Hunan 湖南 | |
---|---|
Province of Hunan | |
Name transcription(s) | |
• Chinese | 湖南省 (Húnán Shěng) |
• Abbreviation | HN / 湘 (pinyin :Xiāng) |
Coordinates: 28°06′46″N112°59′00″E / 28.11265°N 112.98338°E | |
Country | China |
Named for | 湖 , hú –lake 南 , nán –south "South of the lake" |
Capital (and largest city) | Changsha |
Divisions | 14 prefectures, 122 counties, 1,933 townships (2018), 29,224 villages (2018) |
Government | |
• Type | Province |
• Body | Hunan Provincial People's Congress |
• CCP Secretary | Shen Xiaoming |
• Congress chairman | Shen Xiaoming |
• Governor | Mao Weiming |
• CPPCC chairman | Mao Wanchun |
Area | |
• Total | 210,000 km2 (80,000 sq mi) |
• Rank | 10th |
Highest elevation | 2,115.2 m (6,939.6 ft) |
Population (2020) [2] | |
• Total | 66,444,864 |
• Rank | 7th |
• Density | 320/km2 (820/sq mi) |
• Rank | 13th |
Demonym | Hunanese |
Demographics | |
• Ethnic composition | Han – 90% Tujia – 4% Miao – 3% Dong – 1% Yao – 1% Other peoples – 1% |
• Languages and dialects | Chinese varieties: Xiang, Gan, Southwestern Mandarin, Xiangnan Tuhua, Waxiang, Hakka, Yue Non-Chinese languages: Xong, Tujia, Mien, Gam |
GDP [3] | |
• Total | CN¥ 4.756 trillion US$ 707.1 billion |
• Per capita | CN¥ 73,598 US$ 10,942 |
ISO 3166 code | CN-HN |
HDI (2021) | 0.762 [4] high · 15th |
Website | www |
Hunan | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Chinese | 湖南 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Xiang | [fu˩˧lan˩˧] [5] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Literal meaning | "South of the (Dongting) Lake" | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Hunan [lower-alpha 1] is a landlocked province of the People's Republic of China. Located in the middle reaches of the Yangtze watershed,it borders the province-level divisions of Hubei to the north,Jiangxi to the east,Guangdong and Guangxi to the south,Guizhou to the west,and Chongqing to the northwest. Its capital and largest city is Changsha,which abuts the Xiang River. Hengyang,Zhuzhou,and Yueyang are among its most populous urban cities. With a population of just over 66 million as of 2020 [update] residing in an area of approximately 210,000 km2 (81,000 sq mi),it is China's 7th most populous province,the fourth most populous among landlocked provinces,the second most populous in South Central China after Guangdong and the most populous province in Central China. It is the largest province in South-Central China,the fourth largest among landlocked provinces,and the 10th most extensive province by area.
Hunan's nominal GDP was US$724 billion (CNY 4.6 trillion) as of 2021,appearing in the world's top 20 largest sub-national economies,with its GDP (PPP) being over US$1.1 trillion. [6] [7] Hunan is the 9th-largest provincial economy of China,the fourth largest in South Central China,the third largest in Central China and the fourth largest among landlocked provinces. Its GDP (nominal) per capita exceeded US$10,900 (69,300 CNY),making it the third richest province in the South Central China region after Guangdong and Hubei. [6] As of 2020,Hunan's GDP (nominal) reached 605 billion US dollars (CNY 4.18 trillion), [8] [9] exceeding that of Poland,with a GDP of US$596 billion and Thailand,with a GDP of US$501 billion,the 22nd and 25th largest in the world respectively. [10]
The name Hunan literally means "south of the lake". [11] The lake that is referred to is Dongting Lake,a lake in the northeast of the province. Vehicle license plates from Hunan are marked Xiāng (Chinese :湘),after the Xiang River,which runs from south to north through Hunan and forms part of the largest drainage system for the province. The area of Hunan was under Chinese rule as far back as 350 BC. Hunan was the birthplace of communist revolutionary Mao Zedong, [12] who became the Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party and the founding father of the People's Republic of China. Hunan today is home to some ethnic minorities,including the Tujia and Miao,along with the Han Chinese,who make up a majority of the population. Varieties of Chinese spoken include Xiang,Gan and Southwestern Mandarin.
Wulingyuan was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1992. [13] Changsha,the capital,is located in the eastern part of the province;it is now an important commercial,manufacturing and transportation centre. [14] The busiest airports serve domestic and international flights for Hunan,including Changsha Huanghua International Airport,Zhangjiajie Hehua International Airport and Changde Taohuayuan Airport. [15] Hunan is the seat of the Yuelu Academy (later become Hunan University),which is one of the four major academies over the last 1000 years in ancient China. [16] As of 2023,Hunan hosts 137 institutions of higher education,ranking fifth among all Chinese provinces . [17] In 2017,two major cities in Hunan (Changsha and Xiangtan ) ranked in the top 500 cities in the world by scientific research output,as tracked by the Nature Index. [18]
This section needs additional citations for verification .(February 2014) |
Hunan's primeval forests were first occupied by the ancestors of the modern Miao, Tujia, Dong and Yao peoples. The province entered written Chinese history around 350 BC, when the province became part of the Zhou dynasty. After Qin conquered the Chu in 278 BC, the region came under the control of Qin, and then the Changsha Kingdom during the Han dynasty. At this time, and for hundreds of years thereafter, the province was a magnet for settlement of Han Chinese from the north, who displaced and assimilated the original indigenous inhabitants, cleared forests and began farming rice in the valleys and plains. [19] The agricultural colonization of the lowlands was carried out in part by the Han people, which managed river dikes to protect farmland from floods. [20] To this day, many of the small villages in Hunan are named after the Han families who settled there. Migration from the north was especially prevalent during the Eastern Jin dynasty, Sixteen Kingdoms and the Northern and Southern dynasties periods, when the north was mostly ruled by non-Han ethnic groups (Five Barbarians) and in perpetual disorder.
