Ningxia

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Ningxia
Autonomous region
Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region
Chinese transcription(s)
 • Chinese characters宁夏回族自治区
 •  Xiao'erjing نِئٍ‌ثِيَا خُوِزُو زِجِ‌کِیُوِ
 •  Pinyin Níngxià Huízú Zìzhìqū
NX / 宁 (Níng) transcription(s)
Sha Po Tou Huang He Da Zhuan Wan - panoramio.jpg
View of the Yellow River passing through Shapotou
Ningxia in China (+all claims hatched).svg
Location of Ningxia within China
CountryChina
Capital
(and largest city)		 Yinchuan
Divisions5 prefectures, 21 counties, 219 townships
Government
 • Type Autonomous region
 • BodyNingxia Hui Autonomous Regional People's Congress
 •  Party Secretary Li Yifei
 • Congress Chairman Liang Yanshun
 • Government Chairman Zhang Yupu
 •  CPPCC ChairmanChen Yong
 •  National People's Congress Representation23 deputies
Area
[1]
 • Total
66,399.73 km2 (25,637.08 sq mi)
 • Rank 27th
Highest elevation
(Helan Mountains)
3,556 m (11,667 ft)
Population
 (2020) [2]
 • Total
7,202,654
 • Rank 30th
 • Density110/km2 (280/sq mi)
  • Rank 25th
Demographics
 • Ethnic composition
 • Languages and dialects
GDP (2023) [3]
 • TotalCN¥531,495 million (29th; US$75,425 million)
 • Per capitaCN¥72,957 (18th; US$ 10,353)
ISO 3166 code CN-NX
HDI (2022)0.764 [4] (21st) –high
Website www.nx.gov.cn
36°36′N105°19′E / 36.6°N 105.32°E / 36.6; 105.32 , initiated a series of landslides that killed an estimated 200,000 people. Over 600 large loess landslides created more than 40 new lakes. [19] [20]

Ningxia
Ningxia (Chinese characters).svg
"Ningxia" in simplified (top) and traditional (bottom) Chinese characters

Grasslands

It was reported that approximately 34 percent (33.85 million mu; 22,600 km2) of the region's total surface consisted of grassland. [21] This figure is down from approximately 40 percent in the 1990s. The grasslands are spread over the dry desert-steppe area in the northeast (which forms a part of the Inner Mongolian steppe region), and the hilly pastures located on the semi-arid Loess Plateau in the south. [22] It is ascertained that the grasslands of Ningxia have been degraded to various degrees. [23] Scientists debate the extent to which this degradation occurs over space and time. [24] Historical research has also found limited evidence of expanding grassland degradation and desertification in Ningxia. [13] [25] A major component of land management in Ningxia is a ban on open grazing, which has been in place since 2003. [26] The ecological and socio-economic effects of this Grazing Ban in relation to the grasslands and pastoralists' livelihood are contested. [22] The ban stipulates that animal husbandry be limited to enclosed pens and no open grazing be permitted in certain time periods set by the Autonomous Region's People's Government.

Climate

Taole
Climate chart (explanation)
J
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█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
█ Precipitation totals in mm
Source: [27]
Imperial conversion
JFMAMJJASOND
 
 
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86
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75
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54
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36
10
█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
█ Precipitation totals in inches

The region is 1,200 kilometres (750 mi) from the sea and has an arid continental climate on the north to humid continental climate to the south, with average summer temperatures rising to 17 to 24 °C (63 to 75 °F) in July and average winter temperatures dropping to between −7 and −15 °C (19 and 5 °F) in January. Seasonal extreme temperatures can reach 39 °C (102 °F) in summer and −30 °C (−22 °F) in winter. The diurnal temperature variation can reach above 17 °C (31 °F), especially in spring. Annual rainfall averages from 190 to 700 millimetres (7.5 to 27.6 in), with more rain falling in the south of the region.

