was "under the influence of Mercury, and therefore hath a warming faculty". He recommended both herb and root, and said that "the root boiled with liquorice, raisons and aniseed is good for those troubled with cough. Also, it is of special value against the plague, the decoction thereof being drunk and the root smelled. The green herb being bruised and applied to the head taketh away pain and pricking thereof." [7]

Etymology and common names

The name of the herb is derived from the personal name Valeria and the Latin verb valere (to be strong, healthy). [8] [9] Other names used for this plant include garden valerian (to distinguish it from other Valeriana species), garden heliotrope (although not related to Heliotropium ), setwall and all-heal (which is also used for plants in the genus Stachys ). [1] Red valerian, often grown in gardens, is also sometimes referred to as "valerian", but is a different species (Centranthus ruber), from the same family but not very closely related. Valerian is also called cat's love for its catnip-like effects. [1]

Valerian extract

Phytochemicals

Known compounds detected in valerian include: [1]

Preparation

The chief constituent of valerian is a yellowish-green to brownish-yellow oil present in the dried root, varying in content from 0.5 to 2.0%. This variation in quantity may be determined by location; a dry, stony soil yields a root richer in oil than moist, fertile soil. [18]

Traditional medicine

Valerian (V. officinalis) essential oil ValerianEssentialOil.png
Valerian (V. officinalis) essential oil

Although valerian is a common traditional medicine used for treating insomnia, there is no good evidence it is effective for this purpose. [1] [2] [19] Valerian has not been shown to be helpful in treating restless leg syndrome [20] or anxiety. [21]

The European Medicines Agency (EMA) approved the health claim that valerian can be used as a traditional herb to relieve mild nervous tension and to aid sleep; the EMA stated that although there is insufficient evidence from clinical studies, its effectiveness as a dried extract is considered plausible. [22]

The American Academy of Sleep Medicine's 2017 clinical practice guidelines recommended against the use of valerian in the treatment of insomnia due to poor effectiveness and low quality of evidence. [23]

Oral forms

A bottle of valerian capsules A bottle of Valerian capsules.jpg
A bottle of valerian capsules

Oral forms are available in both standardized and unstandardized forms. Standardized products may be preferable considering the wide variation of the chemicals in the dried root, as noted above. When standardized, it is done so as a percentage of valerenic acid or valeric acid. For commonly used doses, valerian is generally recognized as safe (GRAS) in the United States. [1]

Adverse effects

Because the compounds in valerian produce central nervous system depression, they should not be used with other depressants, such as ethanol (drinking alcohol), benzodiazepines, barbiturates, opiates, kava, or antihistamine drugs. [1] [24] [25] [26]

As an unregulated product, the concentration, contents, and potential contaminants in valerian preparations cannot be easily determined. [1] [2] Because of this uncertainty and the potential for toxicity in the fetus and hepatotoxicity in the mother, valerian use is discouraged during pregnancy. [1] [24] [25] Headache and diarrhea have occurred among subjects using valerian in clinical studies. [1]

Effect on cats

Valerian root is a cat attractant, containing attractant semiochemicals in a way similar to catnip, which can lead to a behaviour modification effect in cats. [27] Its roots and leaves are one of three alternatives for the one-third of domesticated or medium-sized cats who do not feel the effects of catnip. [27] [28] Valerian root has also been reported to be attractive to rats and used to attract members of the family Canidae to traps. [29]

Invasive species

Valerian is considered an invasive species in many locations outside its natural range, including the US state of Connecticut where it is officially banned, [30] and in New Brunswick, Canada, where it is listed as a plant of concern. [31]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Although many sources list "catinine" as an alkaloid present in extracts from the root of Valeriana officinalis, those sources are incorrect. The correct spelling is "chatinine". It was discovered by S. Waliszewski in 1891. See:
    • S. Waliszewski (15 March 1891). L'Union pharmaceutique, p. 109. Abstracts of this article appeared in: "Chatinine, alcaloïde de la racine de valériane". Répertoire de pharmacie, series 3, vol. 3, pp. 166–167; Archived 2013-06-19 at the Wayback Machine (April 10, 1891).
    • American Journal of Pharmacy, vol. 66, p. 285; Archived 2013-06-19 at the Wayback Machine (June 1891).
  2. ↑ Isovaleramide does not appear to be a naturally occurring component of valerian plants; rather, it seems to be an artifact of the extraction process; specifically, it is produced by treating aqueous extracts of valerian with ammonia. [11]
  3. ↑ Isovaleric acid does not appear to be a natural constituent of V. officinalis; rather, it is a breakdown product that is created during the extraction process or by enzymatic hydrolysis during (improper) storage. [13]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Herbal tea</span> Beverage made from infusing or decocting plant material in hot water

