Miao people

Last updated
Miao
苗族
Hmong / Hmub / Xongb / ab Hmaob
m̥oŋ˦˧/m̥ʰu˧/ɕoŋ˧˥/a˥˧m̥ao˥˧
Longhorn Miao China.jpg
Headdress of the Long-horn Miao—one of the small branches of Miao living in the 12 villages near Zhijin County, Guizhou
Total population
11–12 million
Regions with significant populations
Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg  China 9,426,007 (2010)
Flag of Vietnam.svg  Vietnam 1,393,547 (2019)
Flag of Laos.svg  Laos 595,028 (2015)
Flag of the United States.svg  United States 299,000 (2015) [1] [2]
Flag of Thailand.svg  Thailand 250,070 (2015)
Flag of France.svg  France 13,000
Flag of Australia (converted).svg  Australia 2,190 [3]
Languages
Hmongic languages, Kim Mun language, Mandarin, Cantonese, Linglinghua, Maojia, Suantang, Vietnamese, Tai–Kadai languages (Lao and Thai), French
Religion
Miao folk religion Minorities: Taoism, Atheism, Irreligion, Christianity, Buddhism
Miao people
Chinese 苗族

During the founding of the People's Republic of China (PRC), the Miao played an important role in its birth when they helped Mao Zedong to escape the Kuomintang in the Long March with supplies and guides through their territory.

In Vietnam, a powerful Hmong named Vuong Chinh Duc, dubbed the king of the Hmong, aided Ho Chi Minh's nationalist move against the French, and thus secured the Hmong's position in Vietnam. [28] In Điện Biên Phủ, Hmongs fought on the side of the communist Viet Minh against the pro-French Tai Dam aristocrats. During the Vietnam War, Miao fought on both sides, the Hmong in Laos primarily for the US, across the border in Vietnam for the North-Vietnam coalition, the Chinese-Miao for the Communists. However, after the war the Vietnamese were very aggressive towards the Hmong who suffered many years of reprisals. Most Hmong in Thailand also supported a brief Communist uprising during the war.

Miao clans with Han origins

Some of the origins of the Hmong and Miao clan names are a result of the marriage of Hmong women to Han Chinese men, [29] [30] with distinct Han Chinese-descended clans and lineages practicing Han Chinese burial customs. [31] These clans were called "Han Chinese Hmong" ("Hmong Sua") in Sichuan, and were instructed in military tactics by fugitive Han Chinese rebels. [32] Such Chinese "surname groups" are comparable to the patrilineal Hmong clans and also practice exogamy. [33] [34] [35] [36] [37]

Han Chinese male soldiers who fought against the Miao rebellions during the Qing and Ming dynasties were known to have married with non-Han women such as the Miao because Han women were less desirable. [38] [39] [40] The Wang clan, founded among the Hmong in Gongxian county of Sichuan's Yibin district, is one such clan and can trace its origins to several such marriages around the time of the Ming dynasty suppression of the Ah rebels. [41] Nicholas Tapp wrote that, according to The Story of the Ha Kings in the village, one such Han ancestor was Wang Wu. [42] It is also noted that the Wang typically sided with the Chinese, being what Tapp calls "cooked" as opposed to the "raw" peoples who rebelled against the Chinese. [43] [41]

Hmong women who married Han Chinese men founded a new Xem clan among Northern Thailand's Hmong. Fifty years later in Chiangmai two of their Hmong boy descendants were Catholics. [44] A Hmong woman and Han Chinese man married and founded northern Thailand's Lau2, or Lauj, clan, [44] , with another Han Chinese man of the family name Deng founding another Hmong clan. Some scholars believe this lends further credence to the idea that some or all of the present day Hmong clans were formed in this way. [45]

Jiangxi Han Chinese are claimed by some as the forefathers of the southeast Guizhou Miao, and Miao children were born to the many Miao women married Han Chinese soldiers in Taijiang in Guizhou before the second half of the 19th century. [46]

Xijiang, a Miao-majority township in Guizhou 1 xijiang panorama.jpg
Xijiang, a Miao-majority township in Guizhou

Archaeology

Rice terrace farming in Longji, Guangxi. LongjiTerraces.jpg
Rice terrace farming in Longji, Guangxi.

According to André-Georges Haudricourt and David Strecker's claims based on limited secondary data, the Miao were among the first people to settle in present-day China. [47] They claim that the Han borrowed a lot of words from the Miao in regard to rice farming. This indicated that the Miao were among the first rice farmers in China. In addition, some have connected the Miao to the Daxi Culture (5,300 – 6,000 years ago) in the middle Yangtze River region. [48] The Daxi Culture has been credited with being amongst the first cultivators of rice in the Far East by Western scholars. However, in 2006 rice cultivation was found to have existed in the Shandong province even earlier than the Daxi Culture. [49] Though the Yuezhuang culture has cultivated rice, it is more of collected wild rice and not actual cultivated and domesticated rice like that of the Daxi.

