Barkam 马尔康市 · འབར་ཁམས་གྲོང་ཁྱེར། · Muerkvua shi Ma'erkang | |
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![]() Overview of the city of Barkam | |
![]() Barkam City (red) in Ngawa Prefecture (yellow) and Sichuan | |
Coordinates(Barkam municipal government): 31°54′21″N102°12′23″E / 31.9057°N 102.2065°E | |
Country | China |
Province | Sichuan |
Autonomous prefecture | Ngawa |
Seat | Barkam Town |
Area | |
• Total | 6,639 km2 (2,563 sq mi) |
Elevation | 2,615 m (8,579 ft) |
Population (2020) [1] | |
• Total | 58,390 |
• Density | 8.8/km2 (23/sq mi) |
Postal code | 624000 |
Area code | 0837 |
Website | www |
Barkam | |||||||
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Chinese name | |||||||
Simplified Chinese | 马尔康 | ||||||
Traditional Chinese | 馬爾康 | ||||||
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Tibetan name | |||||||
Tibetan | འབར་ཁམས། | ||||||
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Qiang name | |||||||
Qiang | Muerkvua |
Barkam or Markang or Muerkvua is a county-level city in Ngawa Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture,in the northwest of Sichuan province,China. The city seat is the town of Barkam. [2] [3] As of the 2010 Chinese Census,Barkam has a population of 58,437. [2]
Barkam comes from the Tibetan "place of strong fire" and,by extension,"place of prosperity". [2]
Historically,Barkam belonged to the Somang Tusi (Chinese :梭磨土司; pinyin :SuōmóTǔsī),one of the Gyalrong Tusi. [2] The area was administered as three units:Zhuokeji (Chinese :卓克基; pinyin :Zhuōkèjī),Zonggag (Chinese :松岗; pinyin :Sōnggǎng),and Tamba (Chinese :党坝; pinyin :Dǎngbà). [2]
During the Qin dynasty,the area belonged to Jiandi Dao. [4] It belonged to Wenshan Commandery during the Han dynasty. [4] During the Tang and Song dynasties,the area was part of the Jimi system. [4] The area was governed by the Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs during the Yuan dynasty. [4] During the reign of the Yongle Emperor during the Ming dynasty,the area belonged to the Zagu Tusi . [4] During the reign of the Qianlong Emperor of the Qing dynasty,the area was brought under the control of the Lifan Ting . [4] Under the subsequent Jiaqing Emperor,the area was reorganized as the Zagu Ting . [4]
During the Republic of China,the area was organized as Lifan County (Chinese :理番县; pinyin :Lǐfān Xiàn). [4]
In December 1950,officials from nearby Mao County embarked on a mission to establish temporary governing committees in the area of present-day Barkam. [4] The People's Republic of China established control of the area in August 1951. [4] In September 1951,the area was incorporated as the Situ Aba Provisional Military Government Committee (Chinese :四土阿坝临时军政委员会; pinyin :SìtǔĀbàLínshíJūnzhèng Wěiyuánhuì). [2] [4] In April 1953,Barkam was organized as the Barkam Office (Chinese :马尔康办事处; pinyin :Mǎ'ěrkāng Bànshìchù). [2] [4] Barkam was reorganized as a county on April 21,1956. [4]
In 1957,the areas of Sizhai (Chinese :四寨),Rangkou (Chinese :壤口),and Longri (Chinese :龙日) were moved from Barkam County to nearby Hongyuan County. [2]
In November 2015,the State Council agreed to reorganize Barkam as a county-level city. [2] [4]
On December 18,2019,the Department of Civil Affairs of Sichuan Province approved the merger of the now-defunct town of Zhuokeji into the town of Barkam. [5]
Barkam is located within the southwest portion of Ngawa Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture,in northwest Sichuan. [3] The city is located on the southern edge of the Northwest Sichuan Plateau . [3] Major rivers that flow through Barkam include the Somang River ,the Chabao River (Chinese :茶堡河; pinyin :Chábǎo Hé),and the Gyomgyo River . [3] Barkam's canyons are densely forested,with major tree genus's including fir,spruce,larch,birch,and oak. [6] Quercus semecarpifolia ,a species of oak tree,is present in Barkam. [6]
The forests in the mountains are home to various protected animals such as leopards,Thorold's deer,sika deer,takin,and various birds. [6]
Due to its elevation,Barkam lies in the transition between a subtropical highland climate (Köppen Cwb) and humid continental climate (Köppen Dwb),with strong monsoonal influences;winters are frosty and summers warm with frequent rain. The monthly 24-hour average temperature ranges from −0.5 °C (31.1 °F) in December and January to 16.4 °C (61.5 °F) in July,while the annual mean is 8.75 °C (47.7 °F). Nearly two-thirds of the annual precipitation of 784 mm (30.9 in) occurs from June to September. With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 36% in June to 65% in December,the town receives 2,133 hours of bright sunshine annually. Diurnal temperature variation is large,averaging 16.0 °C (28.8 °F) annually.