During the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, Hunan was home to its own independent regime, Ma Chu.
Hunan and Hubei became a part of the province of Huguang until the Qing dynasty. Hunan province was created in 1664 from Huguang, renamed to its current name in 1723.
Hunan became an important communications center due to its position on the Yangzi River. It was an important centre of scholarly activity and Confucian thought, particularly in the Yuelu Academy in Changsha. It was also on the Imperial Highway constructed between northern and southern China. The land produced grain so abundantly that it fed many parts of China with its surpluses. The population continued to climb until, by the nineteenth century, Hunan became overcrowded and prone to peasant uprisings. Some of the uprisings, such as the ten-year Miao Rebellion of 1795–1806, were caused by ethnic tensions. The Taiping Rebellion began in the south in Guangxi Province in 1850. The rebellion spread into Hunan and then further eastward along the Yangzi River valley. Ultimately, it was a Hunanese army (Xiang Army) under Zeng Guofan who marched into Nanjing to put down the uprising in 1864.
In 1920, a famine raged throughout Hunan and killed an estimated 2 million Hunanese civilians. [21] This sparked the Autumn Harvest Uprising of 1927. It was led by Hunanese native Mao Zedong, and established a short-lived Hunan Soviet in 1927. The Communists maintained a guerrilla army in the mountains along the Hunan-Jiangxi border until 1934. Under pressure from the Nationalist Kuomintang (KMT) forces, they began the Long March to bases in Shaanxi Province. After the departure of the Communists, the KMT army fought against the Japanese in the second Sino-Japanese war. They defended Changsha until it fell in 1944. Japan launched Operation Ichigo, a plan to control the railroad from Wuchang to Guangzhou (Yuehan Railway). Hunan was relatively unscathed by the civil war that followed the defeat of the Japanese in 1945. In 1949, the Communists returned once more as the Nationalists retreated southward.
In the 1950s General Wang Zhen coerced thousands of Hunanese women into sexual servitude at PLA units in Xinjiang. [22]
As Mao Zedong's home province, Hunan supported the Cultural Revolution of 1966–1976.[ citation needed ] However, it was slower than most provinces in adopting the reforms implemented by Deng Xiaoping in the years that followed Mao's death in 1976.
In addition to CCP Chairman Mao Zedong, a number of other first-generation communist leaders were also from Hunan: Chinese President Liu Shaoqi; CCP Secretary-generals Ren Bishi and Hu Yaobang; Marshals Peng Dehuai, He Long, and Luo Ronghuan; Wang Zhen, one of the Eight Elders; Xiang Jingyu, the first female member of the CCP's central committee; Senior General Huang Kecheng; and veteran diplomat Lin Boqu. An example of a more recent leader from Hunan is former Chinese Premier Zhu Rongji.
Hunan is located on the south bank of the Yangtze River, about half way along its length, situated between 108° 47'–114° 16' east longitude and 24° 37'–30° 08' north latitude. Hunan covers an area of 211,800 square kilometres (81,800 square miles), making it the 10th largest provincial-level division. The east, south and west sides of the province are surrounded by mountains and hills, such as the Wuling Mountains to the northwest, the Xuefeng Mountains to the west, the Nanling Mountains to the south, and the Luoxiao Mountains to the east. Mountains and hills occupy more than 80% of the province, and plains less than 20%. At 2115.2 meters above sea level, the highest point in Hunan province is Lingfeng (酃峰). [23] [24] [25]
The Xiang, the Zi, the Yuan and the Lishui Rivers converge on the Yangtze River at Lake Dongting in the north of Hunan. The center and northern parts are somewhat low and a U-shaped basin, open in the north and with Lake Dongting as its center. Most of Hunan lies in the basins of four major tributaries of the Yangtze River.
Lake Dongting is the largest lake in the province and the second largest freshwater lake of China.
The Xiaoxiang area and Lake Dongting figure prominently in Chinese poetry and paintings, particularly during the Song dynasty when they were associated with officials who had been unjustly dismissed. [26]
Changsha (which means "long sands") was an active ceramics district during the Tang dynasty, its tea bowls, ewers and other products mass-produced and shipped to China's coastal cities for export abroad. An Arab dhow dated to the 830s and today known as the Belitung Shipwreck was discovered off the small island of Belitung, Indonesia with more than 60,000 pieces in its cargo.[ citation needed ] The salvaged cargo is today housed in nearby Singapore.
