Larch

For other uses, see Larch (disambiguation).

Larch
Larix decidua in Aletschwald, Switzerland
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Gymnospermae
Division:	Pinophyta
Class:	Pinopsida
Order:	Pinales
Family:	Pinaceae
Subfamily:	Laricoideae
Genus:	Larix Mill.
Type species
Larix decidua Mill.
Species
About 10–14; see text

Larches are deciduous conifers in the genus Larix, of the family Pinaceae. Growing to as much as 60 m (195 ft) tall, they are native to the cooler regions of the Northern Hemisphere. They grow in lowland forests in the far north, and high in mountains further south. Larches are among the dominant plants in the boreal forests of Siberia and Canada, making them the most abundant genus of trees on earth. Larch wood is tough and relatively durable. The wood is used in boatbuilding, cladding, decking, garden furniture, fencing, and construction. Products extracted from larch include arabinogalactan, rosin, turpentine, and an essential oil.

Etymology

The English name larch was recorded in 1548 by the botanist William Turner. It derives from the German Lärche, in turn from the Middle High German larche, which is conjectured to derive from an unrecorded Old High German name for the tree, *larihha. That derives from the Latin name of the tree, Larix. ^[1] The Latin name probably was loaned from a Gaulish language spoken in the Alps. ^[1]

Description

• 
  Larch botanical illustration labelled

Habit and foliage

The tallest species, Larix occidentalis , can reach 50 to 60 m (165 to 195 ft). Larch tree crowns are sparse, with the major branches horizontal and in whorls; the second and third order branchlets are roughly horizontal in some species, pendulous in others. Larch shoots are dimorphic, with needle-like leaves borne singly on long shoots with several buds, and in dense clusters of 20–50 needles on short shoots with only a single bud. ^{[2] : 47} Larch wood is resinous. The bark of young trees is smooth; that of older trees is thick and scaly. Larches are among the few deciduous conifers, which are usually evergreen. ^[3]

• 
  Larix occidentalis can reach 60 m (195 ft) in height. Oregon
• 
  Larch shoots (here Larix decidua ) are dimorphic, with long shoots with widely spaced needles, and short shoots with dense clusters of leaves.
• 
  Larches, like this
  Larix laricina in Vermont, are deciduous, dropping their leaves in autumn.

Cones

The male (pollen) cones are small, on the ends of shoots that die after pollination. ^[3] The female (seed) cones are small, typically erect, and take 4–7 months to reach maturity after pollination. ^[3] The seed scales spread apart when mature, allowing the winged seeds, two per scale, to fall out. ^[3] The leaflike bract scales can be either long and visible (exserted) or short and hidden between the seed scales. ^[3]

• 
  Male (above) and female (below right) cones of Larix kaempferi emerging in spring, Japan
• 
  Larix decidua male cones, Scotland
• 
  Larix decidua female cones
• 
  Larix lyallii autumn foliage and cone, Washington state
• 
  Larix griffithii foliage and cone, Sikkim

The chromosome number is 2n = 24, similar to that of most of the other species of the family Pinaceae.

Distribution

The genus Larix is present in all the temperate-cold zones of the Northern Hemisphere, from North America to northern Siberia passing through Europe, mountainous China and Japan. The larches are important forest trees of Russia, Central Europe, the United States and Canada. They require a cool and fairly humid climate, and for this reason, they are found in the mountains of the temperate zones, while in the northernmost boreal zones, they are also found in the plains. Larch trees go further north than all, reaching in North America and Siberia the tundra and polar ice. ^[4] The larch species Larix gmelinii is the world's most northerly-growing tree, at 75° north in the Taymyr Peninsula. ^[5]

• 
  Worldwide distribution of genus Larix. ^[6]
  Positions are diagrammatic.

The larches are pioneer species not very demanding of the soil and they are very long-lived trees. They live in pure or mixed forests together with other conifers or more rarely with broad-leaved trees. In 1965, larch constituted 40.2% of the forests of the Soviet Union and had a cumulative volume of 28,450 million m³, (28.45 cubic kilometres, or 6.8 cubic miles) of solid wood; by a wide margin, the most abundant genus of trees on earth. ^[4]

• 
  Larix sibirica in Khanty-Mansiya, Russia
• 
  Larix lyallii forest in Washington state

Evolution

External phylogeny

The genus Larix belongs to the subfamily Laricoideae, which includes the Douglas firs, genus Pseudotsuga . The genus Cathaya was included in some older studies, ^[7] but based on transcriptome analysis, is now considered closer to Pinus and Picea . ^{[8] [9]} The split of Larix from Pseudotsuga occurred about 45 million years ago. ^[6]

Pinaceae	Abietoideae (firs, cedars, hemlocks) Pinoideae Lariceae Pseudotsuga (Douglas firs) Larix (larches) Pineae Cathaya (1 sp.) Picea (spruces) Pinus (pines)

Taxonomy and internal phylogeny

Larix griffithii in Bhutan, a species with long bracts. This attribute had been thought to define a group within the genus.