Climate data for Barkam,elevation 2,664 m (8,740 ft),(1991–2020 normals,extremes 1971–2010) | |||||||||||||
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Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 22.1 (71.8) | 24.8 (76.6) | 26.8 (80.2) | 31.3 (88.3) | 34.7 (94.5) | 35.7 (96.3) | 35.5 (95.9) | 36.3 (97.3) | 32.4 (90.3) | 30.6 (87.1) | 23.3 (73.9) | 19.3 (66.7) | 36.3 (97.3) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 11.1 (52.0) | 14.4 (57.9) | 17.0 (62.6) | 19.9 (67.8) | 22.5 (72.5) | 23.9 (75.0) | 25.6 (78.1) | 25.8 (78.4) | 23.1 (73.6) | 18.8 (65.8) | 15.3 (59.5) | 11.0 (51.8) | 19.0 (66.2) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | −0.2 (31.6) | 3.4 (38.1) | 6.8 (44.2) | 10.1 (50.2) | 12.9 (55.2) | 15.1 (59.2) | 16.6 (61.9) | 16.3 (61.3) | 13.7 (56.7) | 9.2 (48.6) | 4.1 (39.4) | −0.2 (31.6) | 9.0 (48.2) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −7.3 (18.9) | −4.0 (24.8) | −0.3 (31.5) | 3.2 (37.8) | 6.6 (43.9) | 10.0 (50.0) | 11.3 (52.3) | 10.9 (51.6) | 8.8 (47.8) | 4.1 (39.4) | −2.3 (27.9) | −6.8 (19.8) | 2.9 (37.1) |
Record low °C (°F) | −16.0 (3.2) | −13.6 (7.5) | −12.6 (9.3) | −6.2 (20.8) | −2.2 (28.0) | 0.1 (32.2) | 2.2 (36.0) | 1.5 (34.7) | −0.6 (30.9) | −5.7 (21.7) | −10.7 (12.7) | −16.6 (2.1) | −16.6 (2.1) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 3.3 (0.13) | 7.8 (0.31) | 27.4 (1.08) | 57.4 (2.26) | 115.6 (4.55) | 164.4 (6.47) | 130.0 (5.12) | 105.2 (4.14) | 122.2 (4.81) | 78.1 (3.07) | 11.5 (0.45) | 3.1 (0.12) | 826 (32.51) |
Average precipitation days (≥0.1 mm) | 2.5 | 5.6 | 10.5 | 14.9 | 20.5 | 22.7 | 19.6 | 17.7 | 18.9 | 16.3 | 5.4 | 2.2 | 156.8 |
Average snowy days | 4.1 | 6.8 | 6.4 | 1.9 | 0.6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.9 | 2.9 | 3.3 | 26.9 |
Average relative humidity (%) | 45 | 44 | 50 | 56 | 65 | 74 | 75 | 74 | 77 | 74 | 59 | 50 | 62 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 196.8 | 175.6 | 184.1 | 185.1 | 181.6 | 147.5 | 167.8 | 173.6 | 155.9 | 156.0 | 186.7 | 200.7 | 2,111.4 |
Percentage possible sunshine | 61 | 56 | 49 | 47 | 42 | 35 | 39 | 43 | 43 | 45 | 60 | 64 | 49 |
Source 1:China Meteorological Administration [7] [8] | |||||||||||||
Source 2:Weather China [9] |
Barkam administers the following three towns and 10 townships: [10]
Name | Simplified Chinese | Pinyin | Tibetan [11] [ better source needed ] | Wylie [11] [ better source needed ] | Qiang [11] [ better source needed ] | Population (2010 Chinese Census) [2] | Administrative division code | |
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Towns | ||||||||
