Ningbo is one of the 15 sub-provincial cities in China,and is one of the five separate state-planning cities[7] in China (the other four being Dalian,Qingdao,Xiamen,and Shenzhen),with the municipality possessing a separate state-planning status in many economic departments,rather than being governed by Zhejiang Province. Therefore,Ningbo has provincial-level autonomy in making economic and financial policies.[8]
In 2022,the GDP of Ningbo was CNY 1570,43 billion[9] (US$233.479 billion),and it was ranked 12th among 293 cities in China.[10] Moreover,Ningbo is among the wealthiest cities in China;it ranked 8th in terms of average yearly disposable income in the year of 2020.[11] As of 2020,Ningbo has global headquarters and registered offices of over 100 listed companies,[12] and many regional business headquarters. In 2021,Ningbo featured the seventh most listed companies of all cities in China.[13] Furthermore,Ningbo was among the top 10 Chinese cities in the Urban Business Environment Report released by the Chinese state media China Central Television (CCTV) in 2019.[14]
As a city with rich culture and a long history dating back to the Jingtou Mountain Culture in 6300 BC and the Hemudu culture in 4800 BC,Ningbo was awarded "City of Culture in East Asia" by the governments of China,Japan,and Korea in 2016.[15] From 1842,Ningbo was one of the first five treaty ports opened up to the West. Ningbo is one of the top 200 cities in the world by scientific research as tracked by the Nature Index.[16]
Etymology
The first character in the city's name ning (宁 or 寧) means "serene",while its second character bo (波) translates to "wave". The city is abbreviated "甬" (pinyin:Yǒng) for the eponymous "Yong Hill" (甬山),a prominent coastal hill near the city,and the Yong River that flows through Ningbo city.
Formerly known as Mingzhou (明州;Míngzhōu),Ningbo boasts a rich historical background. The name Mingzhou is derived from the characters "明" (Míng),which symbolizes the presence of two lakes within the city walls:the Sun Lake (日湖) and the Moon Lake (月湖). This nomenclature traces its roots back to the Tang dynasty in 636 AD,reflecting the enduring history of Ningbo. While the original Sun Lake dried up during the 19th century,the Ningbo government embarked on its restoration in 2002.
Ningbo is one of China's oldest cities,with a history dating to the Jingtou Mountain Culture in 6300 BC and Hemudu culture in 4800 BC. Ningbo was known as a trade city on the Silk Road at least two thousand years ago,and later as a major port for foreign trade.
As of 2020,the earliest relics of human activity discovered in Ningbo City are from the Jingtou Mountain site in Yuyao.[17] These relics date back to 6300 BC,evidencing early human consumption of seafood and rice. A large number of cultivated rice,farming tools,remains of dry fence buildings,remains of domestic livestock,and primitive religious items have been unearthed from related sites of the Hemudu culture (5000–4500 BC),evidencing human settlement and culture in the eastern part of the Ningshao Plain,where modern-day Ningbo city is located.[18]
Before the Han dynasty,the area where Ningbo City is located today was sparsely populated. In the Xia dynasty,the location of Ningbo was called "Yin". In the Spring and Autumn period,the area where Ningbo belonged was the Yue State. At that time,the Yue King Goujian built Juzhang City in the present-day Cicheng Town,which became the earliest city in Ningbo. In the latter half of the Warring States period,the area of Ningbo became the jurisdiction of Chu State. In 221 BC,Qin unified the six states and the Ningbo area was delegated to Kuaiji Commandery,with three counties of Yin,Yin,and Juzhang (some studies assert there were four counties of Yin,Yin,Juzhang,and Yuyao). In the early years of the Western Han dynasty,Kuaiji Commandery belonged to the Kingdom of Jing and Wu. After the Seven Kingdoms was settled,Kuaiji Commandery was restored. In 589 AD (Sui Kai Huang nine years),the counties were merged under the Wu kingdom.
Tang and Song dynasty
Tianfeng Tower,originally built during the Tang dynasty,is the symbol of old Ningbo.A rock garden inside Tianyi Chamber
Since the Tang dynasty,Ningbo has been an important commercial port. Arab traders lived in Ningbo during the Song dynasty when it was known as Mingzhou or Siming,[19] since the ocean-going trade passages took precedence over land trade during this time.[20][21] It was a well known center of ocean-going commerce with the foreign world.[22] These merchants did not intermingle with native Chinese,instead practicing their own customs and religion and inhabiting ghettos. They did not try to proselytize Islam to the Chinese.[23] There was also a large Jewish community in Ningbo,as evidenced by the fact that,after a major flood destroyed Torah scrolls in Kaifeng in 1642,a replacement was sent to the Kaifeng Jews by the Jews at Ningbo.[24]
Ming dynasty
The city of Ningbo was known in Europe for a long time under the name of Liampó. This was the usual spelling used,for example in the standard Portuguese history,João de Barros's Décadas da Ásia,although Barros explained that Liampówas a Portuguese "corruption" of the more correct Nimpó.[25][26] The spelling Liampóis also attested to in the Peregrination (Peregrinação) by Fernão Mendes Pinto,a (so-called) autobiography written in Portuguese during the 16th century. For the mid-16th-century Portuguese,the nearby promontory,which they called the cape of Liampóafter the nearby "illustrious city",was the easternmost known point of the mainland Asia.[25] The Portuguese began trading in Ningbo around 1522. By 1542,the Portuguese had a sizable community in Ningbo (or,more likely,on nearby small islands such as Shuangyu). Portuguese activities from their Ningbo base included pillaging and attacking multiple Chinese port cities around Ningbo. They also enslaved people during their raids.[27] The Portuguese were ousted from the Ningbo area in 1548.