A western study mention that the Miao (especially the Miao-Hunan) has its origins in southern China but have some DNA from the Northeast people of China. Recent DNA samples of Miao males contradict this theory. The White Hmong have 25% C, 8% D, & 6% N(Tat) [50] yet they have the least contact with the Han population.

Demographics

Miao women during market day in Laomeng village, Yuanyang County, Yunnan Yuanyang miao women.jpg
Miao women during market day in Laomeng village, Yuanyang County, Yunnan
Detail from Stielers Hand-Atlas, 1891, showing a "Miao-tse" enclave between Guiyang and Guilin. The enclave corresponds to modern Congjiang and Rongjiang counties. Miao enclave in China 1891.jpg
Detail from Stielers Hand-Atlas, 1891, showing a "Miao-tse" enclave between Guiyang and Guilin. The enclave corresponds to modern Congjiang and Rongjiang counties.

According to the 2000 census, the number of Miao in China was estimated to be about 9.6 million. Outside of China, members of the Miao sub-group or nations of the Hmong live in Thailand, Laos, Vietnam and Burma due to outward migrations starting in the 18th century. As a result of recent migrations in the aftermath of the Indochina and Vietnam Wars from 1949 to 1975, many Hmong people now live in the United States, French Guiana, France and Australia. Altogether, there are approximately 10 million speakers in the Miao language family. This language family, which consists of 6 languages and around 35 dialects (some of which are mutually intelligible) belongs to the Hmong/Miao branch of the Hmong–Mien (Miao–Yao) language family.

A large population of the Hmong have emigrated to the northern mountainous reaches of Southeast Asia including Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, and Burma. However, many continue to live in far Southwest China mostly in the provinces of Yunnan, Guangxi and to a very limited extent in Guizhou.

Note: The Miao areas of Sichuan province became part of the newly created Chongqing Municipality in 1997.

Most Miao currently live in China. Miao population growth in China:

3,600,000 Miao, about half of the entire Chinese Miao population, were in Guizhou in 1990. The Guizhou Miao and those in the following six provinces make up over 98% of all Chinese Miao:

In the above provinces, there are 6 Miao autonomous prefectures (shared officially with one other ethnic minority):

There are in addition 23 Miao autonomous counties:

Most Miao reside in hills or on mountains, such as

Several thousands of Miao left their homeland to move to larger cities like Guangzhou and Beijing. There are 789,000 Hmong spread throughout northern Vietnam, Laos, Burma, and on other continents. 174,000 live in Thailand, where they are one of the six main hill tribes.

Distribution

By province

The 2000 Chinese census recorded 8,940,116 Miao in mainland China.

Provincial distribution of the Miao in mainland China
Province-level division % of mainland China's
Miao population
 % of provincial total
Guizhou Province48.10%12.199%
Hunan Province21.49%3.037%
Yunnan Province11.67%2.463%
Chongqing Municipality5.62%1.647%
Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region5.18%1.056%
Hubei Province2.40%0.360%
Sichuan Province1.65%0.179%
Guangdong Province1.35%0.142%
Hainan Province0.69%0.810%
Others1.85%N/A

By county

County-level distribution of the Miao in mainland China

(Only includes counties or county-equivalents containing >0.25% of mainland China's Miao population.)