Hunan's climate is subtropical, and, under the Köppen climate classification, is classified as being humid subtropical (Köppen Cfa), with short, cool, damp winters, very hot and humid summers, and plenty of rainfall. January temperatures average 3 to 8 °C (37 to 46 °F) while July temperatures average around 27 to 30 °C (81 to 86 °F). Average annual precipitation is 1,200 to 1,700 millimetres (47 to 67 in). The Furongian Epoch in the Cambrian Period of geological time is named for Hunan; Furong ( 芙蓉 ) means "lotus" in Mandarin and refers to Hunan which is known as the "lotus state". [27]
Hunan is divided into fourteen prefecture-level divisions: thirteen prefecture-level cities and an autonomous prefecture:
Administrative divisions of Hunan | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Division code [28] | Division | Area in km2 [29] | Population 2010 [30] | Seat | Divisions [31] | |||
Districts | Counties | Aut. counties | CL cities | |||||
430000 | Hunan Province | 210,000.00 | 65,683,722 | Changsha city | 36 | 61 | 7 | 18 |
430100 | Changsha city | 11,819.46 | 7,044,118 | Yuelu District | 6 | 1 | 2 | |
430200 | Zhuzhou city | 11,262.20 | 3,855,609 | Tianyuan District | 5 | 3 | 1 | |
430300 | Xiangtan city | 5,006.46 | 2,748,552 | Yuetang District | 2 | 1 | 2 | |
430400 | Hengyang city | 15,302.78 | 7,141,462 | Zhengxiang District | 5 | 5 | 2 | |
430500 | Shaoyang city | 20,829.63 | 7,071,826 | Daxiang District | 3 | 6 | 1 | 2 |
430600 | Yueyang city | 14,897.88 | 5,477,911 | Yueyanglou District | 3 | 4 | 2 | |
430700 | Changde city | 18,177.18 | 5,747,218 | Wuling District | 2 | 6 | 1 | |
430800 | Zhangjiajie city | 9,516.03 | 1,476,521 | Yongding District | 2 | 2 | ||
430900 | Yiyang city | 12,325.16 | 4,313,084 | Heshan District | 2 | 3 | 1 | |
431000 | Chenzhou city | 19,317.33 | 4,581,778 | Beihu District | 2 | 8 | 1 | |
431100 | Yongzhou city | 22,255.31 | 5,180,235 | Lengshuitan District | 2 | 8 | 1 | |
431200 | Huaihua city | 27,562.72 | 4,741,948 | Hecheng District | 1 | 5 | 5 | 1 |
431300 | Loudi city | 8,107.61 | 3,785,627 | Louxing District | 1 | 2 | 2 | |
433100 | Xiangxi Autonomous Prefecture | 15,462.30 | 2,547,833 | Jishou city | 7 | 1 |
Administrative divisions in Chinese and varieties of romanizations | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
English | Chinese | Pinyin | Xiang Romanization | |
Hunan Province | 湖南省 | Húnán Shěng | fu12 nan12 sǝn2 | |
Changsha city | 长沙市 | Chángshā Shì | c̣an2 sa11 ṣî32 | |
Zhuzhou city | 株洲市 | Zhūzhōu Shì | ćy11 c̣ôu11 ṣî32 | |
Xiangtan city | 湘潭市 | Xiāngtán Shì | ? ? ṣî32 | |
Hengyang city | 衡阳市 | Héngyáng Shì | xǝn12 ian12 ṣî32 | |
Shaoyang city | 邵阳市 | Shàoyáng Shì | ? ian12 ṣî32 | |
Yueyang city | 岳阳市 | Yuèyáng Shì | io4 ian12 ṣî32 | |
Changde city | 常德市 | Chángdé Shì | ? tô4 ṣî32 | |
Zhangjiajie city | 张家界市 | Zhāngjiājiè Shì | ? ćia11 kai31 ṣî32 | |
Yiyang city | 益阳市 | Yìyáng Shì | i4 ian12 ṣî32 | |
Chenzhou city | 郴州市 | Chēnzhōu Shì | ? c̣ôu11 ṣî32 | |
Yongzhou city | 永州市 | Yǒngzhōu Shì | yn2 c̣ôu11 ṣî32 | |
Huaihua city | 怀化市 | Huáihuà Shì | fai12 fa31 ṣî32 | |
Loudi city | 娄底市 | Lóudǐ Shì | ? ti2 ṣî32 | |
Xiangxi Autonomous Prefecture | 湘西自治州 | Xiāngxī Zìzhìzhōu | ? si11 ci31 c̣î31 c̣ôu11 |
The fourteen prefecture-level divisions of Hunan are subdivided into 122 county-level divisions (35 districts, 17 county-level cities, 63 counties, 7 autonomous counties). Those are in turn divided into 2587 township-level divisions (1098 towns, 1158 townships, 98 ethnic townships, 225 subdistricts, and eight district public offices). At the year end of 2017, the total population is 68.6 million.