Herbal teas, technically known as herbal infusions, and less commonly called tisanes, are beverages made from the infusion or decoction of herbs, spices, or other plant material in hot water. Often herb tea, or the plain term tea, is used as a reference to all sorts of herbal teas. Many herbs used in teas/tisanes are also used in herbal medicine and in folk medicine.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chamomile</span> Common name for several daisy-like plants

Chamomile or camomile is the common name for several daisy-like plants of the family Asteraceae. Two of the species, Matricaria chamomilla and Chamaemelum nobile, are commonly used to make herbal infusions for beverages. There has been limited research as to whether consuming chamomile in foods or beverages is effective in treating medical conditions.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nepetalactone</span> Chemical compound

Nepetalactone is a name for multiple iridoid analog stereoisomers. Nepetalactones are produced by Nepeta cataria (catnip) and many other plants belonging to the genus Nepeta, in which they protect these plants from herbivorous insects by functioning as insect repellents. They are also produced by many aphids, in which they are sex pheromones. Nepetalactones are cat attractants, and cause the behavioral effects that catnip induces in domestic cats. However, they affect visibly only about two thirds of adult cats. They produce similar behavioral effects in many other felids, especially in lions and jaguars. In 1941, the research group of Samuel M. McElvain was the first to determine the structures of nepetalactones and several related compounds.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Valerianaceae</span> Family of flowering plants

The Valerianaceae Batsch, the valerian family, was a family of flowering plants that is now considered part of the Caprifoliaceae. Plants are generally herbaceous, and their foliage often has a strong, disagreeable odor. They are found native in most regions of the world except for Australia. Some species are cultivated as ornamentals or used in herbal medicine for inducing relaxation and sleep.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Valeric acid</span> Carboxylic acid – CH3(CH2)3COOH

Valeric acid or pentanoic acid is a straight-chain alkyl carboxylic acid with the chemical formula CH3(CH2)3COOH. Like other low-molecular-weight carboxylic acids, it has an unpleasant odor. It is found in the perennial flowering plant Valeriana officinalis, from which it gets its name. Its primary use is in the synthesis of its esters. Salts and esters of valeric acid are known as valerates or pentanoates. Volatile esters of valeric acid tend to have pleasant odors and are used in perfumes and cosmetics. Several, including ethyl valerate and pentyl valerate are used as food additives because of their fruity flavors.

An oneirogen, from the Greek ὄνειρος óneiros meaning "dream" and gen "to create", is a substance or other stimulus which produces or enhances dreamlike states of consciousness. This is characterized by an immersive dream state similar to REM sleep, which can range from realistic to alien or abstract.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Actinidine</span> Chemical compound

Actinidine is an iridoid produced in nature by a wide variety of plants and animals. It was the first cyclopentanoid monoterpene alkaloid to be discovered. It is one of several compounds that may be extracted from the valerian root and silver vine, as well as several types of insects in the larval and imaginal stages. Actinidine is a cat attractant, with effects like those of nepetalactone, the active compound found in catnip.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Corvalol</span> Tranquilizer based with herbs Valerian, hops, peppermint & phenobarbital, a barbiturate

Corvalol is a tranquilizer based on the herb valerian root, as well peppermint oil Mentha piperita and hop extract Humulus lupulus and the barbiturate phenobarbital, popular in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union as a heart medication. It is available as a transparent liquid with a characteristic strong aroma, and as white bi-concave scored tablets. While not available for sale in the Western countries, Corvalol is sometimes brought over from Eastern Europe for self-administration to other countries of residence. Corvalol contains documented amounts of psychoactive chemicals, and may interact with other prescription medications that a person is taking.

<i>Verbena officinalis</i> Species of flowering plant

Verbena officinalis, the common vervain or common verbena, is a perennial herb native to Europe. It grows up to 70 cm high, with an upright habitus. The lobed leaves are toothed, and the delicate spikes hold clusters of two-lipped mauve flowers.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Isovaleric acid</span> Carboxylic acid

Isovaleric acid, also known as 3-methylbutanoic acid or β-methylbutyric acid, is a branched-chain alkyl carboxylic acid with the chemical formula (CH3)2CHCH2CO2H. It is classified as a short-chain fatty acid. Like other low-molecular-weight carboxylic acids, it has an unpleasant odor. The compound occurs naturally and can be found in many foods, such as cheese, soy milk, and apple juice.