Province-level divisionPrefecture-level divisionCounty-level divisionMiao population % of population % of mainland China's
Miao population
Guizhou Qiandongnan Miao and Dong A. P. Kaili City (凯里市)274,23849.5%3.07%
Chongqing Municipality Pengshui Miao and Tujia A. C. (彭水苗族土家族自治县)273,48850.2%3.06%
Hunan Huaihua City Mayang Miao A. C. (麻阳苗族自治县)263,43776.7%2.95%
Guizhou Tongren City Songtao Miao A. C. (松桃苗族自治县)228,71847%2.56%
Hunan Huaihua City Yuanling County (沅陵县)217,61337.4%2.43%
Hunan Xiangxi Tujia and Miao A. P. Huayuan County (花垣县)192,13866.7%2.15%
Hunan Xiangxi Tujia and Miao A. P. Fenghuang County (凤凰县)185,11152.9%2.07%
Hunan Shaoyang City Suining County (绥宁县)184,78451.8%2.07%
Guangxi Zhuang A. R. Liuzhou City Rongshui Miao A. C. (融水苗族自治县)168,59141.9%1.89%
GuizhouQiandongnan Miao and Dong A. P. Huangping County (黄平县)161,21161.3%1.8%
Guizhou Zunyi City Wuchuan Gelao and Miao A. C. (务川仡佬族苗族自治县)157,35048.9%1.76%
Hunan Shaoyang City Chengbu Miao A. C. (城步苗族自治县)136,94346.9%1.53%
GuizhouQiandongnan Miao and Dong A. P. Taijiang County (台江县)135,82781.2%1.52%
GuizhouQiandongnan Miao and Dong A. P. Congjiang County (从江县)129,62644.6%1.45%
Guizhou Liupanshui City Shuicheng County (水城县) (incl. Zhongshan District)126,31917.9%1.41%
Hunan Huaihua City Jingzhou Miao and Dong A. C. (靖州苗族侗族自治县)114,64146.8%1.28%
Guizhou Anshun City Ziyun Miao and Buyei A. C. (紫云苗族布依族自治县)114,44442.3%1.28%
GuizhouQiandongnan Miao and Dong A. P. Jianhe County (剑河县)112,95062.6%1.26%
Hunan Xiangxi Tujia and Miao A. P. Jishou City (吉首市)112,85637.4%1.26%
GuizhouTongren City Sinan County (思南县)112,46422.5%1.26%
GuizhouQiandongnan Miao and Dong A. P. Leishan County (雷山县)110,41393.0%1.24%
Hunan Xiangxi Tujia and Miao A. P. Luxi County (泸溪县)107,30139.3%1.2%
GuizhouQiandongnan Miao and Dong A. P. Tianzhu County (天柱县)106,38740.3%1.19%
GuizhouQiandongnan Miao and Dong A. P. Danzhai County (丹寨县)104,93485.7%1.17%
GuizhouQiandongnan Miao and Dong A. P. Rongjiang County (榕江县)96,50327.5%1.08%
Guizhou Qiannan Buyei and Miao A. P. Huishui County (惠水县)91,21526.6%1.02%
Yunnan Wenshan Zhuang and Miao A. P. Guangnan County (广南县)88,44411.2%0.99%
Chongqing Municipality Youyang Tujia and Miao A. C. (酉阳土家族苗族自治县)85,18214.7%0.95%
Guangxi Zhuang A. R. Bose City Longlin Various Nationalities A. C. (隆林各族自治县)84,61719.3%0.95%
Guizhou Bijie City Zhijin County (织金县)81,02910.3%0.91%
Yunnan Honghe Hani and Yi A. P. Jinping Miao, Yao, and Dai A. C. (金平苗族瑶族傣族自治县)80,82022.7%0.9%
Guizhou Anshun City Xixiu District (西秀区)79,90610.4%0.89%
GuizhouQiandongnan Miao and Dong A. P. Jinping County (锦屏县)78,44122.7%0.88%
Guizhou Zunyi City Daozhen Gelao and Miao A. C. (道真仡佬族苗族自治县)76,65831.4%0.86%
GuizhouQiandongnan Miao and Dong A. P. Liping County (黎平县)75,71814.1%0.85%
Yunnan Wenshan Zhuang and Miao A. P. Maguan County (马关县)73,83320.1%0.83%
GuizhouBijie City Nayong County (纳雍县)72,84510.9%0.81%
Guizhou Qiannan Buyei and Miao A. P. Duyun City (都匀市)71,01114.4%0.79%
Hubei Enshi Tujia and Miao A. P. Laifeng County (来凤县)70,67929.1%0.79%
GuizhouQiandongnan Miao and Dong A. P. Majiang County (麻江县)68,84741.1%0.77%
Chongqing Municipality Xiushan Tujia and Miao A. C. (秀山土家族苗族自治县)66,89513.3%0.75%
GuizhouQiandongnan Miao and Dong A. P. Shibing County (施秉县)66,89051.3%0.75%
Yunnan Wenshan Zhuang and Miao A. P. Qiubei County (丘北县)66,82614%0.75%
Guizhou Guiyang City Huaxi District (花溪区)62,82710.3%0.7%
Hunan Xiangxi Tujia and Miao A. P. Longshan County (龙山县)61,70912.3%0.69%
GuizhouBijie City Qianxi County (黔西县)60,4098.7%0.68%
Yunnan Honghe Hani and Yi A. P. Pingbian Miao A. C. (屏边苗族自治县)60,31239.2%0.67%
GuizhouBijie City Weining Yi, Hui, and Miao A. C. (威宁彝族回族苗族自治县)60,1574.8%0.67%
Chongqing Municipality Qianjiang District (黔江区)59,70513.4%0.67%