Population by urban areas of prefecture & county cities | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
# | City | Urban area [32] | District area [32] | City proper [32] | Census date |
1 | Changsha [lower-alpha 2] | 2,963,218 | 3,092,213 | 7,040,952 | 2010-11-01 |
(1) | Changsha (new district) [lower-alpha 2] | 230,136 | 523,660 | see Changsha | 2010-11-01 |
2 | Hengyang | 1,115,645 | 1,133,967 | 7,148,344 | 2010-11-01 |
3 | Zhuzhou [lower-alpha 3] | 999,404 | 1,055,150 | 3,857,100 | 2010-11-01 |
(3) | Zhuzhou (new district) [lower-alpha 3] | 94,326 | 383,598 | see Zhuzhou | 2010-11-01 |
4 | Yueyang | 924,099 | 1,231,509 | 5,476,084 | 2010-11-01 |
5 | Xiangtan | 903,287 | 960,303 | 2,752,171 | 2010-11-01 |
6 | Changde | 846,308 | 1,457,419 | 5,714,623 | 2010-11-01 |
7 | Yiyang | 697,607 | 1,245,517 | 4,307,933 | 2010-11-01 |
8 | Liuyang | 588,081 | 1,279,469 | see Changsha | 2010-11-01 |
9 | Chenzhou | 582,971 | 822,534 | 4,583,531 | 2010-11-01 |
10 | Shaoyang | 574,527 | 753,194 | 7,071,735 | 2010-11-01 |
11 | Yongzhou | 540,930 | 1,020,715 | 5,194,275 | 2010-11-01 |
(12) | Ningxiang [lower-alpha 4] | 498,055 | 1,166,138 | see Changsha | 2010-11-01 |
13 | Leiyang | 476,173 | 1,151,554 | see Hengyang | 2010-11-01 |
14 | Huaihua | 472,687 | 552,622 | 4,741,673 | 2010-11-01 |
15 | Liling | 449,067 | 947,387 | see Zhuzhou | 2010-11-01 |
16 | Loudi | 425,037 | 496,744 | 3,784,634 | 2010-11-01 |
17 | Changning | 332,927 | 810,447 | see Hengyang | 2010-11-01 |
18 | Miluo | 321,074 | 692,080 | see Yueyang | 2010-11-01 |
19 | Yuanjiang | 281,097 | 666,270 | see Yiyang | 2010-11-01 |
20 | Zhangjiajie | 250,489 | 494,528 | 1,478,149 | 2010-11-01 |
21 | Lianyuan | 245,360 | 995,515 | see Loudi | 2010-11-01 |
22 | Lengshuijiang | 238,275 | 327,146 | see Loudi | 2010-11-01 |
23 | Linxiang | 225,054 | 498,319 | see Yueyang | 2010-11-01 |
24 | Zixing | 215,707 | 337,294 | see Chenzhou | 2010-11-01 |
25 | Jishou | 212,328 | 302,065 | part of Xiangxi Prefecture | 2010-11-01 |
26 | Xiangxiang | 210,799 | 788,216 | see Xiangtan | 2010-11-01 |
27 | Hongjiang | 197,753 | 477,996 | see Huaihua | 2010-11-01 |
28 | Wugang | 187,436 | 734,870 | see Shaoyang | 2010-11-01 |
29 | Jinshi | 156,230 | 250,898 | see Changde | 2010-11-01 |
30 | Shaoshan | 27,613 | 86,036 | see Xiangtan | 2010-11-01 |
Most populous cities in Hunan Source: China Urban Construction Statistical Yearbook 2018 Urban Population and Urban Temporary Population [33] | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rank | Pop. | Rank | Pop. | ||||||
Changsha Hengyang | 1 | Changsha | 3,744,300 | 11 | Yongzhou | 574,500 | Zhuzhou Changde | ||
2 | Hengyang | 1,437,900 | 12 | Leiyang | 573,000 | ||||
3 | Zhuzhou | 1,152,600 | 13 | Loudi | 516,800 | ||||
4 | Changde | 997,900 | 14 | Ningxiang | 472,700 | ||||
5 | Yueyang | 892,000 | 15 | Jishou | 315,000 | ||||
6 | Chenzhou | 842,000 | 16 | Changning | 300,000 | ||||
7 | Xiangtan | 817,700 | 17 | Wugang | 290,000 | ||||
8 | Shaoyang | 712,300 | 18 | Liuyang | 260,100 | ||||
9 | Yiyang | 668,200 | 19 | Liling | 247,500 | ||||
10 | Huaihua | 624,000 | 20 | Xiangxiang | 235,000 |
The politics of Hunan is structured in a dual party-government system like all other governing institutions in mainland China.
The Governor of Hunan is the highest-ranking official in the People's Government of Hunan. However, in the province's dual party-government governing system, the Governor has less power than the Hunan Chinese Communist Party Provincial Committee Secretary, colloquially termed the "Hunan CCP Party Chief".
As of the mid-19th century, Hunan exported rhubarb, musk, honey, tobacco, hemp, and birds. [34] The Lake Dongting area is an important center of ramie production, and Hunan is also an important center of tea cultivation. Aside from agricultural products, in recent years Hunan has grown to become an important center for steel, machinery and electronics production, especially as China's manufacturing sector moves away from coastal provinces such as Guangdong and Zhejiang. [35]
The Lengshuijiang area is noted for its stibnite mines, and is one of the major centers of antimony extraction in China. [ citation needed ]
Hunan is also well known for a few global makers of construction equipment such as concrete pumps, cranes, etc. These companies include Sany Group, Zoomlion and Sunward. Sany is one of the world's major players. The city of Liuyang is the world's top center for manufacturing fireworks. [36]
Hunan is the 9th-largest provincial economy of China, the third largest in the Central China region after Henan and Hubei, the fourth largest in the South Central China region after Guangdong, Henan and Hubei and the fourth largest among inland provinces after Henan, Sichuan and Hubei. [6] As of 2021, Hunan's nominal GDP was US$724 billion (CNY 4.6 trillion), appearing in the world's top 20 largest sub-national economies with its GDP (Purchasing Power Parity) being over US$1.1 trillion, [6] [7] and its GDP (nominal) per capita exceeded US$10,900 (69,300 CNY), making it the 2nd richest in the Central China region after Hubei and the 3rd richest in South Central China region after Guangdong and Hubei. [6]