Qing dynasty
19th century map of Ningbo
Ningbo was one of the five Chinese treaty ports opened by the Treaty of Nanjing signed in 1842 at the end of the First Opium War between the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and China. During the war,British forces briefly took possession of the walled city of Ningbo after storming the fortified town of Zhenhai at the mouth of the Yong River on October 10,1841. The British subsequently repulsed a Chinese attempt to retake the city in the Battle of Ningpo on 10 March 1842. In 1861,the forces of the Taiping Kingdom took the city relatively unopposed as the defending garrison and all Ningbo residents fled except for the Jews and Persians;they held the town for six months. In March 1885,during the Sino-French War,Admiral Courbet's naval squadron blockaded several Chinese warships in Zhenhai Bay and exchanged fire with the shore defenses.
Ningbo was also once famed for traditional Chinese furniture production,and western encyclopedias described Ningbo as a center of craftsmanship and industry.[28][29]
During the 1800s Ningbo authorities contracted Cantonese pirates to exterminate Portuguese pirates who had raided Canton shipping around Ningbo. The massacre was "successful",with 40 Portuguese dead and only 2 Cantonese dead. It was dubbed "The Ningpo Massacre" by an English correspondent,who noted that the Portuguese pirates had behaved savagely towards the Cantonese Chinese,and that the Portuguese authorities at Macau should have reined in the pirates.
During the late Qing era,Western missionaries set up a Presbyterian Church in Ningbo. Li Veng-eing was a Reverend of the Ningpo Church.[30] The Ningpo College was managed by Rev. Robert F. Fitch. The four trustees were natives of Ningbo,and three of them had Taotai rank.[31] Rev. George Evans Moule,B.A.,was appointed as a missionary to China by the Church of England Missionary Society,and arrived at Ningpo with Mrs. Moule in February 1858. His time was chiefly divided between Ningpo and another mission station he began at Hang-chow. He wrote Christian publications in the Ningbo dialect.[32]
World War II
During WWII in 1940,between 80% and 90% of Ningbo's population fled Ningbo,leaving primarily the elderly behind.[33] The Japanese bombed Ningbo with ceramic bombs full of fleas carrying the bubonic plague.[34] An outbreak of bubonic plague followed. Bacteriologist Huang Ketai reported that at least 109 people died from the plague in Ningbo in November and December 1940.[35] According to Daniel Barenblatt,imperial planes loading germ bombs for bubonic dissemination over Ningbo was recorded on film in 1940.[36]
Geography
Ningpo (labeled YIN-HSIEN (NINGPO) 鄞縣) (1952)Ningbo city templeThe Cathedral of the Sacred Heart of Jesus was built between 1872 and 1876,was closed by the government in 1963,and was reopened and renamed in 1980. It was recognized as a national heritage site in 2006.
Ningbo ranges in latitude from 28°51' to 30°33' N and in longitude from 120°55' to 122°16' E,bounded on the east by the East China Sea and Zhoushan Archipelago;on the north by Hangzhou Bay,across which it faces Jiaxing and Shanghai;on the west by Shaoxing;and on the south by Taizhou. Its land area is 9,816 square kilometers (3,790sqmi),while its oceanic territory amounts to 9,758km2 (3,768sqmi);there is a total 1,562km (971mi) of coastline,including 788km (490mi) of mainland coastline and 774km (481mi) of island coastline that together accounting for one-third of the entire provincial coastline. There are 531 islands accounting for 524km2 (202sqmi) under the city's administration.
Ningbo's city proper is sandwiched between the ocean and low-lying mountains to the southwest,with coastal plain and valleys in between. Important peninsulas include the Chuanshan Peninsula (穿山半岛),located in Beilun District and containing mainland Zhejiang's easternmost point,and the Xiangshan Peninsula (象山半岛) in Xiangshan County. The Siming Mountains (四明山) run north from Mount Tiantai and within Ningbo City,traversing Yuyao City,Haishu District,and Fenghua District,and reaching a height of 979m (3,212ft).
