Guangxi

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Guangxi
广西
Kwangsi
Autonomous region
Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region
Chinese transcription(s)
 •  Pinyin Guǎngxī zhuàngzú zìzhìqū
 •  Jyutping Gwong2 sai1 Zong3 zuk6 Zi6 zi6 keoi1
 • Abbreviation 桂 (Guì; Gwai3)
Zhuang transcription(s)
 •  Standard Zhuang Gvangjsih Bouxcuengh Swcigih
 • AbbreviationGvei
1 li jiang guilin yangshuo 2011.jpg
Guilin 2006 19-61.jpg
Chengyangqiao, Guangxi, China.jpg
ReedFluteCave.jpg
Ban Gioc - Detian Falls2.jpg
Clockwise from the top:
Guangxi in China (+all claims hatched).svg
Location of Guangxi within China
CountryChina
Named after
  • 广guǎng – 'wide'
  • 西xī – 'west'
  • lit. 'western expanse'
Capital (and largest city) Nanning
Divisions14 prefectures, 109 counties, 1396 townships
Government
 • Type Autonomous region
 • BodyGuangxi Zhuang Autonomous Regional People's Congress
 •  Party Secretary Chen Gang
 • Congress Chairman Liu Ning (titular)
 •  Government Chairman Lan Tianli
 •  CPPCC Chairman Sun Dawei
 •  National People's Congress Representation89 deputies
Area
 • Total
237,600 km2 (91,700 sq mi)
 • Rank 9th
Highest elevation
(Kitten Mountain)
2,141 m (7,024 ft)
Population
 (2020) [1]
 • Total
50,126,804
 • Rank 11th
 • Density210/km2 (550/sq mi)
  • Rank 20th
Demographics
 • Ethnic composition
 • Languages and dialects Zhuang, Yue languages (mainly Cantonese), Southwestern Mandarin, Pinghua
ISO 3166 code CN-GX
GDP (2023) [2] CN¥ 2,720 billion (19th)
US$ 386 billion
GDP per capitaCN¥ 54,005 (29th)
US$ 7,664
GDP per growthIncrease2.svg 4.1%
HDI (2022)0.751 [3] (26th) – high
Website(in Chinese) Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region
  1. ↑ /ɡwɑːŋˈʃiː/ , gwahng-SHEE; [kwàŋ.ɕí] ⓘ ; alternately romanized as Kwangsi or Kwanghsi; Chinese :广西; Zhuang: Gvangjsih
  2. ↑ New district established after 2010 census: Wuming (Wuming County). The new district not included in the urban area count of the pre-expanded city.
  3. ↑ New district established after 2010 census: Liujiang (Liujiang County). The new district not included in the urban area count of the pre-expanded city.
  4. ↑ New district established after 2010 census: Lingui (Lingui County). The new district not included in the urban area count of the pre-expanded city.
  5. ↑ New district established after 2010 census: Longxu by splitting from parts of Cangwu County. The new district areas from Cangwu County not included in the urban area count of the pre-expanded city.
  6. ↑ New district established after 2010 census: Pinggui by splitting from parts of Zhongshan County and parts of Babu. The new district areas from Zhongshan County not included in the urban area count of the pre-expanded city.
  7. ↑ New district established after 2010 census: Tianyang (Tianyang County). The new district not included in the urban area count of the pre-expanded city.
  8. 1 2 New district established after 2010 census: Yizhou (Yizhou CLC). The new district not included in the urban area count of the pre-expanded city.
  9. ↑ Pingguo County is currently known as Pingguo CLC after 2010 census.
  10. ↑ Jingxi County is currently known as Jingxi CLC after 2010 census.
  11. ↑ Lipu County is currently known as Lipu CLC after 2010 census.

Demographics

Guangxi
Guangxi (Chinese characters).svg
Guangxi in simplified (top) and traditional (bottom) characters
Historical population
YearPop.±%
1912 [29] 7,879,000—    
1928 [30] 13,648,000+73.2%
1936–37 [31] 13,385,000−1.9%
1947 [32] 14,636,000+9.3%
1954 [33] 19,560,822+33.6%
1964 [34] 20,845,017+6.6%
1982 [35] 36,420,960+74.7%
1990 [36] 42,245,765+16.0%
2000 [37] 43,854,538+3.8%
2010 [38] 46,026,629+5.0%
2020 [39] 50,126,804+8.9%

Ethnic groups

The Han Chinese are the largest ethnic group in Guangxi. Han Chinese populations in Guangxi largely live along the autonomous region's southern coast and eastern portions. [19] Of these, the main subgroups are those that speak Yue and Southwestern Mandarin varieties of Chinese. Qinzhou and Goulou Yue are spoken in the southern and eastern regions, respectively. Pinghua is spoken in Nanning and Guilin. There are Hakka-speaking regions in Luchuan County, Bobai County and in some areas bordering Vietnam.

Guangxi has over 16 million Zhuangs, the largest minority ethnicity in China. Over 90 percent of Zhuang in China live in Guangxi, especially in the central and western regions. High concentrations of Zhuang people can be found in Nanning, Liuzhou, Chongzuo, Baise, Hechi, and Laibin. [19] The highest concentration of ethnic Zhuang people is found in the county-level city of Jingxi, with a 2021 publication by the People's Government of Guangxi stating that Jingxi's population is 99.7% Zhuang. [19]

The autonomous region also has sizable populations of indigenous Yao, Miao, Kam, Mulam, Maonan, Hui, Bouyei, Gin, Yi, Sui and Gelao peoples. [19] [40] Other ethnic minorities in Guangxi include the Manchu, Mongol, Korean, Tibetan, Hlai, and Tujia people. [19]

Ethnic makeup of the Guanxi Zhuang Autonomous Region (2020 Seventh National Census) [41]
Ethnicity Han Chinese Zhuang Yao Miao Dong Mulao Maonan Hui Bouyei Gin Other nationalities
Population31,318,82415,721,9561,683,038578,122362,580180,18573,19935,34731,30329,326112,924
Percentage (%)62.4831.363.361.150.720.360.150.070.060.060.23
Proportion of minority population (%)－83.598.953.071.930.960.390.190.170.160.60

Religion

Religion in Guangxi [42] [note 1]
  1. Chinese ancestral religion (40.48%)
  2. Christianity (0.26%)
  3. Other religions or not religious people [note 2] (59.26%)

The predominant religions in Guangxi among the Han Chinese are Chinese folk religions, Taoist traditions and Chinese Buddhism. The large Zhuang population mostly practices the Zhuang folk religion centered around the worship of their ancestral god Buluotuo (布洛陀). According to surveys conducted in 2007 and 2009, 40.48% of the population believes and is involved in ancestor veneration, while 0.26% of the population identifies as Christian. [42]

The reports did not give figures for other types of religion; 59.26% of the population may be either irreligious or involved in worship of nature deities, Buddhism, Confucianism, Taoism, folk religious sects. The Yao, another numerous ethnic group inhabiting the province, mostly practices a form of indigenised and conservative Taoism.

Gongcheng Wenmiao 2012.09.29 16-20-19.jpg
Wenmiao (Temple of the God of Culture, Confucius) in Gongcheng.
Gongcheng Zhou Wei Ci 2012.09.29 15-24-11.jpg
Shrine of Zhou Wei in Gongcheng.
Gongcheng Wumiao 2012.09.29 16-46-14.jpg
Wumiao (Temple of the God of War, Guandi) in Gongcheng.

Today, there are 21 mosques in Guangxi [43] This may include:

Politics

Economy

View of Nanning, the capital and economic center of Guangxi. Nanning skyline 2008.JPG
View of Nanning, the capital and economic center of Guangxi.

Important crops in Guangxi include rice, maize and sweet potatoes. Cash crops include sugar cane, peanuts, tobacco, and kenaf.