As of 2020, Hunan's GDP (nominal) was US$605 billion, [8] [9] making it larger than the economies of Poland (the 22nd biggest in the world), Thailand (the 2nd largest in ASEAN), and Nigeria (the largest in Africa). [10]
Historical GDP of Hunan Province for 1952 –present (SNA2008) [37] (purchasing power parity of Chinese Yuan, as Int'l. dollar based on IMF WEO October 2017 [38] ) | |||||||||
year | GDP | GDP per capita (GDPpc) based on mid-year population | Reference index | ||||||
GDP in millions | real growth (%) | GDPpc | exchange rate 1 foreign currency to CNY | ||||||
CNY | USD | PPP (Int'l$.) | CNY | USD | PPP (Int'l$.) | USD 1 | Int'l$. 1 (PPP) | ||
2016 | 3,155,137 | 475,007 | 901,236 | 8.0 | 46,382 | 6,983 | 13,249 | 6.6423 | 3.5009 |
2015 | 2,917,217 | 468,373 | 821,867 | 8.5 | 43,157 | 6,929 | 12,159 | 6.2284 | 3.5495 |
2014 | 2,728,177 | 444,126 | 768,414 | 9.5 | 40,635 | 6,615 | 11,445 | 6.1428 | 3.5504 |
2013 | 2,483,465 | 400,999 | 694,307 | 10.1 | 37,263 | 6,017 | 10,418 | 6.1932 | 3.5769 |
2012 | 2,233,833 | 353,875 | 629,107 | 11.4 | 33,758 | 5,348 | 9,507 | 6.3125 | 3.5508 |
2011 | 1,981,655 | 306,815 | 565,299 | 12.8 | 30,103 | 4,661 | 8,587 | 6.4588 | 3.5055 |
2010 | 1,615,325 | 238,618 | 487,925 | 14.6 | 24,897 | 3,678 | 7,520 | 6.7695 | 3.3106 |
2009 | 1,315,627 | 192,597 | 416,667 | 13.9 | 20,579 | 3,013 | 6,517 | 6.8310 | 3.1575 |
2008 | 1,162,761 | 167,422 | 366,016 | 14.1 | 18,261 | 2,629 | 5,748 | 6.9451 | 3.1768 |
2007 | 948,599 | 124,750 | 314,637 | 15.1 | 14,942 | 1,965 | 4,956 | 7.6040 | 3.0149 |
2006 | 772,232 | 96,870 | 268,350 | 12.8 | 12,192 | 1,529 | 4,237 | 7.9718 | 2.8777 |
2005 | 662,345 | 80,856 | 231,670 | 12.2 | 10,606 | 1,295 | 3,710 | 8.1917 | 2.8590 |
2000 | 355,149 | 42,901 | 130,603 | 9.0 | 5,425 | 655 | 1,995 | 8.2784 | 2.7193 |
1995 | 213,213 | 25,531 | 78,117 | 10.3 | 3,359 | 402 | 1,231 | 8.3510 | 2.7294 |
1990 | 74,444 | 15,564 | 43,724 | 4.0 | 1,228 | 257 | 721 | 4.7832 | 1.7026 |
1985 | 34,995 | 11,917 | 24,966 | 12.1 | 626 | 213 | 447 | 2.9366 | 1.4017 |
1980 | 19,172 | 12,795 | 12,820 | 5.2 | 365 | 244 | 244 | 1.4984 | 1.4955 |
1975 | 11,840 | 6,366 | 10.3 | 239 | 129 | 1.8598 | |||
1970 | 9,305 | 3,780 | 17.6 | 211 | 86 | 2.4618 | |||
1965 | 6,532 | 2,653 | 13.2 | 170 | 69 | 2.4618 | |||
1960 | 6,407 | 2,603 | -1.0 | 176 | 71 | 2.4618 | |||
1955 | 3,583 | 1,376 | 18.5 | 104 | 40 | 2.6040 | |||
1952 | 2,781 | 1,251 | 86 | 39 | 2.2227 |
The Changsha National Economic and Technology Development Zone was founded in 1992. It is located east of Changsha. The total planned area is 38.6 km2 (14.9 sq mi) and the current area is 14 km2 (5.4 sq mi). Near the zone is National Highways G319 and G107 as well as Jingzhu Highway. Besides that, it is very close to the downtown and the railway station. The distance between the zone and the airport is 8 km (5.0 mi). The major industries in the zone include high-tech industry, biology project technology and new material industry. [39]
Approved by the State Council, Chenzhou Export processing Zone (CEPZ) was established in 2005 and is the only export processing zone in Hunan province. The scheduled production area of CEPZ covers 3km2. The industrial positioning of CEPZ is to concentrate on developing export-oriented hi-tech industries, including electronic information, precision machinery, and new-type materials. The zone has good infrastructure, and the enterprises inside could enjoy the preferential policies of tax-exemption, tax-guarantee and tax-refunding. By the end of the "Eleventh Five-Year Plan", the CEPZ achieved a total export and import volume of over US$1 billion and provided more than 50,000 jobs. It aimed to be one of the first-class export processing zones in China. [40]
Zhuzhou Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone was founded in 1992. Its total planned area is 35 km2 (14 sq mi). It is very close to National Highway G320. The major industries in the zone include biotechnology, food processing and heavy industry. In 2007, the park signed a cooperation contract with Beijing Automobile Industry, one of the largest auto makers in China, which will set up a manufacturing base in Zhuzhou HTP. [41]
Year | Pop. | ±% |
---|---|---|
1912 [42] | 27,617,000 | — |
1928 [43] | 31,501,000 | +14.1% |
1936-37 [44] | 28,294,000 | −10.2% |
1947 [45] | 25,558,000 | −9.7% |
1954 [46] | 33,226,954 | +30.0% |
1964 [47] | 37,182,286 | +11.9% |
1982 [48] | 54,008,851 | +45.3% |
1990 [49] | 60,659,754 | +12.3% |
2000 [50] | 63,274,173 | +4.3% |
2010 [51] | 65,683,722 | +3.8% |
As of the 2000 census, the population of Hunan is 64,400,700 consisting of forty-one ethnic groups. Its population grew 6.17% (3,742,700) from its 1990 levels. According to the census, 89.79% (57,540,000) identified themselves as Han Chinese and 10.21% (6,575,300) as minority groups. The minority groups are Tujia, Miao, Dong, Yao, Bai, Hui, Zhuang, Uyghurs and so on.