The genus Larix was described by the English botanist Philip Miller in 1754. ^{[11] [12]} In the 20th century, cone bract length was used to divide the larches into two sections (sect. Larix with short bracts, and sect. Multiserialis with long bracts), but genetic evidence does not support this division, indicating instead that the cone and bract size are merely adaptations to climatic conditions. ^{[13] [9] [14]}

Late 20th century and early 21st century genetic studies proposed three groups within the genus, with a primary division into North American and Eurasian species, and a secondary division of the Eurasian into northern short-bracted species and southern long-bracted species; ^{[10] [15] [16] [17]} there was dispute over the position of Larix sibirica, a short-bracted species which is placed in the short-bracted group by some of the studies and the long-bracted group by others. ^[6] Ten species and one natural hybrid of larch are accepted by Plants of the World Online (POWO), ^[18] following the conservative treatment in Farjon (2010); ^[7] several others are accepted by the Flora of China. ^[19]

However, a 2025 study by Qiu and colleagues cast doubt on the species circumscriptions accepted by Farjon and the POWO; ^[6] it showed that Larix himalaica is close to L. griffithii as geographic parsimony would predict (and not to L. potaninii as Farjon believed), and that L. speciosa is distinct and should be treated as a separate species. Conversely, they found that L. mastersiana was embedded within L. potaninii and may be best synonymised with it. Their results showed that the division between Old World and New World species as suggested by earlier studies is not correct, but rather, the primary divide is between the high-latitude circumboreal species, and the low latitude Sino-Himalayan species group, as shown in the cladogram. ^[6]

Larix

Circumboreal North America L. occidentalis Nuttall – Western larch. NW United States, SW Canada L. laricina (Du Roi) Koch – Tamarack or American larch. Alaska, Canada, NE United States L. lyallii Parlatore – Subalpine larch. Mountains of NW United States, SW Canada, at very high altitude Northern Eurasia L. decidua Miller – European larch. Mountains of central Europe L. sibirica Ledeb. – Siberian larch. Plains of W Siberia L. kaempferi (Lamb.) Carrière – Japanese larch. Mountains of central Japan L. gmelinii (Rupr.) Kuzen. – Dahurian larch. Plains of central and E Siberia Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Hengduan Mountains L. griffithii var speciosaHooker – Yunnan larch L. potaninii vars chinensis, macrocarpa, potaniniiBatalin inc. L. mastersiana – (Chinese larch) Eastern Himalayas L. potaninii var himalaica Batalin – Langtang larch L. griffithii var griffithiiHooker – Sikkim larch

Hybrids

Larix × marschlinsii, the Dunkeld larch, a commercially important hybrid

Most larches can be hybridised in cultivation; ^[20] these hybrids are not discussed by POWO as they are not of natural occurrence. Larix × marschlinsii Coaz (syn. L. × eurolepis), the Dunkeld larch, a hybrid of L. decidua × L. kaempferi, is by far the best known: it is of major importance in forestry in northern Europe. It arose more or less simultaneously in Switzerland and Scotland in 1901–1904. ^[21] Other named hybrids include Larix × pendula(Sol.) Salisb. (L. decidua × L. laricina), ^[22] and Larix × eurokurilensisRohm. (L. decidua × L. gmelinii). ^[20]

Ecology

Species interactions

Larches are associated with some mycorrhizal fungal species, including species which primarily or only associate with larch. One of the most prominent of these is the larch bolete Suillus grevillei . ^[23] Larch is used as a food plant by the larvae of moths such as the larch pug, Eupithecia lariciata . ^[24] The large larch bark beetle, Ips cembrae , can be harmful to already-weakened larch trees, but is in general a less serious threat than a related species, the spruce bark beetle Ips typographus , is to spruces. ^[25]

• 
  The larch bolete Suillus grevillei , a mycorrhizal mushroom, always grows under larches. ^[26]
• 
  Adult large larch bark beetle, Ips cembrae
• 
  Galleries of Ips cembrae under the bark