Tidal flat ecosystems occur adjacent to the city,however,large areas have been reclaimed for agricultural purposes.[37]
Climate
Ningbo has a humid subtropical climate (KöppenCfa) with four distinctive seasons,characterized by hot,humid summers and chilly,cloudy and dry winters (with occasional snow). The mean annual temperature is 17.6°C (63.7°F),with monthly daily averages ranging from 5.8°C (42.4°F) in January to 29.1°C (84.4°F) in July. Extremes since 1951 have ranged from −8.8°C (16°F) on 12 January 1955 to 42.1°C (108°F) on 8 August 2013.[38] The city receives an average annual rainfall of 1,430mm (56in) and is affected by the plum rains of the Asian monsoon in June,when average relative humidity also peaks. From August to October,Ningbo experiences the effects of typhoons,and is affected by an average 1.8 storms annually,though the city is not often struck directly by these systems. A 2012 OECD study lists Ningbo among the top 20 cities worldwide most at risk of flooding due to anthropogenic climate change.[39]
Ningbo is among the cities in China which are implementing sponge city strategies to mitigate the impacts of climate change.[40]
Climate data for Ningbo (Yinzhou District) (1991–2020 normals,Extremes 1951–2013)
Ningbo is an important port city located 220 kilometers (140mi) south of Shanghai. The city's export industry dates back to the 7th century. Today,Ningbo is a major exporter of electrical products,textiles,food,and industrial tools. The city's private sector is especially well-developed,contributing 80 percent of total GDP in 2013.[49]
Historically,Ningbo was somewhat geographically isolated from other major cities. In 2007 the Hangzhou Bay Bridge was built,cutting highway transit time between Ningbo and Shanghai from four hours to two and a half. The city now serves as the economic center for the southern Yangtze River Delta and has been ranked among the most competitive cities in China.[49]
In 2009 Ningbo's economic activity reached US$60.8 billion,down 10.4 percent from 2008. The exports totaled US$38.65 billion,down 16.6 percent from the previous year. In addition,Ningbo imported US$22.16 billion of goods,up 3.1 percent from the previous year.[50]
Ningbo's economy grew 9.26 percent in 2013 to 712.89 billion yuan (US$115.12 billion).[49] In 2009,the city's per capita output was US$10,833,about three times the national average.[51]
Foreign investment
With several important development zones established in or around Ningbo,the city has received considerable foreign investment.[52] Over 60 domestic and foreign-invested financial institutions have established operations in the city,which has also attracted more than 10,000 foreigners. The municipal government offers preferential policies designed to encourage investment in international trade,new strategic industries,manufacturing,information services,and creative industries.[49]
Economic and technological development zones
Ningbo Economic &Technological Development Zone
Located in the north-east of Ningbo,behind Beilun Port,NETD is 27km (17mi) away from the city center. With more than 20 years of great effort,NETD has already formed the general framework for large scale construction and development,and established the perfect investment environment. It is situated close to the Ningbo Port and Ningbo Lishe International Airport. Major Investors include ExxonMobil,Dupont and Dow Chemical.[53]
Ningbo Daxie Development Zone
The Ningbo Daxie Development Zone was approved in 1993 and covers an area of 5.92km2 (2.29sqmi). Over more than ten years of development and construction,industrial and logistical foundations have been established in the zone for the transshipment of energy,liquid chemicals and containers.[53]
Ningbo National Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone
Ningbo National Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone was founded in 1999 and was upgraded to a national level zone in January 2007. It is 10km (6.2mi) from Ningbo International Airport and 18km (11mi) away from Ningbo Port. The zone serves as the important technical innovation base of Yangtze River Delta. Industries encouraged include chemicals production and processing,biotechnology and pharmaceuticals,raw material processing,Research and Development.[54]
Ningbo Free Trade Zone
Ningbo Free Trade Zone is one of the 15 free trade zones authorized by the State Council of China and is the only free trade zone in Zhejiang Province. It was established by State Council in 1992,covering the area of 2.3km2 (0.89sqmi). It lies in the middle of the coastline of mainland China,at the south of Yangtze River Delta. In 2008,its industrial output value was RMB 53.33 billion and grew at 19.8 percent as compared to 2007.[55]
Nordic Industrial Park
The Nordic Industrial Park Co. Ltd. (NIP) is one of the first wholly foreign-owned industrial parks in China located in Ningbo,Zhejiang Province. NIP is managed and operated by a Scandinavian management team.[56]
Ningbo Advertising Park
The Ningbo Advertising Park is a national level pilot park located in the Ningbo Southern Business District. The financial incentives have attracted over 300 relevant firms to establish operations.[57]
Unlike other Chinese cities,Ningbo has the same authority as provincial governments for economic administration and is the largest port in the world in terms of annual cargo throughput. In contrast to Shanghai,the port is deep-water and capable of handling 300,000 ton vessels. The port is located mainly in Beilun district and Zhenhai district.
In 2006 Ningbo Port started its expansion towards the neighboring island city of Zhoushan to build an even larger port with higher capacity to compete with neighboring ports in the region,such as Shanghai's Yangshan Deep-Water Port. Statistics in 2010 showed that total cargo throughput was 627,000,000 tonnes and container throughput 13,144,000 TEUs. In 2021,total cargo throughput was 1,224,050,000 tonnes,including 31,080,000 TEUs. Ningbo proper saw 623,400,000 tonnes and 29,370,000 TEUs,while Zhoushan saw 600,650,000 tonnes and 1,710 000,TEUs. Thus,with bulk container breakdowns,hugely improved logistics,and massive chemical and foodstuff,processing developments,Ningbo is outcompeting Shanghai for the preeminent Chinese east coast port.[58][59]
Due to its long history and economic prosperity,Ningbo is a city with very rich tourist resources. The following is a list of the main tourist attractions authorized by the Ningbo Municipal Bureau of Culture,Radio,Television and Tourism in each subdivision of Ningbo city.