Mineral resources

Ningxia is rich in mineral resources with proven deposits of 34 kinds of minerals, much of which located in grassland areas. [22] In 2011 it was estimated that the potential value per capita of these resources accounted for 163.5 percent of the nation's average. Ningxia boasts verified coal reserves of over 30 billion tons, with an estimated reserve of more than 202 billion tons, ranking sixth nationwide. Coal deposits are spread over one-third of the total surface of Ningxia, and mined in four major fields in the Helan and Xiangshan mountains, Ningdong and Yuanzhou (or Guyuan). The region's reserves of oil and natural gas can be found in Yanchi and Lingwu County, and are ideal for large-scale development of oil, natural gas and chemical industries. Ningxia leads China in gypsum deposits, with a proven reserve of more than 4.5 billion tons, of which the rarely found, top-grade gypsum accounts for half of the total deposits. The Hejiakouzi deposit in Tongxin County features a reserve of 20 million tons of gypsum with a total thickness of 100 meters. There is a considerable deposit of quartz sandstone, of which 17 million tons have been ascertained. In addition, there are phosphorus, flint, copper, iron, barite, other minerals and Helan stone – a special clay stone. [10] [28]

Governance

The politics of Ningxia is structured in a dual party-government system like all other governing institutions in mainland China.[ citation needed ]

The Chairman of the Autonomous Region is the highest-ranking official in the People's Government of Ningxia. In its dual-party government system, the chairman has less power than the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) Ningxia Committee Secretary, colloquially termed the "Ningxia CCP Party Chief".[ citation needed ]

Ningxia has a friendship agreement with Sogn og Fjordane county of Norway. [29]

Administrative divisions

Ningxia is divided into five prefecture-level divisions: all prefecture-level cities:

Administrative divisions of Ningxia
Division code [30] DivisionArea in km2 [31] Population 2020 [32] SeatDivisions [33]
Districts Counties CL cities
640000Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region66,400.007,202,654 Yinchuan city9112
640100 Yinchuan city8,874.612,859,074 Jinfeng District 321
640200 Shizuishan city5,208.13751,389 Dawukou District 21
640300 Wuzhong city21,420.141,382,713 Litong District 221
640400 Guyuan city13,449.031,142,142 Yuanzhou District 14
640500 Zhongwei city17,448.091,067,336 Shapotou District 12

The five prefecture-level cities of Ningxia are subdivided into 22 county-level divisions (9 districts, 2 county-level cities, and 11 counties).

Urban areas

Population by urban areas of prefecture & county cities
#Cities2020 Urban area [34] 2010 Urban area [35] 2020 City proper
1 Yinchuan 1,230,6501,159,4572,859,074
2 Shizuishan 422,043403,901751,389
3 Wuzhong 400,677232,1341,382,713
4 Guyuan 267,810130,1551,142,142
5 Zhongwei 249,307160,2791,067,336
6 Lingwu 200,920125,976see Yinchuan
7 Qingtongxia 142,34999,367see Wuzhong

Economy

Wolfberry harvest celebration. Rich Nature Wolfberry Farm1 7-06.jpg
Wolfberry harvest celebration.

Rural Ningxia was for long an officially designated poverty area, and remains on the lower rungs of the developmental ladder. [22] Its nominal GDP in 2023 was 531.50 billion yuan (US$75.43 billion) and its per capita GDP 72,957 yuan (US$10,353). It comprises 0.42% of the national economy.

Agriculture

Similar to other areas, Ningxia has seen a gradual decline of its peasant population due to rural–urban migration. Despite this, the great majority (62.8 percent) was still agricultural at the time of the survey. [36] Animal husbandry is important for the regional economy. In the main pastoral county, Yanchi, it is even the leading industry when specified for the primary sector. The dominant grazing animals are sheep and goat. [37] In the (semi-)pastoral regions, herders engage in a mixed sedentary farming operation of dryland agriculture and extensive animal husbandry, while full nomadic pastoralism is no longer practiced. [22] Since a cattle breeding plan was implemented in 2002, the province has become one of China's main dairy production areas. [38] [39]

Ningxia is the principal region of China where wolfberries are grown. Other specialties of Ningxia are licorice, products made from Helan stone, fiddlehead and products made from sheepskin.