Diseases

Larches are prone to the fungal canker disease Lachnellula spp. (larch canker); this is a problem when late spring frosts cause minor injuries to the tree, allowing entry to the fungal spores. In Canada, this disease was first detected in 1980; it kills Larix laricina of any age. ^[27] Larches are vulnerable to Phytophthora ramorum . In 2013 the disease appeared in the Afan Forest Park in south Wales. ^[28] Laricifomes officinalis is another mushroom found in Europe, North America and northern Asia that causes internal wood rot. It is almost exclusive to the genus Larix. Other diseases are caused by mushrooms, fungal rusts, and bacteria. ^[29]

Uses

Larch timber has many uses, including boatbuilding, exterior cladding, and interior panelling. Outdoor uses include fencing, gates, decking, garden furniture, and playground equipment. Since the heartwood is strong, durable, and available in large sizes, it is used for structures such as agricultural buildings. The Savill Building in Windsor Great Park has a timber roof shell made of many relatively thin laths, interlocking to provide strength. The wood is used, too, as fuel in industrial biomass energy plants. The bark used as a mulch in horticulture. Arabinogalactan, used in animal feed, cosmetics, and medicines, is extracted from heartwood. Larch trees can be tapped for liquid to be distilled into Venice turpentine. The tree yields rosin for violin bows and an essential oil used in aromatherapy. ^[30] European Standard EN 350-2 lists larch as slightly to moderately durable. ^[31] Dunkeld larch is widely grown as its timber is durable and strong, and the tree tolerates poor weather better than non-hybrid larches. ^[32]

• 
  Larch wood in use to restore the Concordia mill, Netherlands
• 
  The roof shell of the Savill Building is made of interlocking larch laths. ^[30]

In culture

The Roman architect Vitruvius conjectured in his De architectura that the Latin name for timber from the tree, larigna, came from the town of Larignum, where Julius Caesar, besieging the town, supposedly discovered the larch. ^[33] More recently, the Monty Python comedy troupe filmed a sketch with three schoolboys shown slides of the larch and asked which trees they were able to identify. ^[34]

• 
  Larch, from The Park and the Forest, James Duffield Harding, 1841
• 
  Larch tree pencil drawing,
  James Ward, before 1859
• 
  Larch sapling,
  Franz Marc, 1908
• 
  Larch in first snow,
  Peter Robert Berry, 1914
• 
  Larch by forest lake,
  Lovis Corinth, 1923
• 
  Walchensee with fountain,
  Lovis Corinth, 1923
• 
  Russian 15 rouble stamp, 2013,
  Larix cajanderi