85 percent of the world's star anise is grown in Guangxi. It is a major ingredient in the antiviral oseltamivir. [45]

Guangxi is one of China's key production centers for nonferrous metals. The region holds approximately 1/3 of all tin and manganese deposits in China. [46]

Liuzhou is the main industrial center and a major motor vehicle manufacturing center. General Motors have a manufacturing base here in a joint venture as SAIC-GM-Wuling Automobile. The city also has a large steel factory and several related industries. The local government of Guangxi hopes to expand the region's manufacturing sector, and during the drafting of China's Five Year Plan in 2011, earmarked 2.6 trillion RMB for investment in the region's Beibu Gulf Economic Zone(See Below). [46]

In recent years Guangxi's economy has languished behind that of its wealthy neighbor and twin, Guangdong. Guangxi's 2017 nominal GDP was about 2039.63 billion yuan (US$302.09 billion) and ranked 17th in China. Its per capita GDP was 38,102 yuan (US$5,770). [47]

Due to its lack of a major manufacturing industry in comparison to other provincial-level regions, Guangxi is the fourth most energy efficient provincial-level region in China, helping to further boost its green image. [48]

As the only coastal region in China with close proximity to Southeast Asia, Guangxi holds a strategic position in China's trade with the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). [49]

Economic and technological development zones

A commercial street in Guilin Gui Lin Dong Xi Xiang 04.jpg
A commercial street in Guilin

Approved by the State Council, Beihai Export Processing Zone (BHEPZ) was established in March 2003. Total planned area is 1.454 square kilometres (0.561 sq mi). The first phase of the developed area is 1.135 square kilometres (0.438 sq mi). It was verified and accepted by the Customs General Administration and eight ministries of the state, on 26 December 2003. It is the Export Processing Zone nearest to ASEAN in China and also the only one bordering the sea in western China. It is situated next to Beihai Port. [50]

Guilin Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone was established in May 1988. In 1991, it was approved as a national-level industrial zone. It has an area of 12.07 square kilometres (4.66 sq mi). Encouraged industries include electronic information, biomedical, new materials, and environmental protection. [51]

Established in 1992, Nanning Economic and Technological Development Zone was approved to be a national-level zone in May 2001. Its total planned area of 10.796 square kilometres (4.168 sq mi). It is located in the south of Nanning. It has become the new developing zone with fine chemical engineering, auto parts, aluminum processing, biological medicine and other industries. [52]

Nanning Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone was established in 1988 and was approved as a national-level industrial zone in 1992. The zone has a planned area of 43.7 square kilometres (16.9 sq mi), and it encourages industries that do electronic information, bioengineering and pharmaceutical, mechanical and electrical integration, and the new materials industry. [53]

In 1992, Pinxiang Border Economic Cooperation Zone was established. It has a total area of 7.2 square kilometres (2.8 sq mi). It focuses on the development of hardware mechanical and electrical products, daily-use chemical processing, services, and the international logistics-based storage and information industry. [54]

Investment

Seventy-one Taiwanese ventures started up in Guangxi in 2007, with contracts bringing up to US$149 million of investment, while gross exports surpassed US$1 billion. There are a total of 1182 Taiwan ventures in Guangxi, and by the end of 2006, they have brought a total of US$4.27 billion of investment into the autonomous region. During the first half of 2007, 43 projects worthy of RMB2.6 billion (US$342 million) have already been contracted between Guangxi and Taiwan investors. Cooperation between Guangxi and Taiwan companies mainly relates to manufacturing, high-tech electronic industries, agriculture, energy resources, and tourism.[ citation needed ]

Power

Guangxi Power Grid invested 180 million yuan in 2007 in projects to bring power to areas that still lacked access to electricity. The areas affected include Nanning, Hechi, Bose and Guigang. Around 125,000 people have gained access to electricity. The money has been used to build or alter 738 10-kilovolt distribution units with a total length of wire reaching 1,831.8 kilometers.[ citation needed ]

Due to a lack of investment in construction in the power grid net in rural areas, more than 400 villages in Guangxi Province were not included in the projects. Around 500,000 cannot participate in the policy known as "The Same Grid, the Same Price". Guangxi Power Grid will invest 4.6 billion yuan in improving the power grid during the 11th Five Year Plan.[ citation needed ]