In Hunan, ethnic minority languages are spoken in the following prefectures.
Around 5,000 Uyghurs live around Taoyuan County and other parts of Changde. [53] [54] [55] [56] Hui and Uyghurs have intermarried in this area. [57] [58] [59] In addition to eating pork, the Uygurs of Changde practice other Han Chinese customs, like ancestor worship at graves. Some Uyghurs from Xinjiang visit the Hunan Uyghurs out of curiosity or interest. [60] The Uyghurs of Hunan do not speak the Uyghur language, instead, Mandarin Chinese is spoken as their native language. [61]
The predominant religions in Hunan are Chinese Buddhism, Taoist traditions and Chinese folk religions. According to surveys conducted in 2007 and 2009, 20.19% of the population believes and is involved in ancestor veneration, while 0.77% of the population identifies as Christian. [52] The reports didn't give figures for other types of religion; 79.04% of the population may be either irreligious or involved in worship of nature deities, Buddhism, Confucianism, Taoism, folk religious sects.
In 2010, there are 118.799 Muslims in Hunan [62]
Being the educational and political in the late Qing Era, Hunan became the center of revolution and reformation, and it was the birthplace of many famous Chinese scholars, politicians, and generals, including the most influential and controversial figure of China in the 20th century, Mao Zedong.
Hunan's culture industry generated 87 billion yuan (US$11.76 billion) in economic value in 2007, [63] and is major contributor to the province's economic growth. The industry accounts for 7.5 percent of the region's GDP. [ citation needed ]
Xiang Chinese (湘语) is the eponymous variety of Chinese spoken in Hunan. There are several varieties of Xiang Chinese, such as New Xiang, Old Xiang, and Hengzhou Xiang. In addition to Xiang Chinese, there are also other dialects and languages present, such as Southwestern Mandarin, Hakka, Waxiang, and Xiangnan Tuhua. Nü shu, a writing system for Xiangnan Tuhua, is used exclusively among women in Jiangyong County and neighboring areas in southern Hunan.
Hunanese cuisine is noted for its near-ubiquitous use of chili peppers, garlic, and shallots. These ingredients give rise to a distinctive dry-and-spicy (干辣; gānlà) taste, [64] with dishes such as smoked cured ham, and stir-fried spicy beef being prime examples of the flavor. [64]
Huaguxi is a local form of Chinese opera that is very popular in Hunan province.
Located in the south central part of the Chinese mainland, Hunan has long been known for its natural environment. It is surrounded by mountains on the east, west, and south, and by the Yangtze River on the north. For thousands of years, the region has been a major center of agriculture, growing rice, tea, and oranges. China's first all glass suspension bridge was also opened in Hunan, in Shiniuzhai National Geological Park. [65]
As of 2023, Hunan hosts 137 institutions of higher education, ranking fifth together with Sichuan (137) among all Chinese provinces after Jiangsu (168), Henan (168), Guangdong (162), and Shandong (156). [67] [68] Hunan is also the seat of 12 adult higher education institutions. [69] Two major cities in Hunan (Changsha and Xiangtan) were ranked in the top 500 cities in the world by scientific research output, as tracked by the Nature Index in 2017. [18] There are three national key universities under Project 985 (Hunan University, Central South University and the National University of Defense Technology) in Hunan, the third highest after Beijing and Shanghai. Hunan Normal University in Changsha is the key construction university of the national 211 Project, and Xiangtan University in Xiangtan is a key university jointly built by Hunan Province and the Ministry of Education and a member of national Project 111. These five national key universities are included in the Double First-Class Universities of Hunan Province.
Hunan University and Central South University are the only two Project 985 universities in Changsha, Hunan to appear in the world's top 200 of the Academic Ranking of World Universities and the U.S. News & World Report Best Global University Ranking . [70] [71] Hunan Normal University, the National University of Defense and Technology and Changsha University of Science and Technology located in Changsha, were ranked in the world's top 701 of the Academic Ranking of World Universities . [71]
Hunan Agricultural University in Changsha, the University of South China in Hengyang, Hunan University of Technology in Zhuzhou and Xiangtan University in Xiangtan were ranked in the top 801-900 globally by the Academic Ranking of World Universities. [72] [73] [74] [75] Hunan University of Science and Technology in Xiangtan and Central South University of Forestry and Technology in Changsha were ranked number 988 and number 1429 respectively in the 2022 Best Global Universities by the U.S. News & World Report Best Global University Ranking. [70] [76] As of 2023, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine in Changsha ranked the best in the Central China region and 26th nationwide among Chinese Medical Universities. [77]
There are several airports in Hunan provinces, including Changsha Huanghua International Airport, Zhangjiajie Hehua International Airport, Changde Taohuayuan Airport, Chenzhou Beihu Airport, Huaihua Zhijiang Airport, Shaoyang Wugang Airport, Yongzhou Lingling Airport, and Yueyang Sanhe Airport. The busiest airports serve domestic and international flights for Hunan, including Changsha Huanghua International Airport, Zhangjiajie Hehua International Airport and Changde Taohuayuan Airport. [15] Notably, as of 2021, Changsha Huanghua International Airport was one of the 50 busiest airports in the world, [78] the 12th busiest civil airport in China, the second busiest in South Central China after Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport and the busiest in Central China. [15]
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The Beijing–Guangzhou high-speed railway passes through Hunan.