Ningxia wines are a promising area of development. The Chinese authorities have given approval to the development of the eastern base of the Helan Mountains as an area suitable for wine production. Several large Chinese wine companies including Changyu and Dynasty Wine have begun development in the western region of the province. Together they now own 20,000 acres of land for wine plantations and Dynasty has ploughed 100 million yuan into Ningxia. In addition, the major oil company China Petroleum and Chemical Corporation has founded a grape plantation near the Helan Mountains. The household appliance company Midea has also begun participating in Ningxia's wine industry. [40] Vineyards have been set up in the region. [41]

Industries and economic zones

Ningxia was a major recipient of China's investment in industrial capacity during the Third Front campaign. [42] : 298 

Yinchuan Economic and Technological Development Zone [43] was established in 1992. Spanning 32 km2 (12 sq mi), it has an annual economic output Rmb23.7 billion (25.1% up) (US$3.5 billion). Major investors are mainly local enterprises such as Kocel Steel Foundry, FAG Railway Bearing (Ningxia), Ningxia Little Giant Machine Tools, etc. Major industries include machinery and equipment manufacturing, new materials, fine chemicals and the animation industry.

Desheng Industrial Park (in Helan County) is a base for about 400 enterprises. The industrial park has industrial chains from Muslim food and commodities to trade and logistics, new materials and bio-pharmaceuticals that has 80 billion yuan in fixed assets. Desheng is looking to be the most promising industrial park in the city. It achieved a total output value of 4.85 billion in 2008, up 40 percent year-on-year. The local government plans to cut taxes and other fees to reduce the burden on local enterprises. The industrial output value reached 2.68 billion yuan in 2008, an increase of 48 percent from a year earlier.

Transport

Yinchuan Hedong Airport YinChuan airport.jpg
Yinchuan Hedong Airport

Airports

Highways

Bridge

Rail

Education

Demographics

Historical population
YearPop.±%
1912 [44] 303,000—    
1928 [45] 1,450,000+378.5%
1936–37 [46] 978,000−32.6%
1947 [47] 759,000−22.4%
1982 [48] 3,895,578+413.3%
1990 [49] 4,655,451+19.5%
2000 [50] 5,486,393+17.8%
2010 [51] 6,301,350+14.9%
2020 [52] 7,202,654+14.3%
Ningxia Province/AR was part of Gansu 1914–1929 and 1954–1958
In 1947 parts of Ningxia Province/AR were incorporated into Inner Mongolia AR.

Religion

Religion in Ningxia (around 2010)

  Others (Chinese religions, Buddhism, or not religious) (64.83%)
   Islam [53] (34%)
  Christianity [54] (1.17%)

Islam is the single biggest religious tradition in Ningxia, adhered to by 34% of the population according to a 2010 survey. [53] Many of the Han Chinese practise Chinese folk religions, Taoism, Confucianism and Chinese Buddhism. Christianity was the religion of 1.17% of the province's population according to the Chinese General Social Survey of 2004. [54]

In 2008, there were 3,760 mosques in Ningxia, which is about one per 1730 residents. [55]

Hospitals

Tourism

One of Ningxia's main tourist spots is the internationally renowned Xixia Tombs site located 30 km (19 mi) west of Yinchuan. The remnants of nine Western Xia emperors' tombs and two hundred other tombs lie within a 50 km2 (19 sq mi) area. Other famous sites in Ningxia include the Helan Mountains, the mysterious 108 stupas, the twin pagodas of Baisikou and the desert research outpost at Shapotou. A less visited tourist spot in Ningxia is the Mount Sumeru Grottoes (须弥山), which is among the ten most famous grottoes in China. [56]

Museums

Notable people

See also

Notes

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Inner Mongolia</span> Autonomous region of China

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Shaanxi</span> Province in Northwestern China

Shaanxi is a province in Northwestern China. It borders the province-level divisions of Inner Mongolia to the north, Shanxi and Henan to the east, Hubei, Chongqing, and Sichuan to the south, and Gansu and Ningxia to the west. Shaanxi covers an area of over 205,000 km2 (79,000 sq mi) with about 37 million people, the 16th-largest in China. Xi'an – which includes the sites of the former capitals Fenghao and Chang'an – is the provincial capital and largest city in Northwest China and also one of the oldest cities in China and the oldest of the Four Ancient Capitals, being the capital for the Western Zhou, Western Han, Jin, Sui and Tang dynasties. Xianyang, which served as the capital of the Qin dynasty (221–202 BC), is just north across the Wei River. The other prefecture-level cities into which the province is divided are Ankang, Baoji, Hanzhong, Shangluo, Tongchuan, Weinan, Yan'an and Yulin.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Yinchuan</span> Prefecture-level city in Ningxia, China

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Guyuan</span> Prefecture-level city in Ningxia, Peoples Republic of China

