Kiwifruit

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Kiwifruit by species A = A. arguta, C = A. chinensis, D = A. deliciosa, E = A. eriantha, I = A. indochinensis, P = A. polygama, S = A. setosa. Actinidia fruits.jpg
Kiwifruit by species
A = A. arguta, C = A. chinensis, D = A. deliciosa, E = A. eriantha, I = A. indochinensis, P = A. polygama, S = A. setosa.
Kiwifruit cross section Kiwifruit cross section.jpg
Kiwifruit cross section
Yellow kiwifruit Kiwifruit 'Gold' cross section.jpg
Yellow kiwifruit
Kiwifruit's morphology Kiwi's morphology.svg
Kiwifruit's morphology

Kiwifruit (often shortened to kiwi outside Australia and New Zealand), or Chinese gooseberry, is the edible berry of several species of woody vines in the genus Actinidia . [1] [2] The most common cultivar group of kiwifruit ( Actinidia deliciosa 'Hayward') [3] is oval, about the size of a large hen's egg: 5–8 centimetres (2–3 inches) in length and 4.5–5.5 cm (1+3⁄4–2+1⁄4 in) in diameter. Kiwifruit has a thin, fuzzy, fibrous, tart but edible, light brown skin and light green or golden flesh with rows of tiny, black, edible seeds. The fruit has a soft texture with a sweet and unique flavour.

Contents

Kiwifruit is native to central and eastern China, with the first recorded description dating back to the 12th century during the Song dynasty. [1] [4] In the early 20th century, cultivation of kiwifruit spread from China to New Zealand, where the first commercial plantings took place. [1] It gained popularity among British and American servicemen stationed in New Zealand during World War II, and was later became commonly exported, first to California in the 1950s. [1] [5]

From the late 20th century, countries beyond New Zealand initiated independent kiwifruit breeding programs, including China and Italy. [6] [7] As of 2023, China accounted for 55% of the world's total kiwifruit production, making it the largest global producer. [8]

Etymology

Early varieties were discovered and cultivated in China. Common Chinese names for the fruit prior to the 20th century include míhóutáo (Chinese :獼猴桃; trans."macaque peach"), húlítáo (Chinese :狐狸桃; trans."fox peach"), ténglí (Chinese :藤梨; trans."vine pear") and yángtáo (Chinese :羊桃; trans."sheep peach"). [9] [10] [11] Among the early English language names for the fruit were yangtao, the name that was in popular use in the Yangtze River valley areas of central China, Wilson's gooseberry (after British plant collector Ernest Henry Wilson), gooseberry vine, and Ichang gooseberry, the latter referring to Yichang, a port city in Hubei province. [10] The first known reference to the name Chinese gooseberry comes from 1917 in New Zealand, but it is likely that the name was in use before this time. By the 1920s, Chinese gooseberry became the standard name for the fruit in English until the 1950s. [10] In modern-day Chinese, the fruit is often referred to as qíyìguǒ (Chinese :奇異果), a transliteration from English. [12]

In 1959, Turners & Growers, a major New Zealand exporter began calling it "kiwifruit" after being advised by a United States client that quarantine officials might mistakenly associate the unpopular name gooseberries [13] – which grow close to the ground – with suspicion of anthrax. [14] [10] The name kiwifruit was coined by Jack Turner of Turners & Growers, referencing kiwi, an informal name used to describe New Zealanders, which Turner felt that United States servicemen stationed in the Pacific during World War II would have fond associations with. [10] The name was first registered by Turners & Growers on 15 June 1959, [13] and by 1970, all exports from New Zealand used the name kiwifruit. [10]

Numerous myths are associated with the naming of kiwifruit, including that it is a reference to New Zealand's furry, brown, national bird – the kiwi, or that the name Chinese gooseberry was replaced in response to Anti-Chinese sentiment in the United States. [10]

In New Zealand and Australia, the word kiwi alone either refers to the bird or is used as a nickname for New Zealanders; [13] it is rarely used to refer to the fruit. [5] [15] Kiwifruit has since become a common name for all commercially grown kiwifruit from the genus Actinidia. [1] In the United States and Canada, the shortened name kiwi is commonly used when referring to the fruit. [16] [17]