Haishu District
Prayer hall of Yuehu Mosque
Moon Lake Park (Yuehu Park):A reservoir excavated in the Tang dynasty (636 AD) at the center of Haishu District. The park includes the lake itself,some small islands on the lake,and many ancient Chinese architectures and historical sites,such as:
Tianyi Pavilion (Tianyi Ge or Tianyi Chamber):One of Ningbo's most popular and famous tourist attractions. Built in 1516 AD,it is the oldest library existent in Asia and is one of the 3 oldest private libraries in the world. The collection dates back to the 11th century and includes woodblock and handwritten copies of the Confucian classics,rare local histories,and lists of the candidates successful in imperial examinations. The currently Tianyi Pavilion refers to the whole museum complex that includes:
The historical library-related buildings
The ancient Chinese mansion of the library's first owner,Fan Qing,built during the Ming dynasty (1516 AD)
An ancient private theater of Chinese plays as part of Fan's mansion
A small Mahjong (麻将) museum,since Ningbo is regarded one of the birthplace of Mahjong
The Yuehu Mosque (Moon Lake Mosque):A historical monument built in 1003 AD in the Song dynasty.
Buddhist Jushi Lin:A 700-year-old Buddhist lodge located on the Liutingzhou (an island of the Moon Lake).
Shuize Stele:A stone stele used to measure water level in Pingqiao River near the Moon Lake,built in 1242 AD during the South Song dynasty. A protective pavilion for the stele was built during the Qing dynasty.
He Mijian Ci (贺秘监祠):A cultural relic protection built in honor of the Chinese poet He Zhizhang (賀知章,659 AD –744 AD) during the Tang dynasty who called himself the "Siming Crazy Guest",where "Siming" is the name of a mountain in Ningbo. The building was completed during the Song dynasty (1144 AD) and repaired during the Qing dynasty (1865 AD).
Ancient Korean Embassy:Built during the Northern Song dynasty to welcome the Korean envoys and business groups. Destroyed by war in 1130 AD,the site was announced as a cultural relics protection unit in 1984. It is now a showroom for the history of relations between Ningbo and Korea.
Central Lake Temple,Central Lake East Bridge,Zhenming Ridge,and Xuanmiao Temple:A Ningbo-born novelist Qu You wrote a fiction called Peony Dengji (牡丹灯记,Janpanese:Botan Dōrō also known as 怪談牡丹灯籠Tales of the Peony Lantern) (in the collection of Jiandeng Xinhua). It describes a love story between ghost and a man during Fang Guozhen period. The story took place at the Moon Lake. Japanese scholar Koyama Issei identified many of the locations,including Central Lake Temple,Central Lake East Bridge,Zhenming Ridge,and Xuanmiao temple,that would fit geographically and architecturally of the places mentioned in the story. The story was adapted as one of three Kaidan tales in Japan.
Drum Tower Complex (Haishu Tower):The only remaining ruin of an old city gate tower constructed during the Tang dynasty. At the top,there is a six-meter high Romanesque bell tower added in the Republic period. Around the base of the tower is a commercial area where all the buildings are reconstructed in the traditional style.
Chenghuang Temple (Ningbo County Temple):An ancient temple of the City God at commercial center in downtown Ningbo.
Tianfeng Pagoda:This national cultural relics protection site is a typical Song-style loft-style brick-wood structure tower unique to Jiangnan. This hexagonal building is a landmark and the tallest ancient structure in the city. It appears as a seven-story tower with another seven stories underground,and is renowned for its long history,architectural value,and ancient artifacts. The tower was first built in 695 AD during the Tang dynasty (618–907 AD).
Tianyi Square:Located in the bustling old downtown of Ningbo City with the nationwide famous shopping complex,named after the Tianyi Ge (Chamber),the oldest private library in Asia.
Nantang Old Street:An old commercial street by the river with many folk-custom shops,souvenir stores,and small restaurants. Previously,Nantang Street was a place for local fairs and flea markets. In 2013,the street was renovated to become a tourist site.
Liangzhu Cultural Park:A theme park dedicated to the story of the Butterfly Lovers,one of the four folklores in China. The Butterfly Lovers is reputed as the oriental version of Romeo and Juliet.
Baiyun Manor:An ancient academy where Huang Zongxi (黄宗羲) gave lectures. Huang,whose style name is Taichong,was a distinguished thinker,writer,and historian of the late Ming and early Qing periods.
Ningbo Wulongtan Scenic Scenic Resort:Also called Five-dragon Pools Scenic Resort,it is one of the Ten New Sceneries in Ningbo,and a National AAAA rated scenic area.
Yinzhou District
Ningbo Museum
Ningbo Museum (Yinzhou Museum,or Ningbo Historic Museum):A museum focused on Ningbo area history and traditional customs,considered the masterwork of Wang Shu,the first Chinese citizen to win the Pritzker Architecture Prize in 2012. The Ningbo Museum is also the main filming location for the 2023 TV series adaptation of sci-fi author Liu Cixin's novel of the same name,Three Bodies.
Romon U-Park:One of the largest urban indoor theme parks in the world.
