Eristalis

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Eristalis
Eristalis September 2007-1.jpg
Common drone fly (Eristalis tenax) on the flowers of a common lantana (Lantana camara)
Eristalis GBIF observation distribution.png
Global distribution of Eristalis species observations produced from GBIF observations
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Diptera
Family: Syrphidae
Subfamily: Eristalinae
Tribe: Eristalini
Subtribe: Eristalina
Genus: Eristalis
Latreille, 1804
Type species
Musca tenax
Subgenera
  • EoseristalisKanervo, 1938
  • Eristalis Latreille, 1804
Synonyms [1]
  • Elophilus Meigen, 1803,
  • Eristaloides Rondani, 1845
  • EristalomyaRondani, 1857
  • Eristalomyia Verrall, 1882
  • HelophilusLeach, 1817
  • TubiferaMeigen, 1800
European drone fly (Eristalis arbustorum) on a leaf Eristalis arbustorum m1.JPG
European drone fly (Eristalis arbustorum) on a leaf
Black-shouldered drone fly (Eristalis dimidiata) female Eristalis dimidiata female.jpg
Black-shouldered drone fly (Eristalis dimidiata) female

Eristalis is a large genus of hoverflies, family Syrphidae, in the order Diptera. Several species are known as drone flies (or droneflies) because they bear a resemblance to honeybee drones.

Contents

Drone flies and their relatives are fairly common generalist pollinators, [2] the larvae of which are aquatic, and breathe through a long, snorkel-like appendage, hence the common name rat-tailed maggots. [1] [3]

Eristalis is a large genus of around 99 species, [4] and is subdivided into several subgenera and species groups (Eristalomyia, Eristalis, Eoseristalis etc.).

Scientific name and grammatical gender

The scientific name was proposed by Pierre André Latreille in 1804. He placed seven species in his new genus, but listed the names as combinations with Syrphus , so it remained unclear what gender he attributed to the name (the gender of the name Syrphus is masculine). In the two centuries following its publication, Eristalis was sometimes considered to be of feminine gender, sometimes to be of masculine gender. George Henry Verrall (1901) [5] assigned its gender as masculine, a choice followed in British literature, and also in Dutch, Polish, Czech, Spanish and Portuguese literature. In several other European languages and in North America, the tradition was to consider it as a feminine word. In 1993 the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature placed the name on the Official List, and gave its gender as masculine, without justification for that choice. [6] In 2004, Peter Chandler, Andrew Wakeham-Dawson and Angus McCullough submitted an application to confirm the gender of Eristalis as feminine. [7] They referred to ICZN Art. 30.1.1, which states that a name in Latin form takes the gender given for that word in standard Latin dictionaries. [8] In Composition of Scientific Words by R.W. Brown (1954), "eristalis" is listed as a feminine word that refers to an unknown precious stone. The request of Chandler et al. was granted less than two years after submission. [9] As of 2006, Eristalis is officially a word of feminine gender.

Identification

For terms see Morphology of Diptera.

As a true fly, the species of the genus Eristalis have a single pair of wings and a pair of halteres. As a member of the family Syrphidae, Eristalis have a spurious vein in the wing. Defined by Latreille in 1804, Eristlis was restricted by Meigen in 1882 to those species with a sinuate vein R4+5 and petiolate cell r1. [10]

Syrphidae (Eristalis) wing veins.svg

Since the origin of the genus Eristalis, many genera have been added that refine the description of Latreille such as Eristalinus, Meromarcrus, Palpada, Helopilus etc. The subtribe Eristalina has been established to contain these genera. Now it is generally accepted as those which have vein R2+3 sinuate, cell r1 usually petiolate and metafemur with basolateral setose patch. With the addition of the following criteria: anepimeron with triangular portion bare, katepimeron pilose, meron bare posteroventrally, without pile anterior or ventral to metathoracic spiracle, eye pilose.[ citation needed ]

Larvae

The larvae of Eristalini are aquatic and of the long-tailed type. Those of Eristalis are very commonly found breeding in putrid or stagnant water or in moist excrement, and are called “rat-tailed maggots” or “mousies”. [11]

Larva of an Eristalis species, showing the 'rat tail'. Eristalis sp. (25588804434).jpg
Larva of an Eristalis species, showing the 'rat tail'.