Hunan Xiangxi Tujia and Miao A. P. Baojing County (保靖县)57,46820.7%0.64%
Yunnan Wenshan Zhuang and Miao A. P. Wenshan County (文山县)57,30311.9%0.64%
Hunan Xiangxi Tujia and Miao A. P. Guzhang County (古丈县)54,55437.7%0.61%
Hubei Enshi Tujia and Miao A. P. Lichuan City (利川市)53,5908.2%0.6%
Guizhou Qianxinan Buyei and Miao A. P. Qinglong County (晴隆县)53,20521.6%0.6%
Guangxi Zhuang A. R. Liuzhou City Sanjiang Dong A. C. (三江侗族自治县)53,07617.9%0.59%
GuizhouBijie City Dafang County (大方县)52,5476.8%0.59%
Yunnan Wenshan Zhuang and Miao A. P. Yanshan County (砚山县)51,62411.1%0.58%
Guizhou Liupanshui City Liuzhi Special District (六枝特区)50,83310.3%0.57%
Guizhou Qiannan Buyei and Miao A. P. Changshun County (长顺县)48,90225.6%0.55%
Guizhou Qiannan Buyei and Miao A. P. Fuquan City (福泉市)48,73117.2%0.55%
Yunnan Honghe Hani and Yi A. P. Mengzi County (蒙自县)48,13211.5%0.54%
GuizhouTongren City Bijiang District (碧江区)47,08013%0.53%
Yunnan Wenshan Zhuang and Miao A. P. Malipo County (麻栗坡县)45,65516.4%0.51%
Yunnan Zhaotong City Yiliang County (彝良县)44,7368.6%0.5%
Guizhou Anshun City Pingba County (平坝县)44,10714.8%0.49%
Guizhou Qiannan Buyei and Miao A. P. Sandu Shui A. C. (三都水族自治县)43,46415.4%0.49%
Guizhou Qiannan Buyei and Miao A. P. Guiding County (贵定县)42,45018.4%0.47%
GuizhouTongren City Yinjiang Tujia and Miao A. C. (印江土家族苗族自治县)42,43114.9%0.47%
Guizhou Qiannan Buyei and Miao A. P. Longli County (龙里县)40,09622.2%0.45%
Guizhou Guiyang City Qingzhen City (清镇市)39,8458.5%0.45%
Guizhou Qianxinan Buyei and Miao A. P. Wangmo County (望谟县)39,49115.7%0.44%
GuizhouBijie City Qixingguan District (七星关区)38,5083.4%0.43%
Hunan Xiangxi Tujia and Miao A. P. Yongshun County (永顺县)37,6768.8%0.42%
GuizhouBijie City Hezhang County (赫章县)37,1285.7%0.42%
Yunnan Zhaotong City Weixin County (威信县)36,2939.4%0.41%
GuizhouQiandongnan Miao and Dong A. P. Sansui County (三穗县)35,74523%0.4%
Guizhou Qiannan Buyei and Miao A. P. Luodian County (罗甸县)35,46313.8%0.4%
Guizhou Anshun City Zhenning Buyei and Miao A. C. (镇宁布依族苗族自治县)34,37912.1%0.38%
Hubei Enshi Tujia and Miao A. P. Xuan'en County (宣恩县)34,3549.6%0.38%
Hunan Huaihua City Huitong County (会同县)33,97710.7%0.38%
Guizhou Qianxinan Buyei and Miao A. P. Anlong County (安龙县)32,9269.2%0.37%
GuizhouBijie City Jinsha County (金沙县)31,8845.7%0.36%
Sichuan Luzhou City Xuyong County (叙永县)30,3625.2%0.34%
Guizhou Anshun City Puding County (普定县)30,2548%0.34%
Sichuan Yibin City Xingwen County (兴文县)30,0208%0.34%
Guizhou Anshun City Guanling Buyei and Miao A. C. (关岭布依族苗族自治县)29,7469.9%0.33%
Guangxi Zhuang A. R. Bose City Xilin County (西林县)28,96719.250.32%
Guangxi Zhuang A. R. Guilin City Ziyuan County (资源县)27,82716.4%0.31%
Hubei Enshi Tujia and Miao A. P. Xianfeng County (咸丰县)27,6689.2%0.31%
Guizhou Guiyang City Nanming District (南明区)27,4603.3%0.31%
Yunnan Zhaotong City Zhenxiong County (镇雄县)26,9631.8%0.3%
Yunnan Wenshan Zhuang and Miao A. P. Funing County (富宁县)26,3966.5%0.3%
Guangdong Dongguan City Dongguan District (东莞市辖区)26,241<1%0.29%
GuizhouTongren City Jiangkou County (江口县)25,58814.8%0.29%
Guizhou Liupanshui City Pan County (盘县)25,4282.5%0.28%
Guangxi Zhuang A. R. Guilin City Longsheng Various Nationalities A. C. (龙胜各族自治县)24,84114.7%0.28%
Guizhou Qianxinan Buyei and Miao A. P. Xingren County (兴仁县)24,1305.8%0.27%
Hunan Huaihua City Zhijiang Dong A. C. (芷江侗族自治县)23,6987%0.27%
Yunnan Honghe Hani and Yi A. P. Kaiyuan City (开远市)23,5047.9%0.26%
Guizhou Qianxinan Buyei and Miao A. P. Zhenfeng County (贞丰县)23,0547.6%0.26%
Guizhou Qiannan Buyei and Miao A. P. Pingtang County (平塘县)22,98010.1%0.26%
GuizhouQiandongnan Miao and Dong A. P. Zhenyuan County (镇远县)22,88311.2%0.26%
Guizhou Qianxinan Buyei and Miao A. P. Pu'an County (普安县)22,6838.9%0.25%
Guizhou Guiyang City Wudang District (乌当区)22,4686%0.25%
Other areas of mainland China1,246,04013.94%