Guangxi Power Grid invested 2.5 billion yuan in building an electric power system in the first half of 2007. Of the total investment, 2.3 billion yuan has been put into the project of the main power grid. So far, four new transformer substations in Guangxi are in various stages of completion. Wenfu substation went into operation in the city of Hechi in January 2007, and since then it has become a major hub of the electrical power system of the surrounding three counties. When the Cangwu substation was completed, it doubled the local transformer capacity. In June 2007, the new substation in Chongzuo passed its operation tests. And in the same month, Qiulong commenced production too. This shall support the power supply system of Qiulong City, as well as the northern part of the Guangxi region, and facilitate the nationwide project to transmit power from west to east.[ citation needed ]

Beibu Gulf Economic Zone

In late February 2008, the central government approved China's first international and regional economic cooperation zone in Guangxi. The construction of the Beibu Gulf Economic Zone began in 2006. With the approval, the Beibu Gulf Economic Zone will be formally incorporated into national development strategies.[ citation needed ]

The Beibu Gulf Economic Zone covers six coastal cities along the Beibu Gulf. It integrates the cities of Nanning, the region's capital, Beihai, Qinzhou, Fangchenggang, Chongzuo and Yulin. The state will adopt policies and measures to support mechanism innovation, rational industry layout, and infrastructure construction in the Beibu Gulf Economic Zone.[ citation needed ]

Guangxi has pledged a 100 billion yuan (US$14 billion) investment over the next five years[ when? ] for building and repairing 2,500 km (1,600 mi) railways to form a network hub in the area. Beibu Gulf Zone will serve as the logistics base, business base, processing and manufacturing base, and information exchange center for China-ASEAN cooperation. Beibu Gulf Zone promises broad prospects for further development and its growth potential is rapidly released. But the shortage of talent and professionals in petrochemicals, iron and steel, electricity, finance, tourism, port planning, logistics and marine industries are bottlenecks.[ citation needed ]

The regional government is also working on speeding up key cooperation projects including transportation, the marine industry, agriculture, forestry, fisheries, energy development, cross-border tourism, and environmental protection. Beibu Gulf has already attracted several major projects such as Qinzhou oil refinery projects and Stora Enso, a Fortune 500 forest products company based in Finland. In January 2008 trade import and export in the Beibu Gulf zone exceeded US$1.3 billion, a record high.[ citation needed ]

Bauxite reserves

In September 2007, China's Ministry of Commerce said that it has found 120 million tons of new bauxite reserves in Guangxi. The ministry said that the new reserves, which are located in Chongzhou in the southern region of Youjiang, have very high-quality bauxite, a raw material for making aluminum. Currently, the proven reserves of bauxite in Guangxi are about 1 billion tons, making the province one of the country's biggest bauxite sources.

Transport

Rail

The Guizhou-Guangxi Railway near the Layi Station in Nandan County, Hechi. DF7D Train 2304.jpg
The Guizhou–Guangxi Railway near the Layi Station in Nandan County, Hechi.

The Hunan–Guangxi Railway (Xianggui Line), which bisects the autonomous region diagonally from Quanzhou in the northeast on the border with Hunan to Pingxiang in the southwest on the border with Vietnam, passes through Guangxi's three principal cities, Nanning, Liuzhou and Guilin. Most other railways in Guangxi are connected to the Xianggui Line.

From Nanning, the Nanning–Kunming Railway heads west through Baise to Kunming, Yunnan and the Nanning–Fangchenggang Railway runs south to Qinzhou, Fangchenggang and Beihai on the coast. From Liuzhou, the Guizhou–Guangxi Railway extends northwestward through Hechi to Guizhou and the Jiaozuo–Liuzhou Railway runs due north to Hunan, and eventually Hubei and Henan in central China. From Litang Township on the Xianggui Line between Nanning and Liuzhou, the Litang–Qinzhou Railway runs south to Qinzhou on the coast and the Litang–Zhanjiang Railway (Lizhan Line) extends southeastward through Guigang and Yulin to Zhanjiang, Guangdong.

The Luoyang–Zhanjiang Railway (Luozhan Line), which intersects with the Xianggui Line on the Hunan side of the border at Yongzhou, runs south through Hezhou and Wuzhou in eastern Guangxi and joins the Lizhan Line at Yulin. At Cenxi, a branch of the Luozhan Line heads east to Maoming, Guangdong, forming a second rail outlet from Guangxi to Guangdong.