Ningbo Eastern New Town:A newly developed area of Ningbo City,with a well-designed CBD (including two 400m skyscrapers and other headquarters of many listed company and government offices),several museums,galleries,and shopping centers,including:
Ningbo Hankyu Commercial Complex:Opened in 2021,it is the first overseas outlet of Hankyu,the famous Japanese department store.
Ningbo New Library
Yinzhou Park and Ningbo Southern CBD
Dongqian Lake:The largest natural freshwater lake in Zhejiang Province. The earliest historical record of the lake dates back to the West Jin dynasty,and there are several natural sceneries and historical attractions around the lake:
Little Putuo:An island on the lake with several temples built during the Song dynasty by a prime minister called Shihao.
Yuefei Temple:A temple built during the Song dynasty in memory of Yuefei.
Taogong Island:The place where Fanli and Xishi once lived according to folklore.
Southern Song Dynasty Rock Carving Park:won the "National Cultural Relics Conservation Best Project Award" awarded by the China National Architecture Research Association and the China Cultural Relics Conservation Foundation
Fuquan Mountain:a mountain with a Chinese tea theme park
Ningbo Hanling Old Street:an ancient street with a history thousands of years. It was once called Hanling City. The 'city' here means bazaar.
Qita Temple:A Zen Buddhist temple complex first consecrated during the Tang dynasty in the downtown area of Ningbo city.
Tianhou Temple:A former temple of Mazu as the "Empress of Heaven" once used by Fujianese merchants as their guild hall (Qing'an Huiguan). In the 19th century,it was accounted by S. Wells Williams as the most beautiful place in Ningbo and by John Thomson as one of the most beautiful temples in China,but that structure was destroyed during the Chinese Civil War. It has been reconstructed with many of its original works of art,however,to form the East Zhejiang Maritime Affairs and Folk Customs Museum.
Ningbo Ocean World:An aquarium with an ocean theater
Ningbo Youngor Zoo
Ningbo Sakura Park (Zhongxing Sakura Park):A sakura park built to commemorate the friendship city between Ningbo City and Nagaoka City,Japan
Jiangbei District
Confucian Temple of Cicheng
Sanjiangkou:The place where the Yong River,Yaojiang River,and Fenghua River meet,and the heart of old Ningbo city where the borders of 3 urban districts of Ningbo city meet.
Old Bund (Old Waitan):A waterfront area and protected historical district in the center of Ningbo,built earlier than the Bund of Shanghai,with lots of early 19th century architectures,stores and restaurants.
Baoguo Temple:The oldest intact wooden structure in eastern China. It is in the first batch of National Key Cultural Relics Protection Sites in China. Currently,it is the Baoguo Temple Ancient Architecture Museum,and has become a teaching and research base for many top architectural universities.
The Seventeen Houses of Zheng's:The seventeen Houses of Zheng exemplify the classical style of residences during the Ming and Qing dynasties in the south part of Yangtze River Basin.
Ningbo Bang Museum and Culture ParkArchived 2021-01-19 at theWayback Machine :Displays exhibits related to the Ningbo Gang (Ningbo Merchants Group),and the development history of the business gang. It was one of the ten largest commercial groups during the Ming and Qing dynasties,and became the biggest commercial regional group of China in the late Qing dynasty.
The Hangzhou Bay Bridge,a combination cable-stayed bridge and causeway across Hangzhou Bay,opened to the public on 1 May 2008. This bridge connects the municipalities of Shanghai and Ningbo and is considered the longest trans-oceanic bridge in the world.[64][65] It is the world's second-longest bridge,after the Lake Pontchartrain Causeway in Louisiana,United States.
The Jintang Bridge,a four-lane sea crossing bridge linking Jintang Island of Zhoushan and Zhenhai district,is a 27km (17mi) long opened on December 26,2009.
The Xiangshan Harbor Bridge opened to traffic on December 29,2012,connecting Ningbo with Xiangshan. The 47km (29mi) long project includes 22km (14mi) as the main body of the bridge and an 8 kilometer long tunnel.[66]
Sea port
The port of Ningbo is the world's busiest port. It was ranked number 1 in total Cargo Volume (1.22 billion tonnes in 2021[59]) and number 3 in total container traffic (31.1 million TEUs in 2021) since 2019.[67]
Airport
Ningbo Lishe International Airport connects Ningbo by air to the rest of China,with regularly scheduled domestic and international flights.
Railway
Ningbo New Railway Station was reopened in December 2013 after years of on-site restoration to accommodate high speed rails and increasing passengers
With the booming economy in the region,the Xiaoyong Railway,a conventional railway built in the 1950s,could not meet the demand for railway travel between Zhejiang's two largest cities,so construction of a new high-speed railway line between Hangzhou and Ningbo started in 2009. The new railway line was finished in 2013 and reduced travel time between Ningbo and Hangzhou to 50 minutes.
The Ningbo–Taizhou–Wenzhou Railway is a high-speed railway that opened in September 2009. It connects Ningbo with cities along the coast to the south to Fujian Province. High-speed trains on this line operate at speeds of up to 250km/h (160mph).
Ningbo re-opened the Ningbo railway station after three years of construction on 28 December 2013. With a construction area of more than 120,000 m2,[68] it is one of the largest railway stations in China.