Barkam (Mar'erkang) | 马尔康镇 | Mǎ'ěrkāng Zhèn | འབར་ཁམས་གྲོང་རྡལ། | ʼbar khams grong rdal | Bbadh kangw seqea | 30,547 | 513201100 | |
Zonggag (Songgang) | 松岗镇 | Sōnggǎng Zhèn | རྫོང་འགག་གྲོང་རྡལ། | rdzong ʼgag grong rdal | 2,104 | 513201102 | ||
Sarzong (Sha'erzong) | 沙尔宗镇 | Shā'ěrzōng Zhèn | གསར་རྫོང་གྲོང་རྡལ། | gsar rdzong grong rdal | 2,126 | 513201103 | ||
Townships | ||||||||
Somang Township (Suomo) | 梭磨乡 | SuōmóXiāng | སོ་མང་ཡུལ་ཚོ། | so mang yul tsho | 2,795 | 513201200 | ||
Chagpar Township (Baiwan) | 白湾乡 | Báiwān Xiāng | བྲག་བར་ཡུལ་ཚོ། | brag bar yul tsho | 2,990 | 513201201 | ||
Tamba Township (Dangba) | 党坝乡 | DǎngbàXiāng | དམ་པ་ཡུལ་ཚོ། | dam pa yul tsho | 2,698 | 513201202 | ||
Zhongzong Township (Mu'erzong) | 木尔宗乡 | DǎngbàXiāng | འབྲོང་རྫོང་ཡུལ་ཚོ། | ʼbrong rdzong yul tsho | 1,359 | 513201203 | ||
Gyomgyo Township (Jiaomuzu,Jomzhu) | 脚木足乡 | JiǎomùzúXiāng | ཀྱོམ་ཀྱོ་ཡུལ་ཚོ། | kyom kyo yul tsho | 3,302 | 513201204 | ||
Donggyai Township (Long'erjia) | 龙尔甲乡 | Lóng'ěrjiǎXiāng | གདོང་བརྒྱད་ཡུལ་ཚོ། | gdong brgyad yul tsho | 1,527 | 513201206 | ||
Tacang Township (Dazang) | 大藏乡 | Dàzàng Xiāng | ད་ཚང་ཡུལ་ཚོ། | da tshang yul tsho | 1,067 | 513201207 | ||
Kangsar Township (Kangshan) | 康山乡 | Kāngshān Xiāng | ཁང་སར་ཡུལ་ཚོ། | khang sar yul tsho | 1,599 | 513201208 | ||
Codün Township (Caodeng) | 草登乡 | Cǎodēng Xiāng | ཚོ་བདུན་ཡུལ་ཚོ། | tsho bdun yul tsho | 2,953 | 513201209 | ||
Zongbur Township (Ribu) | 日部乡 | RìbùXiāng | རྫོང་འབུར་ཡུལ་ཚོ། | rdzong ʼbur yul tsho | 3,370 | 513201210 | ||
As of the 2010 Chinese Census,Barkam has a population of 58,437. [2] This represents an increase from the 55,046 recorded in the 2000 Chinese Census. [2] Barkam had a population of 54,735 in 1999. [12] In 1996,Barkam had an estimated population of 54,000. [2]
As of 2016 government figures,77.41% of Barkam is classified as ethnically Tibetan,while 18.09% is ethnically Han Chinese,2.97% is ethnically Qiang,1.20% is ethnically Hui,and the remaining 0.34% belong to other ethnic groups. [13]
The area is traditionally inhabited by a branch of Rgyalrong people who speak the Situ language. [14] Chagpar Township hosts a unique dialect of Situ. [15]
As of 2021,Barkam has a gross domestic product (GDP) of about 4.6 billion renminbi (RMB). [16] This represents an approximate 70% increase from 2016. [16] GDP per capita as of 2021 was approximately 78,000 RMB,also a 70% increase from 2016. [16]
Barkam is home to over 1,300 ingredients used in traditional Chinese medicine,including many derived from local deer,bears,cattle,fungus,and lilies. [6]
Major historical sites in Barkam include: