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Hubei[lower-alpha 1] is an inland province of China,and is part of the Central China region. The name of the province means "north of the lake",referring to its position north of Dongting Lake.[7] The provincial capital,Wuhan,serves as a major transportation hub and the political,cultural,and economic hub of central China.
Hubei's name is officially abbreviated to "鄂" (È),an ancient name associated with the eastern part of the province since the State of E of the Western Zhou dynasty of c.1045–771 BCE;a popular name for Hubei is "楚" (Chǔ) (suggested by that of the powerful State of Chu,which existed in the area during the Eastern Zhou dynasty of 770 –256 BCE). Hubei borders the provinces of Henan to the north,Anhui to the east,Jiangxi to the southeast,Hunan to the south,Chongqing to the west,and Shaanxi to the northwest. The high-profile Three Gorges Dam is located at Yichang,in the west of the province.
The Hubei region was home to sophisticated Neolithic cultures.[9][10] By the Spring and Autumn period (770–476 BC),the territory of today's Hubei formed part of the powerful State of Chu. Chu,nominally a tributary state of the Zhou dynasty,was itself an extension of the Chinese civilization that had emerged some centuries before in the north;but Chu also represented a culturally unique blend of northern and southern culture,and it developed into a powerful state that controlled much of the middle and lower Yangtze River,with its power extending northwards into the North China Plain.[11]
Detail of an embroidered silk gauze ritual garment from a 4th-century BC,Zhou era tomb at Mashan,Jiangling County,Hubei
During the Warring States period (475–221 BC) Chu became the major adversary of the upstart State of Qin to the northwest (in present-day Guanzhong,Shaanxi province),which began to assert itself by outward expansionism. As wars between Qin and Chu ensued,Chu lost more and more land:first its dominance over the Sichuan Basin,then (in 278 BC) its heartland,which correspond to modern Hubei.[12][13] In 223 BC Qin chased down the remnants of the Chu regime,which had fled eastwards during Qin's wars of uniting China.[14]
Qin founded the Qin dynasty in 221 BC,the first unified dynasty in China. The Qin dynasty was succeeded in 206 BC by the Han dynasty,which established the province (zhou) of Jingzhou in today's Hubei and Hunan. The Qin and Han played an active role in the extension of farmland in Hubei,maintaining a system of river dikes to protect farms from summer floods.[15] Towards the end of the Eastern Han dynasty in the beginning of the 3rd century,Jingzhou was ruled by regional warlord Liu Biao. After his death in 208,Liu Biao's realm was surrendered by his successors to Cao Cao,a powerful warlord who had conquered nearly all of north China;but in the Battle of Red Cliffs (208 or 209),warlords Liu Bei and Sun Quan drove Cao Cao out of Jingzhou. Liu Bei then took control of Jingzhou and appointed Guan Yu as administrator of Xiangyang (in modern Xiangyang,Hubei) to guard Jing province;he went on to conquer Yizhou (the Sichuan Basin),but lost Jingzhou to Sun Quan;for the next few decades Jingzhou was controlled by the Wu Kingdom,ruled by Sun Quan and his successors.[16]
The Song dynasty reunified the region in 982 and placed most of Hubei into Jinghubei Circuit,a longer version of Hubei's current name. Mongols conquered the region in 1279,and under their rule the province of Huguang was established,covering Hubei,Hunan,and parts of Guangdong and Guangxi.[citation needed] During the Mongol rule,in 1331,Hubei was devastated by an outbreak of the Black Death,which reached England,Belgium,and Italy by June 1348,and which,according to Chinese sources,spread during the following three centuries to decimate populations throughout Eurasia.[18]
The Ming dynasty (1368–1644) drove out the Mongols in 1368. Their version of Huguang province was smaller,and corresponded almost entirely to the modern provinces of Hubei and Hunan combined. Hubei lay geographically outside the centers of the Ming power. During the last years of the Ming,today's Hubei was ravaged several times by the rebel armies of Zhang Xianzhong and Li Zicheng. The ManchuQing dynasty which took control of much of the region in 1644,soon split Huguang into the modern provinces of Hubei and Hunan. The Qing dynasty,however,continued to maintain a Viceroy of Huguang,one of the most well-known viceroys being Zhang Zhidong (in office between 1889 and 1907),whose modernizing reforms made Hubei (especially Wuhan) into a prosperous center of commerce and industry. The Huangshi/Daye area,south-east of Wuhan,became an important center of mining and metallurgy.[citation needed]
In 1911 the Wuchang Uprising took place in modern-day Wuhan. The uprising started the Xinhai Revolution,which overthrew the Qing dynasty and established the Republic of China. In 1927 Wuhan became the seat of a government established by left-wing elements of the Kuomintang,led by Wang Jingwei;this government later merged into Chiang Kai-shek's government in Nanjing. During World War II the eastern parts of Hubei were conquered and occupied by Japan,while the western parts remained under Chinese control.[citation needed]
During the Cultural Revolution in the 1960s,Wuhan saw fighting between rival Red Guard factions. In July 1967,civil strife struck the city in the Wuhan Incident ("July 20th Incident"),an armed conflict between two hostile groups who were fighting for control over the city at the height of the Cultural Revolution.[19]
As the fears of a nuclear war increased during the time of Sino-Soviet border conflicts in the late 1960s,the Xianning prefecture of Hubei was chosen as the site of Project 131,an underground military-command headquarters.[20]
Yellow Crane Tower
The province—and Wuhan in particular—suffered severely from the 1954 Yangtze River Floods. Large-scale dam construction followed,with the Gezhouba Dam on the Yangtze River near Yichang started in 1970 and completed in 1988;the construction of the Three Gorges Dam,further upstream,began in 1993. In the following years,authorities resettled millions of people from western Hubei to make way for the construction of the dam. A number of smaller dams have been constructed on the Yangtze's tributaries as well.[citation needed]
The Xianning Nuclear Power Plant is planned in Dafanzhen,Tongshan County,Xianning,to host at least four 1,250-megawatt (MW) AP1000 pressurized-water reactors. Work on the site began in 2010;plans envisaged that the first reactor would start construction in 2011 and go online in 2015. However,construction of the first phase had yet to start as of 2018[update].[citation needed]
On 1 December 2019,the first case of COVID-19 in the COVID-19 pandemic was identified in the city of Wuhan. In January 2020,the SARS-CoV-2 virus was officially identified,leading local and federal governments to implement massive quarantine zones across Hubei province,especially in the capital Wuhan (the epicenter of the outbreak). Authorities partially or fully locked down 15 cities,directly affecting 57 million people. Following severe outbreaks in numerous other countries,including in different areas of the world,the World Health Organization declared the COVID-19 a pandemic in March 2020. However,after more than eight weeks,the lockdown on most cities in the province was lifted.[citation needed]
The two major rivers of Hubei are the Yangtze River and its left tributary,the Han River;they lend their names to the Jianghan Plain –Jiang representing the Yangtze and han representing the Han River. The Yangtze River enters Hubei from the west via the Three Gorges;the eastern half of the Three Gorges (Xiling Gorge and part of Wu Gorge) lie in western Hubei,while the western half is in neighbouring Chongqing. The Han River enters the province from the northwest. After crossing most of the province,the two great rivers meet at the center of Wuhan,the provincial capital.
Among the notable tributaries of the Yangtze within the province are the Shen Nong Stream (a small northern tributary,severely affected by the Three Gorges Dam project);the Qing,a major waterway of southwestern Hubei;the Huangbo near Yichang;and the Fushui River in the southeast.[citation needed]
Thousands of lakes dot the landscape of Hubei's Jianghan Plain,giving Hubei the name of "Province of Lakes";the largest of these lakes are Liangzi Lake and Hong Lake. The numerous hydrodams have created a number of large reservoirs,the largest of which is the Danjiangkou Reservoir on the Han River,on the border between Hubei and Henan.[citation needed]
Hubei has a humid subtropical climate (Cfa or Cwa under the Köppen climate classification),with four distinct seasons. Winters are cool to cold,with average temperatures of 1 to 6°C (34 to 43°F) in January,while summers are hot and humid,with average temperatures of 24 to 30°C (75 to 86°F) in July;punishing temperatures of 40°C (104°F) or above are widely associated with Wuhan,the provincial capital. The mountainous districts of western Hubei,in particular Shennongjia,with their cooler summers,attract numerous visitors from Wuhan and other lowland cities.[citation needed]
Besides the capital Wuhan,other important cities are Jingmen;Shiyan,a center of automotive industry and the gateway to the Wudang Mountains;Yichang,the main base for the gigantic hydroelectric projects of southwestern Hubei;and Shashi.[citation needed]
↑ Formerly known as Xiangfan PLC until 2 December 2010.
1 2 New district established after census: Yunyang (Yunxian County). The new district not included in the urban area & district area count of the pre-expanded city.
↑ Jingshan County is currently known as Jingshan CLC after census.
Most populous cities in Hubei
Source: China Urban Construction Statistical Yearbook 2018 Urban Population and Urban Temporary Population[28]
Hubei is often called the "Land of Fish and Rice" (鱼米之乡). Important agricultural products in Hubei include cotton, rice, wheat, and tea, while industries include automobiles, metallurgy, machinery, power generation, textiles, foodstuffs and high-tech commodities.[30]
Hubei Jingzhou Chengnan Economic Development Zone was established in 1992 under the approval of Hubei Government. Three major industries include textile, petroleum and chemical processing, with a combined output accounts for 90% of its total output. The zone also enjoys a well-developed transportation network—only 6 kilometres (3.7mi) to the airport and 4 kilometres (2.5mi) to the railway station.[31]
Wuhan East Lake High-Tech Development Zone is a national level high-tech development zone. Optical-electronics, telecommunications, and equipment manufacturing are the core industries of Wuhan East Lake High-Tech Development Zone (ELHTZ) while software outsourcing and electronics are also encouraged. ELHTZ is China's largest production centre for optical-electronic products with key players like Changfei Fiber-optical Cables (the largest fiber-optical cable maker in China), Fenghuo Telecommunications and Wuhan Research Institute of Post and Telecommunications (the largest research institute in optical telecommunications in China). Wuhan ELHTZ represents the development centre for China's laser industry with key players such as HUST Technologies and Chutian Laser being based in the zone.[32]
Wuhan Economic and Technological Development Zone is a national level industrial zone incorporated in 1993.[33] Its size is about 10-25 square km and it plans to expand to 25-50 square km. Industries encouraged in Wuhan Economic and Technological Development Zone include automobile production/assembly, biotechnology/pharmaceuticals, chemicals production and processing, food/beverage processing, heavy industry, and telecommunications equipment.
Wuhan Export Processing Zone was established in 2000. It is located in Wuhan Economic & Technology Development Zone, planned to cover land of 2.7km2 (1.0sqmi). The first 0.7km2 (0.27sqmi) area has been launched.[34]
Wuhan Optical Valley (Guanggu) Software Park is in Wuhan East Lake High-Tech Development Zone. Wuhan Optics Valley Software Park is jointly developed by East Lake High-Tech Development Zone and Dalian Software Park Co., Ltd.[35] The planned area is 0.67km2 (0.26sqmi) with total floor area of 600,000 square meters. The zone is 8.5km (5.28mi) from the 316 National Highway and is 46.7km (29.02mi) from the Wuhan Tianhe Airport.
Xiangyang New & Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone
On October 18, 2009, Chinese officials began to relocate 330,000 residents from the Hubei and Henan provinces that will be affected by the Danjiangkou Reservoir on the Han river. The reservoir is part of the larger South-North Water Transfer Project.[47]
People in Hubei speak Mandarin dialects; most of these dialects are classified as Southwestern Mandarin dialects, a group that also encompasses the Mandarin dialects of most of southwestern China.[citation needed]
The Shennongjia area is the alleged home of the Yeren, a wild undiscovered hominid that lives in the forested hills.
The people of Hubei are given the uncomplimentary nickname "Nine-headed Birds" by other Chinese, from a mythological creature said to be very aggressive and hard to kill. "In the sky live nine-headed birds. On the earth live Hubei people." (天上九头鸟，地上湖北佬; Tiānshàng jiǔ tóu niǎo, dìshàng Húběi lǎo)
Wuhan is one of the major culture centers in China.
Hubei is thought to be the province that originated the card game of dou dizhu.
Education
As of 2022, Hubei hosts 130 institutions of higher education, ranking sixth together with Hunan (130) among all Chinese provinces after Jiangsu (168), Guangdong (160), Henan (156), Shandong (153), and Sichuan (134).[49][50] The Huazhong University of Science and Technology(HUST), Wuhan University and many other institutions in Wuhan make it a hub of higher education and research in China. Wuhan is the city that has the largest college student population in the world (1.3 million) studying in its 89 universities.
Prior to the construction of China's national railway network, the Yangtze and Hanshui Rivers had been the main transportation arteries of Hubei for many centuries, and still continue to play an important transport role.
Historically, Hubei's overland transport network was hampered by the lack of bridges across the Yangtze River, which divides the province into northern and southern regions. The first bridge across the Yangtze in Hubei, the Wuhan Yangtze River Bridge was completed in 1957, followed by the Zhicheng Bridge in 1971. As of October2014[update], Hubei had 23 bridges and tunnels across the Yangtze River, including nine bridges and three tunnels in Wuhan.
Rail
The railway from Beijing reached Wuhan in 1905, and was later extended to Guangzhou, becoming the first north-to-south railway mainline to cross China. A number of other lines crossed the province later on, including the Jiaozuo–Liuzhou railway and Beijing–Kowloon railway, respectively, in the western and eastern part of the province.
The province's best-known natural attraction (shared with the adjacent Chongqing municipality) is the scenic area of the Three Gorges of the Yangtze. Located in the far west of the province, the gorges can be conveniently visited by one of the numerous tourist boats (or regular passenger boats) that travel up the Yangtze from Yichang through the Three Gorges and into the neighboring Chongqing municipality.
The mountains of western Hubei, in particular in Shennongjia District, offer a welcome respite from Wuhan's and Yichang's summer heat, as well as skiing opportunities in winter. The tourist facilities in that area concentrate around Muyu in the southern part of Shennongjia, the gateway to Shennongjia National Nature Reserve (神农架国家自然保护区). Closer to the provincial capital, Wuhan, is the Mount Jiugong (Jiugongshan) national park, in Tongshan County near the border with Jiangxi.
A particular important site of both natural and cultural significance is Mount Wudang (Wudangshan) in the northwest of the province. Originally created early in the Ming dynasty, its building complex has been listed by UNESCO since 1994 as a World Heritage Site.
The Hubei Provincial Museum in Wuhan, with extensive archaeological and cultural exhibits and performance presentations of ancient music and dance. This is one of the best places to learn about the ancient state of Chu, which flourished in the territory of present-day Hubei during the Eastern Zhou dynasty and developed its own unique culture, quite distinct from that of the Shang/Zhou civilization of northern China.
The province also has historical sites connected with China's more recent history, such as the Wuchang Uprising Memorial in Wuhan, Project 131 site (a Cultural-Revolution-era underground military command center) in Xianning, and the National Mining Park (国家矿山公园) in Huangshi.[55]
Following a July 1979 State of Ohio Trade Mission to China, Hubei and Ohio formed a sister province-state relationship.[56]:111–113 The pairing was based on the fact that both Hubei and Ohio are located in national heartlands, are large industrial areas and transportation hubs, and have significant agricultural sectors.[56]:113
In 2005, Hubei province signed a twinning agreement with Telemark county of Norway, and a "Norway-Hubei Week" was held in 2007.
↑ The data was collected by the Chinese General Social Survey (CGSS) of 2009 and by the Chinese Spiritual Life Survey (CSLS) of 2007, reported and assembled by Xiuhua Wang (2015)[48] in order to confront the proportion of people identifying with two similar social structures: ① Christian churches, and ② the traditional Chinese religion of the lineage (i.e. people believing and worshipping ancestral deities often organised into lineage "churches" and ancestral shrines). Data for other religions with a significant presence in China (deity cults, Buddhism, Taoism, folk religious sects, Islam, et al.) was not reported by Wang.
People not bounded to nor practicing any institutional or diffuse religion.
Related Research Articles
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References
Citations
↑ "Hubei--Survey". Ministry Of Commerce - People's Republic Of China. 25 April 2007. Archived from the original on 6 April 2018. Retrieved 8 April 2018. Hubei {...} an area of 185,900 square km.
↑ 湖北[Hubei] (in Chinese). The Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China. 26 March 2013. Archived from the original on 8 July 2016. Retrieved 7 June 2016. 全省国土总面积18.59万平方公里
↑ Zhang, Chi (張弛) (2013). "The Qujialing-Shijiahe Culture in the Middle Yangzi River Valley". In Anne P. Underhill (ed.). A Companion to Chinese Archaeology. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons. pp.510–34. doi:10.1002/9781118325698. ISBN9781444335293.
↑ Flad, Rowan K.; Chen, Pochan (2013). Ancient Central China: Centers and Peripheries along the Yangzi River. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN978-0521727662.
↑ Constance A. Cook and John S. Major, eds. Defining Chu: Image and Reality in Ancient China, (Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press, 1999); Lothar von Falkenhausen, Chinese Society in the Age of Confucius (1000–250 BC): The Archaeological Evidence (Los Angeles: Cotsen Institute of Archaeology, 2006), 262–88.
↑ Brian Lander. State Management of River Dikes in Early China: New Sources on the Environmental History of the Central Yangzi Region . T'oung Pao 100.4-5 (2014): 325–362.
↑ Thomas W. Robinson (1971). "The Wuhan Incident: Local Strife and Provincial Rebellion During the Cultural Revolution". The China Quarterly (47): 413–18. JSTOR652320.
↑ 神秘131工程:60年代修建的防核地下指挥部[Mysterious Project 131: An underground nuclear command headquarters constructed in the 1960s]. xjqmx.gov.cn (in Simplified Chinese). Archived from the original on 2011-05-21. Retrieved 2020-03-16.
↑ UNEP-WCMC (2017-05-22). "Hubei Shennongjia". World Heritage Datasheet. Retrieved 2024-01-25.
↑ Census Office of the State Council of the People's Republic of China; Population and Employment Statistics Division of the National Bureau of Statistics of the People's Republic of China (2012). 中国2010人口普查分乡、镇、街道资料 (1ed.). Beijing: China Statistics Print. ISBN978-7-5037-6660-2.
↑ 武孝城际铁路正式开通 市民可以坐城铁赶飞机[Wuhan–Xiaogan intercity railway officially opens; city residents can take the line to catch flights]. chinanews.com Hubei (in Chinese). 2016-12-01.
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