Expressway
Seven expressways connect Ningbo with its surrounding cities:
The Hangyong expressway,built in the 1990s,connects Hangzhou and Ningbo,and is now part of Hangzhou Bay ring expressway (G9211).
The Yongtaiwen expressway (G15),opened in 2000,connects Ningbo with Taizhou and Wenzhou.
The Yongjin expressway (G1512) connects Ningbo and Jinhua.
The Huyong expressway (G15) connects Ningbo and Shanghai via the Hangzhou Bay bridge.
Ningbo has multiple metro lines in service,under construction,and under authorized planning:
Ningbo Rail Transit in 6 Urban Districts of Ningbo (Not Including 2 County-level Cities and 2 Counties)
Lines
Length in Kilometers (km)
Number of Stations
In-Service Year
Lines in Service
Line 1
46.17
29
2014
Line 2
33.95
27
2015
Line 3
38.63
27
2019
Line 4
36.11
25
2020
Lines Under Construction
Line 2 Extension
2.9
2
2021
Line 5
27.5
22
2021
Line 3 Extension
9.5
5
2023
Line 4 East Extension
2.5
1
Construction Began in 2021
Constructing Plans That Will be Completed by 2026
Line 1 West Extension
1.5
1
by 2026
Line 4 West Extension
2.5
1
by 2026
Line 6
38.6
24
by 2026
Line 7
38.8
25
by 2026
Line 8
22.6
18
by 2026
Since the Metro lines above mainly serve the six urban districts of Ningbo,the Ningbo government announced several future plans to build further rapid transit to connect the six urban districts with the county-level cities and counties.
Ningbo speech is a dialect of Wu Chinese that has preserved many aspects of ancient Chinese phonology. Its original wording mode can be found in classical reference books. After the unequal treaty port opening,western culture gradually permeated Ningbo. Thus,the prefix "洋 yang",meaning ocean or Western,before the nouns of imported goods is a special language phenomenon of Ningbo dialect.[70]
Food
Ningbo is known for Ningbo Tangyuan,small stuffed buns which are boiled. The stuffing is usually ground sesame mixed with sugar or pork fat. The stuffing is then wrapped with sticky rice powder. Ningbo is even more well known throughout China for its seafood. Seafood markets are abundant,carrying extensive varieties of fish,shellfish,snails,jellyfish and other invertebrates,and sea vegetables in all stages of preparation from "still swimming," to cleaned and ready to cook,to fully cooked.
Education
At the end of 2020,there were 1,896 schools of all levels and types in the city,with a total of 1,418,000 students. Among them,there are 15 colleges and universities in Ningbo with 177,000 full-time students;86 regular high schools with 93,000 students;35 vocational schools with 69,000 students;230 junior high schools with 217,000 students;and 427 primary schools with 517,000 students. There were also 838 full-time private primary and secondary schools (including kindergartens) in the city,with 258,000 students,accounting for 21.7% of the city's full-time primary and secondary school students. In the compulsory education section,there were 288,000 children of migrant workers who went to schools in Ningbo.[71]
Ningbo is one of the top 200 cities in the world by scientific research as tracked by the Nature Index.[16]
In the whole year of 2020,the city attracted 1,372 more workers with doctoral degrees,for a total of 9,265;67,000 highly skilled talents,for a total of 551,000;35 post-doctoral research stations,for a total of 224;and 166,000 graduates,a year-on-year increase of 20.5%. There are 10 offices,totaling 100. Throughout the year,327,000 skilled personnel were trained in the city.
Ningbo has 15 universities and colleges as of May 2021,as well as many research institutions that offer graduate degree programs. The following is a list of current universities and colleges in Ningbo.
List of Universities and Colleges in Ningbo as of May 2021
As of 2020,many famous universities and research institutions have an operating campus or institutes in Ningbo,most of them offering graduate degree programs.
Part of Research Institutions Offering Graduate Programs in Ningbo
English Name
Chinese Name
Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology &Engineering,Chinese Academy of Sciences
中国科学院宁波材料技术与工程研究所
Ningbo Institute of Technology,BeihangUniversity
北京航空航天大学宁波创新研究院
Zhejiang University,Ningbo
浙江大学宁波校区
Harbin Institute of Technology,Ningbo
哈尔滨工业大学宁波智能装备研究院
Dalian University of Technology,Ningbo
大连理工大学宁波研究院
Tianjin University,Ningbo
天津大学浙江研究院
Ningbo Institute of Marine-Derived Pharmaceutical,Peking University
北京大学宁波海洋药物研究院
Northwestern Polytechnical University,Ningbo
西北工业大学宁波研究院
Compared to the other 14 sub-provincial cities in China,Ningbo has the fewest higher-educational institutions.
Secondary and primary education
Compulsory education is from the ages 6 to 15. Students are catered to in a variety of state and private schools. Studying for the Gaokao (高考),a cumulative test taken at the end of high school,is optional.[72] At the end of 2020,there were 86 regular high schools with 93,000 students in Ningbo;35 vocational schools with 69,000 students;230 junior high schools with 21.7 students;and 427 primary schools with 517,000 students. There were also 838 full-time private primary and secondary schools (including kindergartens) in the city,with 258,000 students,accounting for 21.7% of the city's full-time primary and secondary school students. In the compulsory education section,there were 288,000 children of migrant workers who went to schools in Ningbo.[71]
International education
Several schools are permitted to operate foreign educational programs as an alternative to the Chinese National curriculum and to accept international students.
Zhejiang is an eastern coastal province of the People's Republic of China. Its capital and largest city is Hangzhou, and other notable cities include Ningbo and Wenzhou. Zhejiang is bordered by Jiangsu and Shanghai to the north, Anhui to the northwest, Jiangxi to the west and Fujian to the south. To the east is the East China Sea, beyond which lies the Ryukyu Islands. The population of Zhejiang stands at 64.6 million, the 8th largest in China. It has been called "the backbone of China" because it is a major driving force in the Chinese economy and being the birthplace of several notable people, including the Chinese Nationalist leader Chiang Kai-shek and entrepreneur Jack Ma. Zhejiang consists of 90 counties.
Hangzhou is the capital of Zhejiang, China. It is located in the northeastern part of the province, sitting at the head of Hangzhou Bay, which separates Shanghai and Ningbo.
Yuyao is a county-level city in the northeast of Zhejiang province, China. It is under the jurisdiction of the sub-provincial city of Ningbo.
Zhoushan is an urbanized archipelago with the administrative status of a prefecture-level city in the eastern Chinese province of Zhejiang. It consists of an archipelago of islands at the southern mouth of Hangzhou Bay off the mainland city of Ningbo. The prefecture's city proper is Dinghai on Zhoushan Island, now administered as the prefecture's Dinghai District. During the 2020 census, Zhoushan Prefecture's population was 1,157,817, out of whom 882,932 lived in the built-up area made of two urban districts of Dinghai and Putuo.
is a district of Ningbo in Zhejiang province, China. It is dominated by Beilun port, an international port of the easternmost edge of the southern coast of Hangzhou Bay. It primarily services the regional city of Ningbo. Beilun district has 380,000 permanent residents and 850,000 residents. Beilun district has a land area of 615 square kilometers, a sea area of 258 square kilometers and a coastline of 150 kilometers. It is the largest sea area and the longest coastline area within the jurisdiction of Ningbo city.
The Yangtze Delta or Yangtze River Delta, once known as the Shanghai Economic Zone, is a megalopolis generally comprising the Wu-speaking areas of Shanghai, southern Jiangsu, northern Zhejiang, southern Anhui. The area lies in the heart of the Jiangnan region, where the Yangtze drains into the East China Sea. Historically the fertile delta fed much of China’s population, and cities and commerce flourished. Today, it is one of China’s most important metropolitan area and is home to China’s financial center, tourist destination and hub for manufacture ranging from textile to car-making. In 2021, the Yangtze Delta had a GDP of approximately US$4.3 trillion, about the same size as Japan.
Yinzhou is a district of the major city of Ningbo, Zhejiang province, China.
Hangzhou Bay is a funnel-shaped inlet of the East China Sea, bordered by the province of Zhejiang and the municipality of Shanghai, which lies north of the Bay. The Bay extends from the East China Sea to its head at the city of Hangzhou, from which its name is derived.
Cixi, alternately romanized as Tzeki, is a county-level city under the jurisdiction of the sub-provincial city of Ningbo, in the north of Zhejiang province, China. As of the 2020 census, its population was 1,829,488. Its urban agglomeration built-up area, largely contiguous with Cixi plus the county-level city of Yuyao, had 3,083,520 inhabitants.
The Port of Ningbo-Zhoushan is the busiest port in the world in terms of cargo tonnage. It handled 888.96 million tons of cargo in 2015. The port is located in Ningbo and Zhoushan, on the coast of the East China Sea, in Zhejiang province on the southeast end of Hangzhou Bay, across which it faces the municipality of Shanghai.
Ninghai County is a county under the administration of Ningbo, in the east of Zhejiang province, People's Republic of China. It covers a land area of 1,712.50 km2 (661.20 sq mi) and a sea area 213.35 km2 (82.37 sq mi) of and has a 173.86 km (108.03 mi) coastline. It has four sub-districts, 11 towns, three townships and a population of 682,000.
Hangchow University, also spelled as Zhijiang University and formerly known as Hangchow Christian College, Hangchow College, and Hangchow Presbyterian College, is a defunct Protestant missionary university in China, which is one of the predecessors of Zhejiang University. Founded as the Ningpo Boys' Boarding School by Divie Bethune McCartee and colleagues of Northern Presbyterian Church in Ningbo in 1845, the university was one of the oldest missionary schools in China before it was shut down in 1952. The university was merged into Zhejiang University and other universities in China. Its campus was taken over by Zhejiang University as its Zhijiang Campus in 1961, which became a major nationally protected historic site in 2006.
Ningbo Rail Transit, also known as the Ningbo Metro, is a rapid transit system serving the city of Ningbo, Zhejiang and its suburbs. Six metro lines are being built inside the urban area of Ningbo, serving Haishu, Jiangbei, Zhenhai, Beilun and Yinzhou. The first phase of Line 1 started construction in June 2009 and began to service the public on May 30, 2014. Line 2 began service on September 26, 2015.