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Helan County</span> County in Ningxia, China

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Yuanzhou, Guyuan</span> District in Ningxia, China

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References

Citations

  1. 1 2 "Administrative Divisions (2013)". Ningxia Statistical Yearbook 2014. Statistical Bureau of Ningxia. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 19 December 2015.
  2. ↑ "Communiqué of the Seventh National Population Census (No. 3)". National Bureau of Statistics of China. 11 May 2021. Retrieved 11 May 2021.
  3. ↑ "National Data". China NBS. March 2024. Retrieved 22 June 2024. see also "zh: 2023年宁夏回族自治区国民经济和社会发展统计公报". ningxia.gov.cn. 29 April 2024. Retrieved 22 June 2024. The average exchange rate of 2023 was CNY 7.0467 to 1 USD dollar "Statistical communiqué of the People's Republic of China on the 2023 national economic and social development" (Press release). China NBS. 29 February 2024. Retrieved 22 June 2024.
  4. ↑ "Human Development Indices (8.0)- China". Global Data Lab. Retrieved 23 September 2024.
  5. ↑ "Ningxia". Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 18 May 2021.
  6. ↑ "Ningxia". Dictionary.com Unabridged (Online). n.d.
  7. ↑ "By Choosing Assimilation, China's Hui Have Become One of the World's Most Successful Muslim Minorities". The Economist . 8 October 2016. Retrieved 8 October 2016.
  8. ↑ 宁夏回族自治区资源概况 [Overview of Resources in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region]. Zhōngguó wǎng (in Chinese). 17 December 2009. Archived from the original on 4 August 2020. Retrieved 2 October 2018.
  9. ↑ In China's Ningxia province, water shortage is so severe that the government is relocating people
  10. 1 2 Hsieh, Chiao-min; Falkenheim, Victor C. "Ningxia". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 27 October 2016.
  11. ↑ Tobin, Meaghan (12 May 2019). "Can China Become the Wine World's Next California?". South China Morning Post.
  12. ↑ "历史的眷顾：古城宁夏六宗"最"_宁夏民风民俗_新疆旅行网". www.xjlxw.com. Retrieved 1 September 2024.
  13. 1 2 Ho, Peter (2000). "The Myth of Desertification at China's Northwestern Frontier: The Case of Ningxia Province, 1929–1958". Modern China. 26 (3): 348–395. doi:10.1177/009770040002600304. S2CID   83080752.
  14. ↑ Xu, Xin (2003). The Jews of Kaifeng: China History, Culture, and Religion. Jersey City, NJ: Ktav Publishing House.
  15. ↑ Eiland, Murray L. (2003). "Carpets of the Ming Dynasty?". East and West. 53 (1/4): 179–208. ISSN   0012-8376. JSTOR   29757577.
  16. ↑ Lin (2011), pp. 37–39.
  17. ↑ China Archaeology and Art Digest, Volume 3, Issue 4. Art Text (HK). 2000. p. 354. Retrieved 28 November 2010.
  18. ↑ "Dēng áobāo gēda shǎng juédǐng měijǐng" 登敖包疙瘩 赏绝顶美景. Fènghuáng zīxùn (in Chinese). 2 September 2014. Retrieved 6 November 2018.
  19. ↑ Close, U.; McCormick (1922). "Where the Mountains Walked". National Geographic Magazine. Vol. 41, no. 5. pp. 445–464.
  20. ↑ Feng, X.; Guo, A. (1985). "Earthquake Landslides in China". Proceedings, IVth International Conference and Field Workshop on Landslides. Tokyo: Japan Landslide Society. pp. 339–346.. (1985) "
  21. ↑ Ningxia Bureau of Statistics, 2013, 1.2
  22. 1 2 3 4 5 Ho, Peter (2016). "Empty Institutions, Non-Credibility and Pastoralism: China's Grazing Ban, Mining and Ethnicity". The Journal of Peasant Studies. 43 (6): 1145–1176. doi:10.1080/03066150.2016.1239617. S2CID   157632052.
  23. ↑ Ho, Peter; Azadi, Hossein (2010). "Rangeland Degradation in North China: Perceptions of Pastoralists". Environmental Research. 110 (3): 302–307. Bibcode:2010ER....110..302H. doi:10.1016/j.envres.2009.12.007. PMID   20106474.