Roads

Aviation

Guangxi has 7 airports in different cities: Nanning, Guilin, Beihai, Liuzhou, Wuzhou, Baise, and Hechi.

Culture

Pagodas in Guilin. Pagodas en el lago Shanhu guilin.jpg
Pagodas in Guilin.

"Guangxi" and neighbouring Guangdong literally mean "Western Expanse" and "Eastern Expanse". Together, Guangdong and Guangxi are called the "Two Expanses" (simplified Chinese:两广; traditional Chinese:兩廣; pinyin: Liǎngguǎng ).

Its culture and language are reflected in this. Though now associated with the Zhuang ethnic minority, Guangxi's culture traditionally has had a close connection with Cantonese. Cantonese culture and language followed the Xi River valley from Guangdong and are still predominant in the eastern half of Guangxi today. Outside of this area, there is a huge variety of ethnicities and language groups represented.

Guangxi is known for its ethnolinguistic diversity. In the capital of Nanning, for example, three varieties of Chinese are spoken locally: Southwestern Mandarin, Yue (specifically Cantonese), and Pinghua, in addition to various Zhuang languages and others.[ citation needed ]

Cuisine

Guangxi cuisine is known as Chinese :桂菜; pinyin :guìcài however it is not as affluent as its more known neighbours like Sichuan, Hunan or Guangdong. Much of Guangxi's local cuisine is centered around the cuisine of its ethnic minorities. This includes the more well known Luosifen soup, Chinese :桂林米粉; pinyin :guìlín mǐfěn and a variety of pickled dishes.

Languages

Guangxi is highly linguistically diverse. Aside from Chinese languages such as Guiliu Mandarin [ zh ] and Yue Chinese, Guangxi is also home to significant Zhuang, Kam, Mulam, Maonan, Hmong, Mien, Bunu, Lajia, Sui, Gelao, Nuosu, and Vietnamese (Kinh) speaking populations. [55]

Chinese languages

Significant populations of almost all top-level Chinese language families can be found in Guangxi. [56]

11.6 million Yue Chinese speakers live in Guangxi, with the majority of them speaking either Goulou (6.8 million) or Yongxun (4.7 million) varieties. Smaller populations of Guangfu (720 thousand) and Qinlian (3.9 million) speakers can also be found, primarily distributed along the Pearl River and the southern coast of the province respectively.

Of the 5.4 million dialectal Mandarin speakers who call Guangxi home, 5.2 million speak Guiliu Mandarin, a subgroup of Southwestern Mandarin. Smaller populations speak varieties closely related to that of southern Guizhou (265 thousand) and Yunnan (123 thousand). These speakers of dialectal Mandarin are primarily distributed in the north and west of the province, in prefectures such as Guilin and Liuzhou.

Populations of what is typically called Pinghua can also be found. 1.8 million speak Northern Pinghua, and 2.4 million speak Southern Pinghua; the latter of which is more closely related to Yue. There is also around 1.3 million Xiang Chinese speakers, primarily found in and around Quanzhou county, and 140 thousand Min Chinese speakers.

Almost all counties in Guangxi have multiple varieties of Chinese natively spoken. [57]

Tourism

Cormorant fisherman on the Li River in Yangshuo County Cormorant Fisherman on the Li River.jpg
Cormorant fisherman on the Li River in Yangshuo County

The major tourist attraction of Guangxi is Guilin, a city famed across China and the world for its spectacular setting by the Li Jiang (Li River) among karst peaks. It also used to be the capital of Guangxi and Jingjiang Princes' City, the old princes' residence, is open to the public. South of Guilin down the river is the town of Yangshuo, which has become a favourite destination for foreign tourists.

The variety of visible cultures in Guangxi, such as the Zhuang and Dong, are also a draw for tourists. The northern part of the region, bordering Guizhou, is home to the Longsheng Rice Terraces, some of the steepest in the world. Nearby is Sanjiang Dong Autonomous County.

Many Chinese tourists visiting Nanning also visit Ban Gioc–Detian Falls on the China-Vietnam border.