The "tail" is actually an extendable breathing tube often used to extend above the waterline. This tube allows the larvae to live in oxygen-depleted water such as sewage and stagnant pools where most other larvae cannot exist. Rat tailed larvae also exploit wet mud, manure and moist rotting vegetation. Many species of Eristalis remain unknown. [12] Working in areas where larvae are likely to be found (e.g. manure pits, sewage seepage and stagnant pools) is difficult and rearing the larvae to adults is even more so. Basic information on many species of Eristalis remain to be discovered.[ citation needed ]

Pollination

Adults of Eristalis species such as the common drone fly (E. tenax) and the orange-legged drone fly (E. flavipes) are pollen and nectar feeders with hairy bodies capable of picking up and transferring pollen, and may act as keystone pollinators in some systems. [13] Pollinating Eristalis species are often generalists, and are known to act as pollinators for common crops such as Brassica rapa , common onion (Allium cepa), sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum), kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa), and apples (Malus domestica). [14] [15] [16] Eristalis are tetrachromats, with strong colour differentiation and preferences towards yellow flower colours, compared to trichromatic bees which often prefer blue hues. [17] [18] On islands where bees are absent, their colour preferences may induce selection for higher proportions of yellow in flowers, and they can be seen as frequent and effective pollinators for plants like moon tree foil (Medicago citrina). [18] [19] The mobility of hoverflies may aid in long-distance pollen transfer, facilitating gene flow between unconnected plant populations. [20]

Some species, particularly E. tenax, have been suggested as candidates for a managed pollination alternative to European honey bees (Apis mellifera) due to their similar pollination efficacies, abundance, wide distribution, flight range, behavioural plasticity, and high reproductive success. [16] [21] Multiple generations may be reared per year, and Eristalis are readily reared in laboratory conditions. [22] However, there are challenges concerning commercial mass rearing, retaining numbers, and impacts on non-target species. [21] Due to their ability to fly long distances, dispersal of captive-reared populations may pose a risk to nearby farm equipment and machinery. [21] Eristalis may also act as mechanical vectors for parasites affecting bees, such as Crithidia bombi . [23]

Interactions with humans

The larvae of Eristalis species may be considered pests where they affect livestock, contaminating feed and affecting electrical supplies due their mass congregations seeking dry sites for pupation. [24] Some species of Eristalis have been known as a rare cause of myiasis, with larvae capable of surviving gastric fluids upon ingestion. Symptoms of myiasis from Eristalis species include diffuse abdominal pain and diarrhoea. [24] Treatment may include anthelmintics such as ivermectin. [25] [26]

Species

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hoverfly</span> Family of insects

Hoverflies, also called flower flies or syrphids, make up the insect family Syrphidae. As their common name suggests, they are often seen hovering or nectaring at flowers; the adults of many species feed mainly on nectar and pollen, while the larvae (maggots) eat a wide range of foods. In some species, the larvae are saprotrophs, eating decaying plant and animal matter in the soil or in ponds and streams. In other species, the larvae are insectivores, preying on aphids, thrips, and other plant-sucking insects.

<i>Eristalis tenax</i> Species of fly

Eristalis tenax, the common drone fly, is a common, migratory, cosmopolitan species of hover fly. It is the most widely distributed syrphid species in the world, and is known from all regions except the Antarctic. It has been introduced into North America and is widely established. It can be found in gardens and fields in Europe and Australia. It has also been found in the Himalayas.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eristalinae</span> Subfamily of flies

Eristalinae are one of the four subfamilies of the fly family Syrphidae, or hoverflies. A well-known species included in this subfamily is the dronefly, Eristalis tenax.

<i>Eristalis arbustorum</i> Species of insect

Eristalis arbustorum, the European drone fly, is an abundant Northern Hemisphere species of syrphid fly, originally officially described by Linnaeus in 1758 as Musca arbustorum. The name "drone fly" is related to its similar appearance to the drone of the honeybee. Hoverflies get their names from the ability to remain nearly motionless while in flight. The adults are also known as flower flies as they are commonly found on and around flowers from which they get both energy-giving nectar and protein rich pollen. The larvae are aquatic filter-feeders of the long-tailed type.

<i>Eristalis horticola</i> Species of fly

Eristalis horticola is a Palearctic species of hoverfly.

<i>Syritta pipiens</i> Species of fly

Syritta pipiens, sometimes called the thick-legged hoverfly, is one of the most common species in the insect family Syrphidae. This fly originates from Europe and is currently distributed across Eurasia and North America. They are fast and nimble fliers, and their larvae are found in wet, rotting organic matter such as garden compost, manure, and silage. The species is also commonly found in human-created environments such as most farmland, gardens, and urban parks, wherever there are flowers. This species is an important part of its native ecosystem as adult Syritta pipiens flies are critical pollinators for a variety of flowering plants and the species supports parasitism by various parasitic wasp species. Thus, they play an important role in environmental functionality, and can serve as bio-indicators, in which their abundance can reflect the health of the environment. Syritta pipiens looks like many predatory hoverfly species, yet is not predatory.