<i>Scutellaria baicalensis</i> Species of flowering plant

Scutellaria baicalensis, with the common name Baikal skullcap or Chinese skullcap, is a species of flowering plant in the family Lamiaceae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Valerenic acid</span> Chemical compound

Valerenic acid is a sesquiterpenoid constituent of the essential oil of the valerian plant.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Catnip</span> Nepeta cataria; species of plant

Nepeta cataria, commonly known as catnip, catswort, catwort, and catmint, is a species of the genus Nepeta in the mint family, native to southern and eastern Europe, the Middle East, Central Asia, parts of Mongolia, and parts of China. It is widely naturalized in northern Europe, New Zealand, and North America. The common name catmint can also refer to the genus as a whole.

<i>Actinidia polygama</i> Species of plant

Actinidia polygama is a species of kiwifruit in the family Actinidiaceae. It grows in the mountainous areas of Korea, Japan and China at elevations between 500 and 1,900 metres.

<i>Lonicera tatarica</i> Species of honeysuckle

Lonicera tatarica is a species of honeysuckle known by the common name Tatarian honeysuckle. Native to Eurasia, the plant is one of several exotic bush honeysuckles present in North America, being considered an invasive species there.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Spikenard</span> Type of essential oil

Spikenard, also called nard, nardin, and muskroot, is a class of aromatic amber-colored essential oil derived from Nardostachys jatamansi, a flowering plant in the honeysuckle family which grows in the Himalayas of Nepal, China, and India. The oil has been used over centuries as a perfume, a traditional medicine, or in religious ceremonies across a wide territory from India to Europe. Historically, the name nard has also referred to essential oils derived from other species including the closely related valerian genus, as well as Spanish lavender; these cheaper, more common plants have been used in perfume-making, and sometimes to adulterate true spikenard.

<i>Valeriana jatamansi</i> Species of flowering plant

Valeriana jatamansi, formerly known as Valeriana wallichii, is a rhizome herb of the genus Valeriana and the family Valerianaceae also called Indian Valerian or Tagar-Ganthoda, not to be confused with ganthoda, the root of Indian long pepper. It is an herb useful in Ayurvedic medicine used as an analeptic, antispasmodic, carminative, sedative, stimulant, stomachic, and nervine.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">GABA analogue</span> Class of drugs

A GABA analogue is a compound which is an analogue or derivative of the neurotransmitter gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA).

2-Methylbutanoic acid, also known as 2-methylbutyric acid is a branched-chain alkyl carboxylic acid with the chemical formula CH3CH2CH(CH3)CO2H, classified as a short-chain fatty acid. It exists in two enantiomeric forms, (R)- and (S)-2-methylbutanoic acid. (R)-2-methylbutanoic acid occurs naturally in cocoa beans and (S)-2-methylbutanoic occurs in many fruits such as apples and apricots, as well as in the scent of the orchid Luisia curtisii.

