The history of the Kyrgyz people and the land now called Kyrgyzstan goes back more than 3,000 years. Although geographically isolated by its mountainous location,it had an important role as part of the historical Silk Road trade route. Turkic nomads,who trace their ancestry to many Turkic states such as the First and Second Turkic Khaganates,have inhabited the country throughout its history. In the 13th century,Kyrgyzstan was conquered by the Mongols;subsequently it regained independence but was invaded by Kalmyks,Manchus,and Uzbeks. In 1876,it became part of the Russian Empire,remaining in the USSR as the Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic after the Russian Revolution. Following Mikhael Gorbachev's democratic reforms in the USSR,in 1990 pro-independence candidate Askar Akayev was elected president of the SSR. On 31 August 1991,Kyrgyzstan declared independence from Moscow,and a democratic government was subsequently established.
The Mongols are an East Asian ethnic group native to Mongolia,China,as well as Buryatia and Kalmykia of Russia. The Mongols are the principal member of the large family of Mongolic peoples. The Oirats in Western Mongolia as well as the Buryats and Kalmyks of Russia are classified either as distinct ethno-linguistic groups or subgroups of Mongols.
The Kyrgyz people are a Turkic ethnic group native to Central Asia. They primarily reside in Kyrgyzstan,Uzbekistan,China,Pakistan and Afghanistan. A Kyrgyz diaspora is also found in Russia,Tajikistan,and Kazakhstan. They speak the Kyrgyz language,which is the official language of Kyrgyzstan.
Kalmyks are the only Mongolic-speaking people living in Europe,residing in the easternmost part of the European Plain.
The Dzungar Khanate,also written as the Zunghar Khanate or Junggar Khanate,was an Inner Asian khanate of Oirat Mongol origin. At its greatest extent,it covered an area from southern Siberia in the north to present-day Kyrgyzstan in the south,and from the Great Wall of China in the east to present-day Kazakhstan in the west. The core of the Dzungar Khanate is today part of northern Xinjiang,also called Dzungaria.
Oirats or Oirds,also formerly Eluts and Eleuths,are the westernmost group of the Mongols whose ancestral home is in the Altai region of Siberia,Xinjiang and western Mongolia.
Taraz;also historically known as Talas) is a city and the administrative center of Jambyl Region in Kazakhstan,located on the Talas (Taraz) River in the south of the country near the border with Kyrgyzstan. It had a population of 330,100 as of the 1999 census,up 9% from 1989,making it one of the fastest-growing cities in the country,after Astana and Turkistan. The current population of Taraz city is 428,000.
The Naiman were a medieval tribe originating in the territory of modern Western Mongolia,and are one of the tribes of modern Mongols and in the middle juz of the Kazakh nation.
The Kazakh Khanate,in eastern sources known as Ulus of the Kazakhs,Ulus of Jochi,Yurt of Urus,was a Kazakh state in Central Asia,successor of the Golden Horde existing from the 15th to the 19th century,centered on the eastern parts of the Desht-i Qipchaq.
A khanate or khaganate is a type of historic polity ruled by a khan,khagan,khatun,or khanum. Khanates were typically nomadic Turkic,Mongol and Tatar societies located on the Eurasian Steppe,politically equivalent in status to kinship-based chiefdoms and feudal monarchies. Khanates and khaganates were organised tribally,where leaders gained power on the support and loyalty of their warrior subjects,gaining tribute from subordinates as realm funding. In comparison to a khanate,a khaganate,the realm of a khagan,was a large nomadic state maintaining subjugation over numerous smaller khanates. The title of khagan,translating as "Khan of the Khans",roughly corresponds in status to that of an emperor.
The Lyuli,Jughi or Jugi are a branch of the Ghorbati people living in Central Asia,primarily Tajikistan,Uzbekistan,Turkmenistan,Kazakhstan,and southern Kyrgyzstan;also,related groups can be found in Turkey,and the Balkans,Crimea,Southern Russia and Afghanistan. They speak ethnolects of the Persian and Turkic language and practice Sunni Islam. The terms Lyuli and Jugi are considered pejorative. They have a clan organization. Division into sub-clans is also practiced. The Lyuli community is extremely closed towards non-Lyuli.