<i>Myathropa florea</i> Species of fly

Myathropa florea, sometimes referred to as the Batman hoverfly, is a very common European and North African species of hoverfly. Adults may be seen on flowers from May to September. It is of a similar size to the common drone fly, but Myathropa are generally more yellow, with two light bands to the thorax, interrupted with a black central smudge. In museum specimens, any yellow colour soon fades to brown after death. Like most species in the tribe Eristalini, Myathropa are rather variable in size, shape and colour.

<i>Helophilus</i> Genus of flies

Helophilus are a diverse genus of moderate to large hoverflies, that appear somewhat bee-like. This genus comprises two subgenera: Helophilus and Pilinasica. Larvae filter-feed in organic rich water. All Helophilus adults have a distinctive lengthwise striped thorax and a transverse striped abdomen.

<i>Pipiza</i> Genus of flies

Pipiza is a genus Hoverflies, from the family Syrphidae, in the order Diptera. Most are dark hoverflies.

In the 10th edition of Systema Naturae, Carl Linnaeus classified the arthropods, including insects, arachnids and crustaceans, among his class "Insecta". Insects with simply two wings were brought together under the name Diptera.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eristalini</span> Tribe of overflies

Eristalini is a tribe of hoverflies. Several species are well-known honeybee mimics, such as the drone fly Eristalis tenax, while other genera such as Helophilus and Parhelophilus exhibit wasp-like patterns of yellow and black stripes, both strategies to avoid predation by visual predators such as birds.

<i>Eristalis transversa</i> Species of fly

Eristalis transversa, the transverse banded drone fly, is a common species of syrphid fly first officially described by Wiedemann in 1830. Hoverflies get their names from the ability to remain nearly motionless while in flight. The adults are also known as flower flies for they are commonly found around and on flowers, from which they get both energy-giving nectar and protein-rich pollen. The larvae are rat-tailed type but larvae of this specific species has not been reported.

<i>Eristalis dimidiata</i> Species of insect

Eristalis dimidiata, the black-shouldered drone fly, is a species of hoverfly native to much of Canada and the eastern and northern United States. It flies year-round in southern areas and from late March to mid-November further north. It is one of the earliest hoverflies to fly in the spring, and as such likely overwinters as an adult. It lives primarily in forests.

<i>Eristalis obscura</i> Species of fly

Eristalis obscura, the dusky drone fly, is a common species of syrphid fly first officially described by Loew in 1866. This species is widespread in the northern part of North America and Europe east to Siberia. Hoverflies get their names from the ability to remain nearly motionless while in flight. The adults are also known as flower flies for they are commonly found around and on flowers from which they get both energy-giving nectar and protein-rich pollen. The larvae are aquatic filter-feeders of the rat-tailed type.

<i>Eristalis hirta</i> Species of fly

Eristalis hirta, the black-footed drone fly, is a common Western North American species of syrphid fly, first officially described by Loew in 1866. Hoverflies get their names from the ability to remain nearly motionless while in flight. The adults are also known as flower flies as they are commonly found on and around flowers, from which they get both energy-giving nectar and protein-rich pollen. The larvae are aquatic filter-feeders of the rat-tailed type.

<i>Eristalis brousii</i> Species of fly

Eristalis brousii, also known as the hourglass drone fly, is a fly species in the Syrphidae family first described by Samuel Wendell Williston in 1882. The species has become largely extinct outside of Northern Canada. Eristalis brousii are part of the hoverfly family, known for hovering above flowers to collect nectar and pollen.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eristalina</span> Subtribe of hoverflies

Eristalina is a subtribe of hoverflies with 17 genera. Several species are well-known bee mimics, such as the drone fly. The larvae live in aquatic and moist organic material, often with low oxygen levels using a posterior breathing tube, thus the common name—the "rat-tailed maggot".

Total of 245 species either found or highly expected to be found in New York.