Cuisine

Miao fish (苗鱼 miáo yǘ) is a dish made by steaming fish with a mixture of fresh herbs, green peppers, ginger slices and garlic. [51]

Genetics

Huang et al. (2022) found that the most common Y-chromosome haplogroup among many Hmongic-speaking ethnic groups (including Miao and Pa-Hng from Hunan, and Thailand Hmong) is O2a2a2a1a2a1a2-N5 (a subclade of O2a2a-M188), with a frequency of 47.1% among the Guangxi Miao. [52]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hmong people</span> Ethnic group in southwest China and Southeast Asia

The Hmong people are an indigenous group in East and Southeast Asia. In China, the Hmong people are classified as a sub-group of the Miao people. The modern Hmong reside mainly in Southwest China and countries in Southeast Asia such as Vietnam, Laos, Thailand, and Myanmar. There is also a large diasporic community in the United States of more than 300,000. The Hmong diaspora has smaller communities in Australia and South America.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kra–Dai-speaking peoples</span> Ethnic groups of southern China and Southeast Asia

The term Kra–Dai peoples or Kra–Dai-speaking peoples refers collectively to the ethnic groups of southern China and Southeast Asia, stretching from Hainan to Northeast India and from southern Sichuan to Laos, Thailand and parts of Vietnam, who not only speak languages belonging to the Kra–Dai language family, but also share similar traditions, culture and ancestry.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Yao people</span> Ethnic group in China and Vietnam

The Yao people is a government classification for various minorities in China and Vietnam. They are one of the 55 officially recognized ethnic minorities in China and reside in the mountainous terrain of the southwest and south. They also form one of the 54 ethnic groups officially recognized by Vietnam. They numbered 2,796,003 in the 2010 Chinese census and 891,151 in the 2019 Vietnamese census. In the United States, about 60,000 Yao of the Iu Mien branch reside mostly in the Western coastal states.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hmong–Mien languages</span> Language family of south China and Southeast Asia

The Hmong–Mien languages are a highly tonal language family of southern China and northern Southeast Asia. They are spoken in mountainous areas of southern China, including Guizhou, Hunan, Yunnan, Sichuan, Guangxi, and Hubei provinces; the speakers of these languages are predominantly "hill people", in contrast to the neighboring Han Chinese, who have settled the more fertile river valleys.

Iu Mien Americans are primarily former refugees of the Secret War in Laos and the Vietnam War. While some Iu Mien families were granted political asylum and the opportunity to resettle in the United States prior to 1980, the great majority of Iu Mien immigrants to the U.S. arrived following the Refugee Act of 1980. Between the late 1970s to the early 1990s, thousands of Mien immigrants resettled mainly on the West Coast of the U.S. Today, the Iu Mien American population is estimated to be at 50,000 - 70,000.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lusheng</span> Bamboo mouthorgan of Hmong people

The lusheng is a Hmong musical instrument. It has a long history of 3000 years in China, traced back to the Tang Dynasty. It is a mouth organ with multiple bamboo pipes, each fitted with a free reed, which are fitted into a long blowing tube made of hardwood. It most often has five or six pipes of different pitches and is thus a polyphonic instrument. Its construction includes six parts. It comes in sizes ranging from very small to several meters in length.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kam–Sui peoples</span>

The Kam–Sui peoples are a group of related ethnic groups in China and neighboring portions of Northern Laos and Vietnam. They are defined as speakers of Kam–Sui languages, which belong linguistically to the Kra–Dai languages.