Education

Sister regions

See also

Notes

    1. ↑ The data was collected by the Chinese General Social Survey (CGSS) of 2009 and by the Chinese Spiritual Life Survey (CSLS) of 2007, reported and assembled by Xiuhua Wang (2015) [42] to confront the proportion of people identifying with two similar social structures: ① Christian churches, and ② the traditional Chinese religion of the lineage (i. e. people believing and worshipping ancestral deities often organised into lineage "churches" and ancestral shrines). Data for other religions with a significant presence in China (deity cults, Buddhism, Taoism, folk religious sects, Islam, et al.) was not reported by Wang.
    2. ↑ This may include:

    References

    Citations

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    2. ↑ "National Data". China NBS. March 2024. Retrieved 22 June 2024. see also "zh: 2023年广西壮族自治区国民经济和社会发展统计公报". guangxi.gov.cn. 30 March 2024. Retrieved 22 June 2024. The average exchange rate of 2023 was CNY 7.0467 to 1 USD dollar "Statistical communiqué of the People's Republic of China on the 2023 national economic and social development" (Press release). China NBS. 29 February 2024. Retrieved 22 June 2024.
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    29. ↑ 1912年中国人口. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 6 March 2014.
    30. ↑ 1928年中国人口. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 6 March 2014.
    31. ↑ 1936–37年中国人口. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 6 March 2014.
    32. ↑ 1947年全国人口. Archived from the original on 13 September 2013. Retrieved 6 March 2014.
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    35. ↑ 中华人民共和国国家统计局关于一九八二年人口普查主要数字的公报. National Bureau of Statistics of China. Archived from the original on 10 May 2012.
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    39. ↑ "FACTBOX-Key takeaways from China's 2020 population census". Reuters. 11 May 2021.
    40. ↑ Davis, Edward Lawrence (2005). Encyclopedia of Contemporary Chinese Cultures. Routledge. p. 65. ISBN   9780415777162.
    41. ↑ 国务院第七次全国人口普查领导小组办公室. "中国人口普查年鉴-2020". Archived from the original on 12 May 2023. Retrieved 26 July 2023.
    42. 1 2 3 China General Social Survey 2009, Chinese Spiritual Life Survey (CSLS) 2007. Report by: Xiuhua Wang (2015, p. 15) Archived 25 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine
    43. ↑ "Famous Islam Mosques in China, How Many Muslim Mosques in China?". www.topchinatravel.com. Retrieved 13 August 2021.
    44. ↑ "The advisory and legislative organs of Guangxi Province in the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China". 23 May 2021. Archived from the original on 22 May 2021. Retrieved 22 May 2021.
    45. ↑
    46. 1 2 "Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region: Economic News and Statistics for Guangxi's Economy". Archived from the original on 8 October 2011. Retrieved 1 November 2011.
    47. ↑ "Gross Domestic Product (GDP): Per Capita: Guangxi | Economic Indicators | CEIC".
    48. ↑ "The China Perspective | Guangxi Economic and Industry Profile/". Archived from the original on 2 June 2011. Retrieved 27 May 2011.
    49. ↑ Tan, Sue-Ann (17 May 2019). "Guangxi to strengthen economic cooperation with Asean and Singapore businesses". The Straits Times. Retrieved 4 October 2024.
    50. ↑ "RightSite.asia | Beihai Export Processing Zone". Archived from the original on 12 June 2010. Retrieved 27 May 2010.
    51. ↑ "RightSite.asia ｜ Guilin National New & Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone". Archived from the original on 18 June 2010. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
    52. ↑ "RightSite.asia | Nanning Economic & Technological Development Area". Archived from the original on 12 June 2010. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
    53. ↑ "RightSite.asia | Nanning Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone". Archived from the original on 10 June 2010. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
    54. ↑ "RightSite.asia | Pingxiang Border Economic Cooperation Zone". Archived from the original on 11 June 2010. Retrieved 31 May 2010.
    55. ↑ Li (2012), p. 166.
    56. ↑ Li (2012), p. 166-176.
    57. ↑ Li (2012), p. B2-2.
    58. ↑ "An IR View: Clear goals essential to sister city relationship". Helena Independent Record. 14 February 2016. Retrieved 9 October 2020.

    Sources

    23°36′N108°18′E / 23.6°N 108.3°E / 23.6; 108.3

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