References

  1. 1 2 Stubbs, Alan E.; Falk, Steven J (1983). British Hoverflies: An Illustrated Identification Guide (2nd ed.). London: British Entomological and Natural History Society. pp. 253, xvpp. ISBN   1-899935-03-7.
  2. ↑ Van Der Kooi, C. J.; Pen, I.; Staal, M.; Stavenga, D. G.; Elzenga, J. T. M. (2015). "Competition for pollinators and intra-communal spectral dissimilarity of flowers". Plant Biology. 18 (1): 56–62. doi:10.1111/plb.12328. PMID   25754608.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Thompson, F. Christian (1997). "Revision of the Eristalis flower flies (Diptera: Syrphidae) of the Americas south of the United States" (PDF). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington . 99. Washington D.C.: Entomological Society of Washington: 209–237. ISSN   0013-8797 . Retrieved 2009-06-19.
  4. ↑ Thompson, F. Christian (2003). "Austalis, a new genus of flower flies (Diptera: Syrphidae) with revisionary notes on related genera" (pdf Adobe/Acobat). Zootaxa. 246. New Zealand: Magnolia Press: 1–19. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.246.1.1. ISSN   1175-5334 . Retrieved 2011-01-28.
  5. ↑ Verrall, G.H. (1901). A list of British Diptera: 22; and, according to Chandler et al., Case 3259 (see there) also in British Flies vol. 8
  6. ↑ ICZN (1993). Opinion 1747. Eristalis Latreille, 1804, Helophilus Fabricius, 1805, Xylota Meigen, 1822 and Eumerus Meigen, 1822 (Insecta; Diptera): conserved. The Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature50(3): 256–258
  7. ↑ Chandler, P.J., Wakeham-Dawson, A. & McCullough, A. (2004). Case 3259. Eristalis Latreille, 1804 (Insecta: Diptera): proposed confirmation that the gender is feminine; Musca nemorum Linnaeus, 1758, M. arbustorum Linnaeus, 1758 and M. horticola De Geer, 1776 (currently Eristalis nemorum, E. arbustorum and E. horticola): proposed conservation of usage of the specific names by designation of neotypes. The bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature61(4): 241–244
  8. ↑ International Code of Zoological Nomenclature Art. 30.1.1
  9. ↑ ICZN (2006). Opinion 2153 (Case 3259). Eristalis Latreille, 1804 (Insecta: Diptera): confirmation that the gender is feminine; Musca nemorum Linnaeus, 1758, M. arbustorum Linnaeus, 1758 and M. horticola De Geer, 1776 (currently Eristalis nemorum, E. arbustorum and E. horticola): usage of the specific names conserved by designation of neotypes. The Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature63(2): 146–147
  10. ↑ Thompson, F. Christian (1997). "Revision Of The Eristalis Flower Flies (Diptera: Syrphidae) Of The Americas South Of The United States". Entomological Society of Washington. 99.
  11. ↑ Wirth, W.W. (1965). Family Syrphidae. In A Catalog of the Diptera of America north of Mexico. Washington, D.C., U.S.A.: United States Department of Agriculture. pp. 557–625.
  12. ↑ Rotheray, G.E. (1993). "Colour Guide to Hoverfly Larvae (Diptera, Syrphidae) in Britain and Europe" (PDF). Diperists Digest. Special Edition.
  13. ↑ Wojcik, Vicki. "Drone Flies". Archived from the original on October 15, 2024. Retrieved October 15, 2024.
  14. ↑ Jarlan, Arnaud; De Oliveira, Domingos; Gingras, Jean (1997-12-01). "Pollination by Eristalis tenax (Diptera: Syrphidae) and Seed Set of Greenhouse Sweet Pepper". Journal of Economic Entomology. 90 (6): 1646–1649. doi:10.1093/jee/90.6.1646. ISSN   1938-291X. S2CID   87343003.
  15. ↑ Kamdem, Michel Mathurin; Otomo, Patricks Voua (June 2023). "Developmental performance of Eristalis tenax larvae (Diptera: Syrphidae): Influence of growth media and yeast addition during captive rearing". Journal of Experimental Zoology Part A: Ecological and Integrative Physiology. 339 (5): 503–513. Bibcode:2023JEZA..339..503K. doi:10.1002/jez.2696. ISSN   2471-5638. PMID   36958945.