The Rau people, also known as Lao, were an ethnic group of ancient China. Their descendants are the Zhuang, Buyei, Tay–Nùng and other Kra–Dai-speaking peoples.

The Kam–Sui languages are a branch of the Kra–Dai languages spoken by the Kam–Sui peoples. They are spoken mainly in eastern Guizhou, western Hunan, and northern Guangxi in southern China. Small pockets of Kam–Sui speakers are also found in northern Vietnam and Laos.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Miao rebellions in the Ming dynasty</span>

The Miao rebellions in the Ming dynasty were a series of rebellions of the indigenous tribes of southern China against the Ming dynasty, from the 14th to the 15th centuries. The Ming defeated the rebels with overwhelming force. Later, during the Qing dynasty, another series of Miao rebellions broke out.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hmongic languages</span> Language family of China and Southeast Asia

The Hmongic languages, also known as Miao languages, include the various languages spoken by the Miao people. Hmongic languages also include various languages spoken by non-Mienic-speaking Yao people, such as Pa-Hng, Bunu, Jiongnai, Younuo, and others, while She is spoken by ethnic She people.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Miao Rebellion (1795–1806)</span>

The Miao Rebellion of 1795–1806 was an anti-Qing uprising in Hunan and Guizhou provinces, during the reign of the Qianlong Emperor and Jiaqing Emperor. It was catalyzed by tensions between local populations and Han Chinese immigrants. Bloodily suppressed, it served as the antecedent to the much larger uprising of Miao Rebellion (1854–73).

Proto-Hmong–Mien (PHM), also known as Proto-Miao–Yao, is the reconstructed ancestor of the Hmong–Mien languages. Lower-level reconstructions include Proto-Hmongic and Proto-Mienic.

Pa-Hng is a divergent Hmongic (Miao) language spoken in Guizhou, Guangxi, and Hunan in southern China as well as northern Vietnam.

The Bu–Nao or Bunu languages are a Hmongic (Miao) language branch spoken in Guangxi, Yunnan, and Guizhou in China. Its speakers are officially classified as ethnic Yao but speak Hmongic languages. The branch consists of three languages, which are Bunu, Baonao, and Numao. The term Bu–Nao is a portmanteau of Bunu and Nao Klao.

Martha Ratliff is an American linguist and Professor Emerita at Wayne State University. She is a leading specialist in Hmong–Mien languages and also notable for her reconstruction of Proto-Hmong–Mien.

The Xong language is the northernmost Hmongic language, spoken in south-central China by around 0.9 million people. It is called Xiangxi Miaoyu in Chinese, as well as Eastern Miao (东部苗语). In Western sources, it has been called Meo, Red Miao, and North Hmongic. An official alphabet was adopted in 1956.

The West Hmongic languages, also known as Chuanqiandian Miao and Western Miao, are a major branch of the Hmongic languages of China and Southeast Asia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Iu Mien people</span> Subset of the Yao people

The Iu Mien people are a subgroup of the Pan Yao branch of the Yao Nationality, which is the largest of the three major Yao groups according to the Nationalities Affairs Commission of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region in China. The Iu Mien language is categorized as belonging to the Hmong–Mien language family. Iu Mien populations can be found in Southern China, Vietnam, Laos, Thailand, Burma, the United States, France, and other Western nations.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Miao festivals</span> Ethnic group native to South China and Southeast Asia

There are many traditional festivals of the Miao people, including the New Year of the Miao, the 8th of April, the Dragon Boat Festival, the New Year's Eating Festival, and the Autumn Festival: among these, the Miao New Year is the most solemn one. The Miao Year is equivalent to the Spring Festival of the Han nationality, which is usually held after autumn.

