Total population | |
---|---|
300 000 (2010) | |
Languages | |
Kyrgyz, Chinese and Russian | |
Religion | |
Islam | |
Related ethnic groups | |
Kazakhs in China, Uzbeks in China |
Kyrgyz | |||||||||
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Chinese name | |||||||||
Simplified Chinese | 柯尔克孜族 | ||||||||
Traditional Chinese | 柯爾克孜族 | ||||||||
| |||||||||
Kyrgyz name | |||||||||
Kyrgyz | قىرعىزدار |
The Kyrgyz are a Turkic ethnic group and one of the 56 ethnic groups officially recognized by the People's Republic of China. Mainly distributed in Kizilsu Kyrgyz Autonomous Prefecture,in the southwest of Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region,a few Kyrgyz communities reside in neighboring Uqturpan,Aksu,Yarkant,Yengisar,Taxkorgan and Pishan. According to the fifth national census of the People's Republic of China conducted in 2000,there are 160,875 Kyrgyz people in China. [1] [2] [3]
At the end of the 3rd century BC,The Xiongnu conquered the Kyrgyz ancestors who lived around the Khyargas Lake and were called "Ge Kun". At the beginning of the seventh century AD,the Kyrgyz people were ruled by the Turks and were called "Qigu". After the Tang Empire defeated the Turks,they belonged to the Protectorate of Yanran. Later,it was conquered by the Huihe Khanate,and it was called Xigas. In the 9th century,Xigas gradually became stronger,and in 840 AD defeated and killed the khan Zhugluob,and established the Xigas Khanate in the Tuva area. In the 10th century,with the rise of Khitan,Xigas became its vassal state. In the Yuan dynasty,the Kyrgyz people were called Qierjisi or Jilijisi. At the end of the 16th century,the Junggar tribe in Mongolia gradually became stronger,and at the beginning of the 17th century,most of the Kyrgyz people became the tribes and territories of the Junggar. [2] [4]
The Kyrgyz traditional domain between the expanding Russia and the Qing Empire was gradually attacked by foreign forces,and shrank with the annexation of Russia and the Qing dynasty. [4] In the autumn of 1703,most of the four Kyrgyz tribes of Tuva,Yezer,Aletir and Aletisar in the Yenisei River in Siberia moved to the Issyk-Kul region and the Fergana Basin on the edge of the Qing Empire. and the nearby mountainous areas, [5] the Qing dynasty documents called the Kyrgyz as Brut,and recorded the Kyrgyz tribes as Sayak,Sarbagash,Buku,Hosuochu,Qitai,Salou,Edegna,Monkordoer,Qilik,Baszi,Chongba Gash,Hushqi,Yuevash,Tiyit,Naiman,Shibchak,Neugut,Suletu,etc.,The chiefs of the Kirgiz tribes who belonged to the Qing dynasty were given the tops of the second to seventh grades,which were under the exclusive control of the counselor and minister of Kashgar,and the general Yili sent the leading ministers to inspect once every two years in the area close to Ili. [2] [6]
The attitude of the Kyrgyz towards Russia was initially neutral as their first interaction with the Russian Empire was in the context of the Russo-Kazakh war,before Russia expanded into traditional Kyrgyz territory,the Kazakhs had begun to settle the Kyrgyz A series of raids were carried out,so the Kyrgyz were happy to gain an ally militarily superior to the Kazakhs,especially the Russian raids in the 1850s on the Kokand Khanate,which was hostile to the Kyrgyz clans. But in 1860 Cossacks from the Russian Empire sacked the Kyrgyz city of Bishkek and annexed the area for the Russian Empire,and by 1865 Kyrgyzstan was completely subordinate to Russia. [7] [8]
With the increasing conflict between Russian settlers who move into traditional Kyrgyz lands and nomadic Kyrgyz people,the Kyrgyz people are sure that China will defeat Russia in the coming war due to China's greater benefits to the Kyrgyz people compared to Russia,Many Kyrgyz people moved to China,and Russia also believed that the Kyrgyz people would be the cause of a potential conflict with China,and began to drive the Kyrgyz people to China,causing their population in China to continue to increase. In 1916,in order to avoid purges/massacres by the Russians,about 150,000 Kyrgyz people fled to China on a large scale,moving to Yili in the north,Aksu,Ushi,Kashgar,and Jiashi in the south. [9] [10] [11]
As a tribal alliance composed of various tribal groups,each Kyrgyz tribal group has its own leader. After Xinjiang was established as a province in 1884 and the Kyrgyz area was completely incorporated into the administrative management system in the 1930s,the traditional Kyrgyz nationality The clan and tribal system began to disintegrate gradually,but the influence of tribal concepts and tribal leaders still existed,which was more obvious in pastoral areas. On July 14,1954,the Kyzilsu Kirgiz Autonomous Prefecture was announced. [2] [12]
The majority of the Kyrgyz in China are herders,mainly raising camels and sheep. Their language and culture is very similar to the Kazakhs in China. [13] They speak the Kyrgyz language as their mother tongue. The Kyrgyz people living in Aktao and other counties also commonly speak Uyghur. Most of the Kyrgyz in Tekes and Zhaosu speak Kazakh and Chinese while many Kyrgyz who live in Tacheng and Emin often use or combine Kazakh,Mongolian and Chinese. [2]
Common dress for Kyrgyz men includes black or blue sleeveless long gowns made out of camel hair,sheep skin,or cotton cloth (in the summer). This robe is usually worn over a white embroidered shirt and leather trousers. Both genders wear leather boots but women's boots are embroidered as well. Kyrgyz women commonly wear a wide collarless jacket and vest over a long dress. Clothing accessories include leather belts which nomadic Kyrgyz tend to hang a flint (to start a fire) or a small knife on. Women routinely wear silver chains in their hair. Both the men and women wear a small corduroy skullcap which is sometimes placed over a high-topped leather hat. Women occasionally wear a bright headscarf over their cap. [14]
The Kyrgyz people first believed in shamanism. By the 18th century,most of the Kyrgyz adopted Islam,and they combined many elements of shamanism and primitive beliefs. [2] [13] The Kut belief was the primitive religion of the Kyrgyz people.
The traditional handicraft industries of the Kyrgyz include wood ware making,metal processing,textile embroidery,etc. They are also famous for making felt products. There are many kinds of grass weaving,and most of them are made of Achnatherum splendens. The villages in the rural areas are mainly flat-roofed houses with brick and wood structures,and the pastoral areas use white felts to cover the yurts. The epic "Manas" occupies the primary place in Kyrgyz folk literature. The Kyrgyz people call the dance "Biyi",and the traditional musical instruments include Kumuzi,Ozkumuzi,Keyak,Qiuur,Doul,Bas,and Bandaru. [2]
The history of the Kyrgyz people and the land now called Kyrgyzstan goes back more than 3,000 years. Although geographically isolated by its mountainous location,it had an important role as part of the historical Silk Road trade route. Turkic nomads,who trace their ancestry to many Turkic states such as the First and Second Turkic Khaganates,have inhabited the country throughout its history. In the 13th century,Kyrgyzstan was conquered by the Mongols;subsequently it regained independence but was invaded by Kalmyks,Manchus,and Uzbeks. In 1876,it became part of the Russian Empire,remaining in the USSR as the Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic after the Russian Revolution. Following Mikhael Gorbachev's democratic reforms in the USSR,in 1990 pro-independence candidate Askar Akayev was elected president of the SSR. On 31 August 1991,Kyrgyzstan declared independence from Moscow,and a democratic government was subsequently established.
The Mongols are an East Asian ethnic group native to Mongolia,Inner Mongolia in China,and the Republic of Buryatia of the Russian Federation. The Mongols are the principal member of the large family of Mongolic peoples. The Oirats in Western Mongolia as well as the Buryats and Kalmyks of Russia are classified either as distinct ethno-linguistic groups or subgroups of Mongols.
The Kyrgyz people are a Turkic ethnic group native to Central Asia. They are primarily found in Kyrgyzstan,Uzbekistan,China,Pakistan and Afghanistan. A Kyrgyz diaspora is also found in Russia,Tajikistan,and Kazakhstan. They speak the Kyrgyz language,which is the official language of Kyrgyzstan.
The Kalmyks are a Mongolic ethnic group living mainly in Russia,whose ancestors migrated from the Dzungaria region of Mongolia. They created the Kalmyk Khanate from 1635 to 1779 in the south of the European part of Russia territory. Today they form a majority in Kalmykia,located in the Kalmyk Steppe,on the western shore of the Caspian Sea.
The Dzungar Khanate,also written as the Zunghar Khanate or Junggar Khanate,was an Inner Asian khanate of Oirat Mongol origin. At its greatest extent,it covered an area from southern Siberia in the north to present-day Kyrgyzstan in the south,and from the Great Wall of China in the east to present-day Kazakhstan in the west. The core of the Dzungar Khanate is today part of northern Xinjiang,also called Dzungaria.
Oirats or Oirds,also formerly Eluts and Eleuths,are the westernmost group of the Mongols whose ancestral home is in the Altai region of Siberia,Xinjiang and western Mongolia.
Taraz;known to Europeans as Talas) is a city and the administrative center of Jambyl Region in Kazakhstan,located on the Talas (Taraz) River in the south of the country near the border with Kyrgyzstan. It had a population of 330,100 as of the 1999 census,up 9% from 1989,making it one of the fastest-growing cities in the country,after Astana and Turkistan. The current population of Taraz city is 428,000.
The Naiman were a medieval tribe originating in the territory of modern Western Mongolia,and are one of the tribes of modern Mongols and in the middle juz of the Kazakh nation.
The Kazakh Khanate,in eastern sources known as Ulus of the Kazakhs,Ulus of Jochi,Yurt of Urus,was a Kazakh state in Central Asia,successor of the Golden Horde existing from the 15th to the 19th century,centered on the eastern parts of the Desht-i Qipchaq.
A khanate or khaganate is the name for a type of historic polity ruled by a khan,khagan,khatun,or khanum. Khanates were typically nomadic Turkic,Mongol and Tatar societies located on the Eurasian Steppe,politically equivalent in status to kinship-based chiefdoms and feudal monarchies. Khanates and khaganates were organised tribally,where leaders gained power on the support and loyalty of their warrior subjects,gaining tribute from subordinates as realm funding. In comparison to a khanate,a khaganate,the realm of a khagan,was a large nomadic state maintaining subjugation over numerous smaller khanates. The title of khagan,translating as "Khan of the Khans",roughly corresponds in status to that of an emperor.
The Lyuli,Jughi or Jugi are a branch of the Ghorbati people living in Central Asia,primarily Tajikistan,Uzbekistan,Turkmenistan,Kazakhstan,and southern Kyrgyzstan;also,related groups can be found in Turkey,and the Balkans,Crimea,Southern Russia and Afghanistan. They speak ethnolects of the Persian and Turkic language and practice Sunni Islam. The terms Lyuli and Jugi are considered pejorative. They have a clan organization. Division into sub-clans is also practiced. The Lyuli community is extremely closed towards non-Lyuli.
Moghulistan,also called the Moghul Khanate or the Eastern Chagatai Khanate,was a Mongol breakaway khanate of the Chagatai Khanate and a historical geographic area north of the Tengri Tagh mountain range,on the border of Central Asia and East Asia. That area today includes parts of Kazakhstan,Kyrgyzstan,and northwest Xinjiang,China. The khanate nominally ruled over the area from the mid-14th century until the late 17th century.
A jüź is one of the three main territorial and tribal divisions in the Kypchak Plain area that covers much of the contemporary Kazakhstan. It represents the main tribal division within the ethnic group of the Kazakhs.
The Kharchin,or Kharachin,is a subgroup of the Mongols residing mainly in North-western Liaoning and Chifeng,Inner Mongolia. There are Khalkha-Kharchin Mongols in Dorno-Gobi Province and in Ulaanbaatar,Mongolia.
China–Kazakhstan relations refer to the relations between historical China and the Kazakhs up to the modern relations between the PRC and Kazakhstan. Ever since the establishment of diplomatic relations in 1992,political,cultural,and economic ties have developed between the two. The Chinese Communist Party and Kazakhstan's Amanat have good ties. China has said that it values exchanges between the two parties and hopes to strengthen ties and cooperation even further.
The Dzungar people are the many Mongol Oirat tribes who formed and maintained the Dzungar Khanate in the 17th and 18th centuries. Historically,they were one of the major tribes of the Four Oirat confederation. They were also known as the Eleuths or Ööled,from the Qing dynasty euphemism for the hated word "Dzungar",and as the "Kalmyks". In 2010,15,520 people claimed "Ööled" ancestry in Mongolia. An unknown number also live in China,Russia and Kazakhstan.
The Kalmyk Khanate was an Oirat khanate on the Eurasian steppe. It extended over modern Kalmykia and surrounding areas in the North Caucasus,including Stavropol and Astrakhan. During their independence,the Kalmyks both raided and allied with Russia in turn,engaging in numerous military expeditions against the Crimean Tatars,the Ottoman Empire,neighboring Muslim tribes,and the highlanders of the North Caucasus. The Khanate was annexed by the Russian Empire in 1771.
Anti-Mongolianism,also called anti-Mongolian sentiment,has been prevalent throughout history,often perceiving the Mongols to be barbaric and uncivilized people with a lack of intelligence or civilized culture.
Hainuke Temple,known as "Hainukedugang" in Mongolian and "Yinding Temple" (银顶寺) in Chinese,was a temple of Gelug from the time of the Dzungar Khanate.
Mamatkul Uchuko uulu,better known as Mamatkul Biy was the Unified Biy of the northern Kyrgyz and one of the leaders of the people's struggle against the Dzungar Khanate.