Hangzhou Bay New Zone or Hangzhou Bay New Area is a development area in Cixi, Ningbo, Zhejiang province, China.
The Xiaoshan–Ningbo railway or Xiaoyong railway, is a double-track railroad in eastern China between Hangzhou and Ningbo in Zhejiang Province. Its name in Chinese, the Xiaoyong Line, is named after the railway's two terminal stations, Hangzhou South in Xiaoshan District of Hangzhou on the southern bank of Qiantang River, and Ningbo, whose Chinese character abbreviation is yong. The line is 147.3 km (92 mi) long and was originally built in three parts in 1912, 1914 and 1936; rebuilt in 1959, then electrified in 2009. Cities along route include Xiaoshan District of Hangzhou, Shaoxing, Shangyu, Yuyao and Ningbo, all in Zhejiang Province. The Hangzhou–Ningbo high-speed railway runs parallel to the line. The section between Ningbo and Zhuangqiao railway station is proposed to be quadruple-tracked.
Wang Shu is a Chinese architect based in Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province. He is the dean of the School of Architecture of the China Academy of Art. With his practice partner and wife Lu Wenyu, he founded the firm Amateur Architecture Studio. In 2012, Wang became the first Chinese citizen to win the Pritzker Prize, the world's top prize in architecture. The award was the subject of some controversy since the Pritzker committee did not also award Lu Wenyu, his wife and architectural partner, despite their years of collaboration.
The Old Bund, originally known as the North Riverbank, is a waterfront area in Jiangbei District, Ningbo.
The Eastern Zhejiang or Zhedong Canal, also known as the Hangzhou–Ningbo or Hangyong Canal, is a major canal connecting Hangzhou, Shaoxing, and Ningbo in northern Zhejiang, China. It runs 239 kilometres (149 mi), connecting the Qiantang, Cao'e, and Yong watersheds with Hangzhou's terminus for the Grand Canal and Ningbo's ports on the East China Sea. Since 2013, it has been officially considered the southernmost section of the Grand Canal itself.
Zhou Jiangyong is a former Chinese politician and member of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). He was investigated by China's top anti-graft agency in August 2021. Previously he served as CCP secretary of Hangzhou. He is the first ministerial-level official caught in Zhejiang since the 19th CCP National Congress in 2017.
References
↑ 2022年宁波市人口主要数据公报[Ningbo Population Key Data Bulletin 2022]. tjj.ningbo.gov.cn. Archived from the original on 4 March 2023. Retrieved 5 March 2023.
↑ 2022年宁波市国民经济和社会发展统计公报[Statistical Communiqué of Ningbo on the 2022 National Economic and Social Development]. tjj.ningbo.gov.cn (in Chinese). Ningbo Bureau of Statistics. 28 February 2022. Archived from the original on 30 October 2019. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
↑ 2022年宁波市国民经济和社会发展统计公报[Statistical Communiqué of Ningbo on the 2022 National Economic and Social Development]. tjj.ningbo.gov.cn (in Chinese). Ningbo Bureau of Statistics. 28 February 2022. Archived from the original on 30 October 2019. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
↑ Greville Stewart Parker Freeman-Grenville; Stuart C. Munro-Hay (2006). Islam: an illustrated history (illustrated, reviseded.). Continuum International Publishing Group. p.228. ISBN0-8264-1837-6. Archived from the original on 27 May 2013. Retrieved 17 July 2011.
↑ Xu Xin, The Jews of Kaifeng, Ktav Publishing House c 2003
1 2 João de Barros, Décadas da Ásia; 1st Decade, Book IX, Chapter VII. Lisbon, 1552 (e.g., pp. 336–337, in the 1988 reprint)
↑ João de Barros, Décadas da Ásia, 3rd Decade, Book II, Chapter VII. Lisbon, 1563 (folio 44 in the original edition and the 1992 facsimile reprint)
↑ Sergeĭ Leonidovich Tikhvinskiĭ (1983). Modern history of China. Progress Publishers. p.57. Thereafter they made the factory near Ningbo their chief trading outlet. In the late 1540s, there were more than 3,000 people there, some 1,200 of them Portuguese. From this base, the latter raided neighboring coastal cities, pillaging and taking people into slavery. The Chinese authorities responded with armed expeditions against them and, finally, the Portuguese had to abandon the factory
↑ appleton's new practical cyclopedia. 1910. p.432.
↑ Marcus Benjamin; Arthur Elmore Bostwick; Gerald Van Casteel; George Jotham Hagar, eds. (1910). Appleton's new practical cyclopedia: a new work of reference based upon the best authorities, and systematically arranged for use in home and school. Vol.4 of Appleton's New Practical Cyclopedia. D. Appleton and company. p.432.
↑ Presbyterian Church in the U.S.A. (1867). The Home and foreign record of the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America, Volume 18. Presbyterian Board of Publication. p.140.
↑ Alexander Wylie (1867). Memorials of Protestant missionaries to the Chinese: giving a list of their publications, and obituary notices of the deceased. With copious indexes. American Presbyterian Mission Press. p.247.
↑ Liehui WANG "The evolution of China's international maritime network based on the "21st Century Maritime Silk Road"" In: Acta Geographica Sinica›› 2017, Vol. 72›› Issue (12): 2265–2280
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