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Professional sports teams in Hunan include:
Hubei is a landlocked province of the People's Republic of China, and is part of the Central China region. The name of the province means "north of the lake", referring to its position north of Dongting Lake. The provincial capital, Wuhan, serves as a major transportation hub and the political, cultural, and economic hub of central China.
Changsha is the capital and the largest city of Hunan Province of China. Changsha is the 17th most populous city in China with a population of over 10 million, and the third-most populous city in Central China, located in the lower reaches of the Xiang River in northeastern Hunan. Changsha is also called Xingcheng and was once named Linxiang, Tanzhou, and Qingyang (青阳) in ancient times. It is also known as Shanshuizhoucheng (山水洲城), with the Xiang River flowing through it, containing Mount Yuelu and Orange Isle. The city forms a part of the Greater Changsha Metropolitan Region along with Zhuzhou and Xiangtan, also known as Changzhutan City Cluster. Greater Changsha was named one of the 13 emerging mega-cities in China in 2012 by the Economist Intelligence Unit. It is also a National Comprehensive Transportation Hub, and one of the first National Famous Historical and Cultural Cities in China. Changshanese, a kind of Xiang Chinese, is spoken in the downtown, while Ningxiangnese and Liuyangnese are also spoken in the counties and cities under its jurisdiction. As of the 2020 Chinese census, the prefecture-level city of Changsha had a population of 10,047,914 inhabitants.
Changsha County is a county in Hunan Province, China. It is under the administration of the prefecture-level city of Changsha. Located in the west portion of Changsha, the county is bordered to the north by Miluo City and Pingjiang County, to the west by Wangcheng, Kaifu and Furong Districts, to the southwest by Yuhua District, and to the southeast and the east by Liuyang City. Changsha County covers 1,756 km2 (678 sq mi). As of 2015 it has a registered population of 743,000 and a permanent resident population of 916,000. The county has 5 subdistricts and 13 towns under its jurisdiction. The county seat is Xingsha Subdistrict (星沙街道).
Liuyang is a county-level city, the most populous and the easternmost county-level division of Hunan Province, China; it is under the administration of the prefecture-level city of Changsha, the provincial capital. Located on the northeastern margin of Hunan, the city is bordered to the north by Pingjiang County, to the west by Changsha County and Yuhua District, to the south by Shifeng, Hetang Districts of Zhuzhou and Liling City, to the southeast and the east by Yuanzhou District of Yichun, Shangli, Wanzai and Tonggu Counties of Jiangxi. Liuyang City covers 4,997.35 km2 (1,929.49 sq mi) with registered population of 1,453,246 and resident population of 1,297,700. The city has four subdistricts, 26 towns and two townships under its jurisdiction, its jurisdiction, its administrative centre is at Guankou Subdistrict (关口街道).
The Xiang River is the chief river of the Lake Dongting drainage system of the middle Yangtze, the largest river in Hunan Province, China. It is the 2nd largest tributary in terms of surface runoff, the 5th largest tributary by drainage area of the Yangtze tributaries. The river flows generally northeast through the provinces of Guangxi and Hunan, its tributaries reaching into Jiangxi and Guangdong.
Yuelu District is one of six urban districts of the prefecture-level city of Changsha, the capital of Hunan Province, China. It is the 4th most populous district in Hunan. The district is bordered to the north by Wangcheng District, to the west by Ningxiang County, to the south by Yuhu District of Xiangtan City, across the Xiang river to the west by Tianxin, Furong and Kaifu Districts. Located on the west bank of the Xiang River, as the western part of the City proper, the district is named after Mount Yuelu, one of the national parks, Yuelu District covers 538.83 km2 (208.04 sq mi) with registered population of 644,834 and resident population of 818,900. The district has 16 subdistricts and 2 towns under its jurisdiction, its administrative centre is at Wangyue (望岳街道).
Xiang or Hsiang, also known as Hunanese, is a group of linguistically similar and historically related Sinitic languages, spoken mainly in Hunan province but also in northern Guangxi and parts of neighboring Guizhou, Guangdong, Sichuan, Jiangxi and Hubei provinces. Scholars divided Xiang into five subgroups, Chang-Yi, Lou-Shao, Hengzhou, Chen-Xu and Yong-Quan. Among those, Lou-shao, also known as Old Xiang, still exhibits the three-way distinction of Middle Chinese obstruents, preserving the voiced stops, fricatives, and affricates. Xiang has also been heavily influenced by Mandarin, which adjoins three of the four sides of the Xiang-speaking territory, and Gan in Jiangxi Province, from where a large population immigrated to Hunan during the Ming dynasty.
Zhuzhou, formerly Jianning (建宁), is a prefecture-level city of Hunan Province, China, straddling the Xiang River southeast of the provincial capital, Changsha, and bordering Jiangxi province to the east. It is part of the "Greater Changsha Metropolitan Region, also known as Changzhutan Golden Triangle". The city has jurisdiction over five counties and four districts, and covers an area of 11,420 km2 (4,410 sq mi).