References

Citations

  1. Hoeffel, Elizabeth M.; Rastogi, Sonya; Kim, Myoung Ouk; Shaid, Hasan (2012). "The Asian Population: 2010" (PDF) (Brief). U.S. Census Bureau.
  2. "Hmong in the U.S. Fact Sheet".
  3. Coughlan, James E. (2010). "The Countries of Birth and Ethnicities of Australia's Hmong and Lao Communities: An Analysis of Recent Australian Census Data" (PDF). Journal of Lao Studies. 1 (1): 55–85.
  4. Ratliff, Martha. "Hmong-Mien Languages". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 2021-04-17. Retrieved 2021-04-19.
  5. Huang, Guifang 黄贵方 (2016-09-22). 探访海南苗族"金第璊". Wénshān xīnwén wǎng文山新闻网 (in Chinese). Retrieved 2021-04-21.
  6. Schein, Louisa (1986). "The Miao in Contemporary China". In Hendricks, Glenn L.; Downing, Bruce T.; Deinard, Amos S. (eds.). The Hmong in Transition (PDF). Staten Island, New York: Center for Migration Studies of New York. pp. 73–85. ISBN   0-913256-94-3 via ERIC.
  7. Tapp, Nicholas (2002). "Cultural Accommodations in Southwest China: The "Han Miao" and Problems in the Ethnography of the Hmong". Asian Folklore Studies. 61 (1): 77–104. doi:10.2307/1178678. JSTOR   1178678.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Feng, Xianghong (2013). "Women's Work, Men's Work: Gender and Tourism among the Miao in Rural China". Anthropology of Work Review. 34 (1): 4–10. doi:10.1111/awr.12002.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Yu, Runze (13 October 2017). "Where Women Can't Marry without Silver". BBC Travel.
  10. Elvin, Mark (2008). The Retreat of the Elephants: An Environmental History of China. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. 216–. ISBN   978-0-300-13353-0.
  11. Hudson, Wm. Clarke (2008). Spreading the Dao, Managing Mastership, and Performing Salvation: The Life and Alchemical Teachings of Chen Zhixu. Indiana University. pp. 70–. ISBN   978-0-549-44283-7.
  12. "Tunbao People Spring Performance". People's Daily Online. February 27, 2005.
  13. James Stuart Olson (1998). An Ethnohistorical Dictionary of China. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 340–. ISBN   978-0-313-28853-1.
  14. Barbara Watson Andaya (2006). The Flaming Womb: Repositioning Women in Early Modern Southeast Asia . University of Hawaii Press. pp.  205–. ISBN   978-0-8248-2955-1.
  15. Barbara Watson Andaya (2006). The Flaming Womb: Repositioning Women in Early Modern Southeast Asia . University of Hawaii Press. pp.  20–. ISBN   978-0-8248-2955-1.
  16. Yang, Kou (2010). "Commentary: Challenges and Complexity in the Re-Construction of Hmong History". Hmong Studies Journal. 10 (1): 1–17. Retrieved 2019-03-10.
  17. West 2009, p. 286.
  18. Chu Language Rhymes at University of Massachusetts Amherst
  19. Chih-yu Shih; Zhiyu Shi (2002). Negotiating ethnicity in China: citizenship as a response to the state. Psychology Press. p. 133. ISBN   0415283728 . Retrieved 2010-06-28.
  20. Frederick W. Mote; Denis Twitchett; John King Fairbank (1988). The Cambridge history of China: The Ming dynasty, 1368-1644, Part 1. Cambridge University Presslocation=. p. 380. ISBN   0521243327 . Retrieved 2010-06-28.
  21. Shih-shan Henry Tsai (1996). The eunuchs in the Ming dynasty. SUNY Press. p. 16. ISBN   0791426874 . Retrieved 2010-06-28.
  22. Xiong, Yuepheng L. "Chinese Odyssey: Summer Program offers Students rare opportunity to learn Hmong history in China", HmongNet.org
  23. Guy, R. Kent. Qing Governors and Their Provinces: The Evolution of Territorial Administration in China, 1644–1796. ProQuest Ebooks: University of Washington Press. pp. 335–342.
  24. Elleman, Bruce A. (2001). "The Miao Revolt (1795–1806)". Modern Chinese Warfare, 1795–1989 . London: Routledge. pp.  7–8. ISBN   978-0415214742.
  25. Contributions to Southeast Asian ethnography, Issue 7. Board of Editors, Contributions to Southeast Asian Ethnography. 1988. p. 99. Retrieved 2010-06-28.
  26. Dan Jin; Xueliang Ma; Mark Bender (2006). Butterfly mother: Miao (Hmong) creation epics from Guizhou, China. Hackett Publishing. p. xvii. ISBN   0872208494 . Retrieved 2010-06-28.
  27. Lee, Mai Na M. (2005). The dream of the Hmong kingdom: resistance, collaboration, and legitimacy under French colonialism (1893–1955). University of Wisconsin—Madison. p. 149. ISBN   9780542282768 . Retrieved 2010-06-28.
  28. Nevison, Leslie. "In Search of a Hmong King"
  29. Tao Tao Liu; David Faure (1996). Unity and Diversity: Local Cultures and Identities in China. Hong Kong University Press. pp. 88–. ISBN   978-962-209-402-4.
  30. Nicholas Tapp (2010). The Impossibility of Self: An Essay on the Hmong Diaspora. LIT Verlag Münster. pp. 100–. ISBN   978-3-643-10258-4.
  31. Stephan Feuchtwang (2004). Making Place: State Projects, Globalisation and Local Responses in China. Psychology Press. pp. 141–. ISBN   978-1-84472-010-1.
  32. Nicholas Tapp (2001). The Hmong of China: Context, Angency, and the Imaginary. BRILL. pp. 204–. ISBN   0-391-04187-8.
  33. Narendra Singh Bisht; T. S. Bankoti (2004). Encyclopaedia of the South East Asian Ethnography. Vol. 1. Global Vision Publishing House. pp. 243–. ISBN   978-81-87746-96-6.
  34. Narendra S. Bisht; T. S. Bankoti (2004). Encyclopaedia of the South-east Asian Ethnography: A-L. Global Vision. p. 243. ISBN   978-81-87746-97-3.
  35. David Levinson (1993). Encyclopedia of world cultures. G.K. Hall. p. 93. ISBN   978-0-8168-8840-5.
  36. Timothy J. O'Leary (1991). Encyclopedia of world cultures: North America. Hall. p. 93. ISBN   978-0-8168-8840-5.
  37. Melvin Ember; Carol R. Ember (1999). Cultures of the world: selections from the ten-volume encyclopedia of world cultures. Macmillan Library Reference. p. 252. ISBN   9780028653679.
  38. Louisa Schein (2000). Minority Rules: The Miao and the Feminine in China's Cultural Politics. Duke University Press. pp. 61–. ISBN   0-8223-2444-X.
  39. Susan Brownell; Jeffrey N. Wasserstrom (2002). Chinese Femininities, Chinese Masculinities: A Reader. University of California Press. pp. 392–. ISBN   978-0-520-21103-2.
  40. Brackette Williams (2013). Women Out of Place: The Gender of Agency and the Race of Nationality. Routledge. pp. 98–. ISBN   978-1-135-23476-8.
  41. 1 2 Tao Tao Liu; David Faure (1996). Unity and Diversity: Local Cultures and Identities in China. Hong Kong University Press. pp. 86–. ISBN   978-962-209-402-4.
  42. Nicholas Tapp (2001). The Hmong of China: Context, Angency, and the Imaginary. BRILL. pp. 327–. ISBN   0-391-04187-8.
  43. Nicholas Tapp (2001). The Hmong of China: Context, Angency, and the Imaginary. BRILL. pp. 333–. ISBN   0-391-04187-8.
  44. 1 2 Nicholas Tapp (1989). Sovereignty and Rebellion: The White Hmong of Northern Thailand. Oxford University Press. p. 169. ISBN   978-0-19-588912-3.
  45. Asian Folklore Studies. Nanzan University Institute of Anthropology. 2002. p. 93.
  46. Mark Bender (2006). Butterfly Mother: Miao (Hmong) Creation Epics from Guizhou, China. Hackett Publishing. pp. xvii–. ISBN   1-60384-335-3.
  47. Haudricourt, Andre; Strecker (1991). "Hmong–Mien (Miao–Yao) Loans in Chinese". T'oung Pao. 77 (4–5): 335–341. doi:10.1163/156853291X00073.
  48. Wen, Bo; Li, Hui; Gao, Song; Mao, Xianyun; Gao, Yang; Li, Feng; Zhang, Feng; He, Yungang; Dong, Yongli; Zhang, Youjun; Huang, Wenju; Jin, Jianzhong; Xiao, Chunjie; Lu, Daru; Chakraborty, Ranajit; Su, Bing; Deka, Ranjan; Jin, Li (2005). "Genetic Structure of (H)mong-Mien Speaking Populations in East Asia as Revealed by mtDNA Lineages". Oxford Journal of Molecular Biology and Evolution. 22 (3): 725–734. doi: 10.1093/molbev/msi055 . PMID   15548747.
  49. Crawford, G. W.; X. Chen; J. Wang (2006). "Houli Culture Rice from the Yuezhuang Site, Jinan". Kaogu [Archaeology] (in Chinese). 3: 247–251.
  50. "a topology table showing the hierarchy for Table 1". doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024282.s003 .{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  51. "舌尖上的中国:正宗苗家古法腌鱼,可保存上10年不变质". 3g.163.com (in Chinese). Retrieved 2019-03-10.
  52. Huang, Xiufeng; Xia, Zi-Yang; Bin, Xiaoyun; He, Guanglin; Guo, Jianxin (2022-06-30). "Genomic Insights Into the Demographic History of the Southern Chinese". Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. Frontiers Media SA. 10. doi: 10.3389/fevo.2022.853391 . ISSN   2296-701X.

Sources

Further reading