References

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  3. ↑ Van Der Kooi CJ, Pen I, Staal M, Stavenga DG, Elzenga JT (2015). "Competition for pollinators and intra-communal spectral dissimilarity of flowers". Plant Biology. 18 (1): 56–62. doi:10.1111/plb.12328. PMID   25754608. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-09-29.
  4. ↑ Thorpe, Benjamin (1851) Northern Mythology. Archived 2013-04-16 at the Wayback Machine . Lumley. Vol. 2. pp. 64–65.
  5. ↑ Torsten Bergsten (1958). "Two Letters by Pilgram Marpeck". Mennonite Quarterly Review. 32: 200.
  6. ↑ John Gerard (1597). Herball, or Generall Historie of Plantes. Vol. 4. John Norton. p. 919.
  7. 1 2 Grieve, Maud (1971). A Modern Herbal: The Medicinal, Culinary, Cosmetic and Economic Properties, Cultivation and Folk-lore of Herbs, Grasses, Fungi, Shrubs, & Trees with All Their Modern Scientific Uses. Vol. 2.
  8. ↑ Harper D. "valerian". Online Etymology Dictionary .
  9. ↑ Latin definition for: valeo, valere, valui, valitus Archived 2014-03-28 at the Wayback Machine . latin-dictionary.net
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Fereidoon Shahidi and Marian Naczk, Phenolics in food and nutraceuticals (Boca Raton, Florida, USA: CRC Press, 2004), pp. 313–314 Archived 2013-06-24 at the Wayback Machine ISBN   1-58716-138-9.
  11. ↑ Balandrin MF, Van Wagenen BC, Cordell GA (1995). "Valerian-derived sedative agents. II. Degradation of Valmane-derived valepotriates in ammoniated hydroalcoholic tinctures". Journal of Toxicology: Toxin Reviews. 14 (2): 88–252. doi:10.3109/15569549509097280.
  12. ↑ Chisholm H, ed. (1911). "Valeric Acid"  . Encyclopædia Britannica . Vol. 27 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 859.
  13. ↑ pp. 22 and 123 Archived 2013-06-19 at the Wayback Machine of Peter J. Houghton, Valerian: the genus Valeriana (Amsterdam, the Netherlands: Harwood Academic Press, 1997) ISBN   90-5702-170-6.
  14. ↑ Yuan CS, Mehendale S, Xiao Y, Aung HH, Xie JT, Ang-Lee MK (2004). "The gamma-aminobutyric acidergic effects of valerian and valerenic acid on rat brainstem neuronal activity". Anesth Analg. 98 (2): 353–8, table of contents. CiteSeerX   10.1.1.323.5518 . doi:10.1213/01.ANE.0000096189.70405.A5. PMID   14742369. S2CID   14526474.
  15. ↑ Wills R, Shohet D (July 2009). "Changes in valerenic acids content of valerian root (Valeriana officinalis L. s.l.) during long-term storage". Food Chemistry. 115 (1): 250–253. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.12.011.
  16. 1 2 Marder M, Viola H, Wasowski C, Fernández S, Medina JH, Paladini AC (2003). "6-methylapigenin and hesperidin: new valeriana flavonoids with activity on the CNS". Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 75 (3): 537–45. doi:10.1016/S0091-3057(03)00121-7. PMID   12895671. S2CID   37559366.
  17. ↑ Fernández S, Wasowski C, Paladini AC, Marder M (2004). "Sedative and sleep-enhancing properties of linarin, a flavonoid-isolated from Valeriana officinalis". Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 77 (2): 399–404. doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2003.12.003. PMID   14751470. S2CID   34347546.
  18. ↑ "Valerian". Botanical.com. Archived from the original on 2006-11-10. Retrieved 2007-04-15.
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  20. ↑ Bega D, Malkani R (2016). "Alternative treatment of restless legs syndrome: an overview of the evidence for mind-body interventions, lifestyle interventions, and neutraceuticals". Sleep Med. (Review). 17: 99–105. doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2015.09.009. PMID   26847981.
  21. ↑ Miyasaka LS, Atallah AN, Soares BG (2006). "Valerian for anxiety disorders". Cochrane Database Syst Rev (Systematic review) (4): CD004515. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004515.pub2. PMID   17054208.
  22. ↑ "European Medicines Agency - Find medicine - Valerianae radix". www.ema.europa.eu. Archived from the original on 2016-08-17. Retrieved 2016-08-08.
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  27. 1 2 Bol S (16 March 2017). "Responsiveness of cats (Felidae) to silver vine (Actinidia polygama), Tatarian honeysuckle (Lonicera tatarica), valerian (Valeriana officinalis) and catnip (Nepeta cataria)". BMC Veterinary Research. 13 (1): 70. doi: 10.1186/s12917-017-0987-6 . PMC   5356310 . PMID   28302120.
  28. ↑ "Catnip (Nepeta cataria) – Everything You Need to Know About Catnip!". Cat-World.com.au. Cat World. 2014. Retrieved 2 January 2015.
  29. ↑ Tucker AO, Tucker SS (April 1988). "Catnip and the catnip response". Economic Botany. 42 (2): 214–231. doi:10.1007/bf02858923. ISSN   0013-0001. S2CID   34777592.
  30. ↑ "USDA PLANTS Database – Connecticut State-listed Noxious Weeds". Archived from the original on 2014-06-26.
  31. ↑ New Brunswick Invasive Species Council (2012). Field Guide to 12 Invasive Plants of Concern in New Brunswick (PDF). Archived from the original on 2013-10-26.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
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