Shaoyang, formerly named Baoqing (Paoking), is a prefecture-level city in southwestern Hunan province, China, bordering Guangxi to the south. It has a history of 2500 years and remains an important commercial and transportation city in Hunan. As of the 2020 Chinese census, its total population was 6,563,520 inhabitants, of whom 1,415,173 lived in the built-up area made of three urban districts and Xinshao County largely conurbated.
Tianxin District is one of six urban districts of the prefecture-level city of Changsha, the capital of Hunan Province, China. The district is bordered by Yuetang District of Xiangtan to the south, Yuhua District to the east, Furong and Kaifu districts to the north, Yuelu District across the Xiang river to the west. Located in the southern central Changsha, Tianxin covers 141.05 km2 (54.46 sq mi) with population of 604,600. The district has 14 subdistricts under its jurisdiction, its administrative centre is at Qingyuan Subdistrict.
Lukou District is a district of the city of Zhuzhou, Hunan Province, China. Located on the south central Hunan along the Xiang River, the district is bordered to the north by Liuyang City, Lusong and Tianyuan Districts, to the west by Xiangtan County, to the southwest by Hengdong County, to the southeast by You County, to the east by Liling City. Lukou covers 1,053.62 km2 (406.80 sq mi), as of 2015, it had a registered population of 348,800 and a resident population of 292,400. The district has 8 towns under its jurisdiction, the seat is at Lukou Town (渌口镇). The district was formerly known as Zhuzhou County.
Shifeng District is one of four urban districts of Zhuzhou City, Hunan province, China. It is named after the Shifeng Park, which lies on the south of the district and the northern bank of the Xiang River.
Yuetang District is one of two urban districts in Xiangtan City, Hunan Province, China. Located in the eastern region of the city proper and on the northeastern shoreside of the Xiang River, the district is bordered to the north by Tianxin and Yuhua Districts of Changsha City, to the east by Shifeng and Tianyuan Districts of Zhuzhou City, to the south by Xiangtan County, to the west by Hetang District. Yuetang District covers 206.4 km2 (79.7 sq mi). As of 2015, it had a registered population of 350,300 and a resident population of 467,800. The district has 14 subdistricts and a town under its jurisdiction, the government seat is at Bantang Subdistrict (板塘街道).
Xiangtan is a prefecture-level city in east-central Hunan province, south-central China. The hometowns of several founding leaders of the Chinese Communist Party, including Chairman Mao Zedong, President Liu Shaoqi, and Marshal Peng Dehuai, are in Xiangtan's administration, as well as the hometowns of Qing dynasty and republic era painter Qi Baishi, scholar-general Zeng Guofan, and tennis player Peng Shuai.
Changzhutan or Chang-Zhu-Tan, also Greater Changsha Metropolitan Region or Changsha-Zhuzhou-Xiangtan City Cluster is a city cluster in Hunan province, China, consisting of the provincial capital, Changsha and two other prefecture-level cities: Xiangtan and Zhuzhou; it is the main heavily urbanized region of Hunan and covers an area of 28,087 km2 (10,844 sq mi).
New Xiang, also known as Chang-Yi is the dominant form of Xiang Chinese. It is spoken in northeastern areas of Hunan, China adjacent to areas where Southwestern Mandarin and Gan are spoken. Under their influence, it has lost some of the conservative phonological characteristics that distinguish Old Xiang. While most linguists follow Yuan Jiahua in describing New Xiang as a subgroup of Xiang Chinese, Zhou Zhenhe and You Rujie classify it as Southwestern Mandarin. However, New Xiang is still very difficult for Mandarin speakers to understand, particularly the old style of New Xiang.
Changsha–Zhuzhou–Xiangtan intercity railway or Changzhutan intercity railway, is a higher-speed regional railway in Hunan, China. It connects the provincial capital Changsha with Zhuzhou and Xiangtan. The line was opened to traffic on 26 December 2016. A northwestern extension to Changsha West railway station opened on 26 December 2017. The maximum operating speed is expected to be up to 200 km/h (124 mph), travelling time between the three cities will be shortened to less than 30 minutes. The line uses China Railways CRH6F regional rail trains.
The culture of Hunan (湖湘文化) refers to the culture of the people based in the Hunan province of China. The mountainous terrain of Hunan separates it from the surrounding Chinese provinces, resulting in its own distinct characteristics. As the Xiang River runs through the province from south to north, Hunan is called "Xiang" for short and boasts its "Xiang Cuisine", "Xiang Embroidery", "Xiang Opera", and "Xiang Army". Therefore, the culture of Hunan is also called the Huxiang culture. The culture of Hunan is originated in Chu (state) culture from the Zhou dynasty. The meaning of Hunan culture contains two aspects. Generally speaking, it refers to the sum of folk customs, social consciousness, scientific culture, and material culture that have been created in the long-term history of people of all ethnic groups in Hunan. In a narrow sense, it refers to the spirit that developed and accumulated on this basis.
Hunan is a landlocked province situated in the Central China and central portion of Yangtze River, Hunan spans from 108°47′ to 114°15′ longitude and 24°39′ to 30°8′. Hunan shares land borders with Jiangxi to the east, Guangdong and Guangxi to the south, Guizhou to the west, Chongqing to the northwest, and Hubei to the north. Hunan is 667-kilometre (414 mi) from east to west, 774-kilometre (481 mi) from south to north, with a land area of 211,800-square-kilometre (81,800 sq mi), making it the 10th largest province in China. Hunan is ringed on three sides by mountains and hills, it looks like a horseshoe. Of Hunan's total area, 51.2% consists of hilly area, 13.9% consists of basin, 13.1% consists of plain, 15.4% consists of hills, 6.4% consists of water.
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