  24. ↑ Ho, P. (2001). "Rangeland Degradation in North China Revisited? A Preliminary Statistical Analysis to Validate Non-Equilibrium Range Ecology". The Journal of Development Studies. 37 (3): 99–133. doi:10.1080/00220380412331321991. S2CID   154397243.
  25. ↑ Ho, Peter (2003). "Mao's War against Nature? The Environmental Impact of the Grain-First Campaign in China". The China Journal. 50 (50): 37–59. doi:10.2307/3182245. JSTOR   3182245. S2CID   144410824.
  26. ↑ Zhou, Z. 2013. A view of Ningxia ten years since the grazing ban [Jìn mù yī nián kàn Níngxià]. People's Daily, 29 June. p. 10.
  27. ↑ "NASA Earth Observations Data Set Index". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Archived from the original on 10 May 2020. Retrieved 30 January 2016.
  28. ↑ "Níngxià kuàngchǎn zīyuán gàikuàng jí fēnbù" 宁夏矿产资源概况及分布 [Overview and Distribution of Mineral Resources in Ningxia]. Zhōngguó bǎikē wǎng (in Chinese). 16 March 2011. Archived from the original on 12 November 2014.
  29. ↑ Rivedal, Henning (17 July 2015). "Ningxia og Sogn og Fjordane eit steg vidare på samarbeidsvegen" [Ningxia and Sogn og Fjordane One Step Further on the Co-Operation Road]. Sfj.no (in Norwegian). Retrieved 7 May 2015.
  30. ↑ "Zhōnghuá rénmín gònghéguó xiàn yǐshàng xíngzhèng qūhuà dàimǎ" 中华人民共和国县以上行政区划代码 [Code of Administrative Divisions Above the County Level of the People's Republic of China] (in Simplified Chinese) – via Ministry of Civil Affairs.
  31. ↑ Shenzhen Bureau of Statistics. Shēnzhèn tǒngjì niánjiàn 2014 / 2014 Shenzhen Statistical Yearbook深圳统计年鉴2014 (in Simplified Chinese and English). China Statistics Print. Archived from the original on 12 May 2015. Retrieved 29 May 2015.
  32. ↑ Census Office of the State Council of the People's Republic of China; Population and Employment Statistics Division of the National Bureau of Statistics of the People's Republic of China (2012). Zhōngguó 2010 rénkǒu pǔchá fēn xiāng, zhèn, jiēdào zīliào中国2010人口普查分乡、镇、街道资料 (1 ed.). Beijing: China Statistics Print. ISBN   978-7-5037-6660-2.
  33. ↑ Zhonghua renmin gongheguo minzhengbu (2014). Zhōngguó mínzhèng tǒngjì niánjiàn 2014中国民政统计年鉴2014 (in Simplified Chinese). Zhongguo tongji chuban she. ISBN   978-7-5037-7130-9.
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  38. ↑ "Ningxia dairies see success in quantity, quality". regional.chinadaily.com.cn. Retrieved 19 August 2024.
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  44. ↑ 1912年中国人口 . Retrieved 6 March 2014.
  45. ↑ 1928年中国人口 . Retrieved 6 March 2014.
  46. ↑ 1936–37年中国人口 . Retrieved 6 March 2014.
  47. ↑ 1947年全国人口 . Retrieved 6 March 2014.
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  49. ↑ 中华人民共和国国家统计局关于一九九〇年人口普查主要数据的公报. National Bureau of Statistics of China. Archived from the original on 19 June 2012.
  50. ↑ 现将2000年第五次全国人口普查快速汇总的人口地区分布数据公布如下. National Bureau of Statistics of China. Archived from the original on 29 August 2012.
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  52. ↑ "Key Takeaways from China's 2020 Population Census". Reuters. 11 May 2021.
  53. 1 2 Min Junqing. The Present Situation and Characteristics of Contemporary Islam in China. JISMOR, 8. 2010 Islam by province, page 29. Data from: Yang Zongde, Study on Current Muslim Population in China, Jinan Muslim, 2, 2010.
  54. 1 2 China General Social Survey 2004. Report by: Wang, Xiuhua (2015). Explaining Christianity in China: Why a Foreign Religion has Taken Root in Unfertile Ground (PDF) (Master's thesis). Baylor University. p. 15. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 September 2015.
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