Moghulistan,also called the Moghul Khanate or the Eastern Chagatai Khanate,was a Mongol breakaway khanate of the Chagatai Khanate and a historical geographic area north of the Tengri Tagh mountain range,on the border of Central Asia and East Asia. That area today includes parts of Kazakhstan,Kyrgyzstan,and northwest Xinjiang,China. The khanate nominally ruled over the area from the mid-14th century until the late 17th century.
The Kharchin,or Kharachin,is a subgroup of the Mongols residing mainly in North-western Liaoning and Chifeng,Inner Mongolia. There are Khalkha-Kharchin Mongols in Dorno-Gobi Province and in Ulaanbaatar,Mongolia.
Jalair,also Djalair,Yyalair,Jalayir,is one of the Darliqin Mongol tribes according to Rashid-al-Din Hamadani's Jami' al-tawarikh. They lived along the Shilka River in modern Zabaykalsky Krai of Russia. After the Mongol conquest in the 13th century many Jalairs spread over Central Asia and the Middle East. Jalairs are one of the founding tribes of Mongolia's largest ethnic group Khalkha. Smaller clans named Jalayir are also found in Inner Mongolia in China. The Jalayirs who stayed in Central Asia under the rules of Genghis Khan's older sons' descendants eventually adopted Turkic language. They are found among the Kazakhs of the Great jüz;also they are found among the Uzbeks,Karakalpaks,and the Kyrgyz. The Jalairs who went to Iran and Iraq found the Jalairid Sultanate in 1330,and expanded into Turkey. The state was subjugated by the Kara Koyunlu in 1432.
The Dzungar people are the many Mongol Oirat tribes who formed and maintained the Dzungar Khanate in the 17th and 18th centuries. Historically,they were one of the major tribes of the Four Oirat confederation. They were also known as the Eleuths or Ööled,from the Qing dynasty euphemism for the hated word "Dzungar",and as the "Kalmyks". In 2010,15,520 people claimed "Ööled" ancestry in Mongolia. An unknown number also live in China,Russia and Kazakhstan.
The Kalmyk Khanate was an Oirat khanate on the Eurasian steppe. It extended over modern Kalmykia and surrounding areas in the North Caucasus,including Stavropol and Astrakhan. During their independence,the Kalmyks both raided and allied with Russia in turn,engaging in numerous military expeditions against the Crimean Tatars,the Ottoman Empire,neighboring Muslim tribes,and the highlanders of the North Caucasus. The Khanate was annexed by the Russian Empire in 1771.
Anti-Mongolianism,also called anti-Mongolian sentiment,has been prevalent throughout history,often perceiving the Mongols to be barbaric and uncivilized people with a lack of intelligence or civilized culture.
Hainuke Temple,known as "Hainukedugang" in Mongolian and "Yinding Temple" (银顶寺) in Chinese,was a temple of Gelug from the time of the Dzungar Khanate.
Ormon Khan was the first and only khan of the Kara-Kyrgyz Khanate,ruling from 1842 until his death in 1854. A member of the powerful Sarybagysh tribe,Ormon's reign saw a centralization of the Kyrgyz tribes,with the establishment of legal and judicial systems. Ormon was a close ally of the Russian Empire in the region,winning a series of wars against the Khanate of Kokand and defeating a Kazakh army led by Kenesary Khan,who had been rebelling against the Russians. In 1854,during a conflict with a rival Kyrgyz tribe,Ormon was captured in battle and executed. Ormon's khanate collapsed following his death,with the region falling under Russian control by 1868.
Mamatkul Uchuko uulu,better known as Mamatkul Biy was the Unified Biy of the northern Kyrgyz and one of the leaders of the people's struggle against the Dzungar Khanate.