History

Kiwifruit
Kiwifruit (Chinese characters).svg
"Kiwifruit" in Traditional (top) and Simplified (bottom) Chinese characters
Kiwifruit, Zespri SunGold, raw
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
Energy 262 kJ (63 kcal)
15.8 g
Sugars 12.3 g
Dietary fiber 1.4 g
Fat
0.28 g
1.02 g
Vitamins and minerals
Vitamins Quantity
%DV†
Vitamin A equiv.
24 μg
Thiamine (B1)
0%
0 mg
Riboflavin (B2)
6%
0.074 mg
Niacin (B3)
1%
0.231 mg
Pantothenic acid (B5)
2%
0.12 mg
Vitamin B6
5%
0.079 mg
Folate (B9)
8%
31 μg
Vitamin B12
3%
0.08 μg
Choline
0%
1.9 mg
Vitamin C
179%
161.3 mg
Vitamin E
9%
1.4 mg
Vitamin K
5%
6.1 μg
Minerals Quantity
%DV†
Calcium
1%
17 mg
Copper
17%
0.151 mg
Iron
1%
0.21 mg
Magnesium
3%
12 mg
Manganese
2%
0.048 mg
Phosphorus
2%
25 mg
Potassium
11%
315 mg
Selenium
1%
0.4 μg
Sodium
0%
3 mg
Zinc
1%
0.08 mg
Other constituentsQuantity
Water82 g
Link to USDA FoodData Central entry
†Percentages estimated using US recommendations for adults, [71] except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from the National Academies. [72]
Kiwifruit, green, raw
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
Energy 255 kJ (61 kcal)
14.66 g
Sugars 8.99 g
Dietary fiber 3 g
Fat
0.52 g
1.14 g
Vitamins and minerals
Vitamins Quantity
%DV†
Vitamin A equiv.
122 μg
Thiamine (B1)
2%
0.027 mg
Riboflavin (B2)
2%
0.025 mg
Niacin (B3)
2%
0.341 mg
Pantothenic acid (B5)
4%
0.183 mg
Vitamin B6
4%
0.063 mg
Folate (B9)
6%
25 μg
Vitamin B12
0%
0 μg
Choline
1%
7.8 mg
Vitamin C
103%
92.7 mg
Vitamin E
10%
1.46 mg
Vitamin K
34%
40.3 μg
Minerals Quantity
%DV†
Calcium
3%
34 mg
Copper
14%
0.13 mg
Iron
2%
0.31 mg
Magnesium
4%
17 mg
Manganese
4%
0.098 mg
Phosphorus
3%
34 mg
Potassium
10%
312 mg
Selenium
0%
0.2 μg
Sodium
0%
3 mg
Zinc
1%
0.14 mg
Other constituentsQuantity
Water83 g
Link to USDA FoodData Central entry
†Percentages estimated using US recommendations for adults, [71] except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from the National Academies. [72]

Kiwifruit may be eaten raw, made into juices, used in baked goods, prepared with meat, or used as a garnish. [1] The whole fruit, including the skin, is suitable for human consumption; however, the skin of the fuzzy varieties is often discarded due to its texture. [73] Sliced kiwifruit has long been used as a garnish atop whipped cream on pavlova, a meringue-based dessert. Traditionally in China, kiwifruit was not eaten for pleasure but was given as medicine to children to help them grow and to women who have given birth to help them recover. [1]

Raw kiwifruit contains actinidain (also spelled actinidin) which is commercially useful as a meat tenderizer [74] and possibly as a digestive aid. [75] Actinidain also makes raw kiwifruit unsuitable for use in desserts containing milk or any other dairy products because the enzyme digests milk proteins. This applies to gelatin-based desserts since the actinidain will dissolve the proteins in gelatin, causing the dessert to either liquefy or prevent it from solidifying.

Nutrition

In a 100-gram (3.5 oz) amount, green kiwifruit provides 255 kilojoules (61 kilocalories) of food energy, is 83% water and 15% carbohydrates, with negligible protein and fat (table). It is particularly rich in vitamin C (103% DV) and vitamin K (34% DV), potassium, and has a moderate content of vitamin E (10% DV) and copper, with no other micronutrients in significant content. Gold kiwifruit has similar nutritional value to green kiwifruit, but contains higher vitamin C content (179% DV) and insignificant vitamin K content (table). Both types of kiwifruit are rich in dietary fiber.

Kiwifruit seed oil contains on average 62% alpha-linolenic acid, an omega-3 fatty acid. [76] Kiwifruit pulp contains carotenoids, such as provitamin A beta-carotene, [77] lutein and zeaxanthin. [78]

Allergies

Allergy to kiwifruit was first described in 1981, and there have since been reports of the allergy presenting with numerous symptoms from localized oral allergy syndrome to life-threatening anaphylaxis. [79]

The actinidain found in kiwifruit can be an allergen for some individuals, including children. [80] [81] [82] The most common symptoms are unpleasant itching and soreness of the mouth, with wheezing as the most common severe symptom; anaphylaxis may occur. [80] [81]

References

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