  16. 1 2 Upchurch, Annick; Spurr, Cameron J.; Quarrell, Stephen R.; Rowbottom, Raylea M.; Allen, Geoff R. (August 2023). "Toward optimising reproductive output of Eristalis tenax (Diptera: Syrphidae) for commercial mass rearing systems". Austral Entomology. 62 (3): 360–371. doi:10.1111/aen.12660. ISSN   2052-174X.
  17. ↑ Ishii, Hiroshi S; Kubota, Masahiro X; Tsujimoto, Shohei G; Kudo, Gaku (February 2019). "Association between community assemblage of flower colours and pollinator fauna: a comparison between Japanese and New Zealand alpine plant communities". Annals of Botany. 123 (3): 533–541. doi:10.1093/aob/mcy188. ISSN   0305-7364. PMC   6377100 . PMID   30380008.
  18. 1 2 Garcia, Jair E.; Hannah, Lea; Shrestha, Mani; Burd, Martin; Dyer, Adrian G. (January 2022). "Fly pollination drives convergence of flower coloration". New Phytologist. 233 (1): 52–61. doi:10.1111/nph.17696. ISSN   0028-646X. PMID   34460949.
  19. ↑ Pérez-Bañón, C.; Juan, A.; Petanidou, T.; Marcos-García, Ma A.; Crespo, M. B. (2003-10-01). "The reproductive ecology of Medicago citrina (Font Quer) Greuter (Leguminosae): a bee-pollinated plant in Mediterranean islands where bees are absent". Plant Systematics and Evolution. 241 (1): 29–46. Bibcode:2003PSyEv.241...29P. doi:10.1007/s00606-003-0004-3. ISSN   1615-6110.
  20. ↑ Doyle, Toby; Hawkes, Will L. S.; Massy, Richard; Powney, Gary D.; Menz, Myles H. M.; Wotton, Karl R. (2020-05-27). "Pollination by hoverflies in the Anthropocene". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 287 (1927): 20200508. doi:10.1098/rspb.2020.0508. ISSN   0962-8452. PMC   7287354 . PMID   32429807.
  21. 1 2 3 Howlett, Brad G.; Gee, Megan (2019-07-27). "The potential management of the drone fly (Eristalis tenax) as a crop pollinator in New Zealand". New Zealand Plant Protection. 72: 221–230. doi:10.30843/nzpp.2019.72.304. ISSN   1179-352X.
  22. ↑ Nicholas, Sarah; Thyselius, Malin; Holden, Marissa; Nordström, Karin (2018-05-19). "Rearing and Long-Term Maintenance of Eristalis tenax Hoverflies for Research Studies". Journal of Visualized Experiments (135): 57711. doi:10.3791/57711. ISSN   1940-087X. PMC   6101274 . PMID   29863660.
  23. ↑ Davis, Abby E.; Deutsch, Kaitlin R.; Torres, Alondra M.; Mata Loya, Mesly J.; Cody, Lauren V.; Harte, Emma; Sossa, David; Muñiz, Paige A.; Ng, Wee Hao; McArt, Scott H. (2021-08-04). "Eristalis flower flies can be mechanical vectors of the common trypanosome bee parasite, Crithidia bombi". Scientific Reports. 11 (1): 15852. Bibcode:2021NatSR..1115852D. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-95323-w. ISSN   2045-2322. PMC   8338921 . PMID   34349198.
  24. 1 2 "EENY 445/IN809: Drone Fly, Rat-Tailed Maggot Eristalis tenax (Linnaeus) (Insecta: Diptera: Syrphidae)". Ask IFAS - Powered by EDIS. Archived from the original on 2024-10-15. Retrieved 2024-10-15.
  25. ↑ Desoubeaux, Guillaume; Gaillard, Julien; Borée-Moreau, Diane; Bailly, Éric; Andres, Christian R; Chandenier, Jacques (April 2014). "Gastrointestinal symptoms resembling ulcerative proctitis caused by larvae of the drone fly Eristalis tenax". Pathogens and Global Health. 108 (3): 158–163. doi:10.1179/2047773214Y.0000000135. ISSN   2047-7724. PMC   4083178 . PMID   24766340.
  26. ↑ Tolba, Mona Mohamed (2020). "Eristalis tenax intestinal myiasis: An electron microscope study". Tropical Parasitology. 10 (1): 39–43. doi: 10.4103/tp.TP_40_19 (inactive 1 November 2024). ISSN   2229-5070. PMC   7365507 . PMID   32775291.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (link)
  27. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Skevington, Jeffrey H.; Locke, Michelle M.; Young, Andrew D.; Moran, Kevin; Crins, William J.; Marshall, Stephen A. (2019). Field Guide to the Flower Flies of Northeastern North America. Princeton. ISBN   9780691189406.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  28. ↑ Wakeham-Dawson, A.; Jones, A.G.; Thompson, F.C. (2009). "Falkland Islands Syrphidae (Diptera)". Dipterists Digest. Second series. 16 (1). UK: Dipterists Forum: 65–71. ISSN   0953-7260.
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