References

1. "larch (n.)". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 12 September 2025.
2. Stace, C. A. (2010). New Flora of the British Isles (Third ed.). Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press. ISBN   978-0-521-70772-5.
3. "Larix Mill". International Dendrology Society. Retrieved 12 September 2025.
4. Tsepliaev, Vasilii P. (1965). The Forests of the U.S.S.R. Jerusalem: Israel Program for Scientific Translations. p. 289 (Table 86).
5. Farjon, Aljos (1999). "Introduction to the Conifers". Curtis's Botanical Magazine . 16 (3): 158–172. JSTOR   45065379.
6. Qiu, Xiu-Fei; Liu, Yan-Yan; Wu, Ge; Xu, Cong-Hui; Liu, Xin-Quan; Xiang, Xiao-Yan; Wei, Xiao-Xin; Wang, Xiao-Quan (2025). "Phylogenomic analyses shed new light on the spatiotemporal evolution of global larches: Implications for the dynamics of boreal forests" . Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 202 108240. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2024.108240 . Retrieved 5 June 2025.
7. Farjon, Aljos (27 April 2010). A Handbook of the World's Conifers (2 Vols.). Leiden: BRILL. ISBN   978-90-04-17718-5.
8. Yang, Yong; Ferguson, David Kay; Liu, Bing; Mao, Kang-Shan; Gao, Lian-Ming; Zhang, Shou-Zhou; Wan, Tao; Rushforth, Keith; Zhang, Zhi-Xiang (2022). "Recent advances on phylogenomics of gymnosperms and a new classification". Plant Diversity. 44 (4): 340–350. Bibcode:2022PlDiv..44..340Y. doi: 10.1016/j.pld.2022.05.003 . PMC   9363647 . PMID   35967253.
9. Stull, Gregory W.; Qu, Xiao-Jian; Parins-Fukuchi, Caroline; Yang, Ying-Ying; Yang, Jun-Bo; et al. (19 July 2021). "Gene duplications and phylogenomic conflict underlie major pulses of phenotypic evolution in gymnosperms" . Nature Plants. 7 (8): 1015–1025. Bibcode:2021NatPl...7.1015S. doi:10.1038/s41477-021-00964-4. PMID   34282286. S2CID   236141481.
10. Semerikov, Vladimir L.; Lascoux, Martin (1999). "Genetic relationship among Eurasian and American Larix species based on allozymes". Heredity. 83: 62–70. doi: 10.1038/sj.hdy.6885310 . PMID   10447704. S2CID   22249365.
11. "Larix Genus (larch)". American Conifer Society . Retrieved 12 September 2025.
12. Miller, Philip (1754). The Gardeners Dictionary (4th ed.). London: Philip Miller.
13. Gernandt, D. S.; Liston, A. (1999). "Internal transcribed spacer region evolution in Larix and Pseudotsuga (Pinaceae)". American Journal of Botany . 86 (5). Botanical Society of America: 711–723. doi: 10.2307/2656581 . JSTOR   2656581. PMID   10330075.
14. Stull, Gregory W.; et al. (2021). "main.dated.supermatrix.tree.T9.tre". Figshare. doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.14547354.v1.
15. Wei, X.-X.; Wang, X.-Q. (2003). "Phylogenetic split of Larix: evidence from paternally inherited cpDNA trnT-trnF region". Plant Systematics and Evolution. 239 (1–2): 67–77. Bibcode:2003PSyEv.239...67W. doi:10.1007/s00606-002-0264-3. S2CID   39213284.
16. Wei, X.-X.; Wang, X.-Q. (2004). "Recolonization and radiation in Larix (Pinaceae): evidence from nuclear ribosomal DNA paralogues". Molecular Ecology. 13 (10): 3115–3123. Bibcode:2004MolEc..13.3115W. doi:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2004.02299.x. PMID   15367124. S2CID   11329782.
17. Gros-Louis, Marie-Claude; Bousquet, Jean; Pâques, Luc E.; Isabel, Nathalie (2005). "Species-diagnostic markers in Larix spp. based on RAPDs and nuclear, cpDNA, and mtDNA gene sequences, and their phylogenetic implications". Tree Genetics & Genomes. 1 (2): 50–63. doi:10.1007/s11295-005-0007-z. S2CID   44245647.
18. "Larix Mill". Plants of the World Online. London: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 11 February 2024.
19. "Larix in the Flora of China @ efloras.org". eFloras.org Home. Retrieved 23 January 2025.
20. Vidaković, Mirko (1991). Conifers (English ed.). Croatia: Grafički Zavod Hrvatske. pp. 255–281.
21. Candolle, Roger de; Burdet, Hervé M. (1983). "The correct name of the Dunkeld, or Hybrid, Larch". International Dendrology Society Yearbook. 1982: 67–68.
22. Mitchell, Alan (1972). "Conifers in the British Isles: a descriptive handbook" (PDF). p. 142. Retrieved 24 October 2024.
23. Smith, Nathan (2017). "British larch-associated Basidiomycota: a review". Field Mycology. 18 (3): 98–103. doi: 10.1016/j.fldmyc.2017.07.010 .
24. "Larch Pug Eupithecia lariciata". UK Moths. Retrieved 11 September 2025.
25. "Large larch bark beetle (Ips cembrae)". Forest Research. Retrieved 11 September 2025.
26. Arora, David (1986) [1979]. Mushrooms Demystified: A Comprehensive Guide to the Fleshy Fungi (2nd ed.). Berkeley, California: Ten Speed Press. p. 497. ISBN   978-0-89815-170-1.
27. European larch canker Natural Resources Canada, accessed 23 April 2021
28. "Thousands of Afan Forest trees planted after infected larch". BBC. 21 February 2015. Retrieved 23 February 2015.
29. Sayakova, Galiya (2022). "Actual prospects of using some types of larch growing in Kazakhstan in medicine" (PDF). Journal of Medicine and Life. 15 (8): 1038–1046. doi:10.25122/jml-2021-0373. PMC   9514822 .
30. McLean, Paul; Ridley-Ellis, Dan; Price, Andrew; Macdonald, Elspeth (April 2024). "Suitability for different products". Research Report Wood properties and uses of larch in Great Britain (PDF). Farnham: Forest Research. pp. 20–26.
31. European Standard EN 350-2 (1994); Durability of Wood and Wood-based Products – Natural Durability of Solid Wood: Guide to natural durability and treatability of selected wood species of importance in Europe
32. "Hybrid larch". Forestry and Land Scotland . Retrieved 15 September 2025.
33. Nichols, Marden Fitzpatrick (2024). "Julius Caesar and the Larch: burning questions at Vitruvius' De Architectvra 2.9.15–16" (PDF). The Classical Quarterly. 74 (1): 135–148. doi: 10.1017/S0009838824000120 . Retrieved 7 June 2025.
34. "Monty Python". The Guardian. 22 June 2014.

Further reading

• Earle, Christopher J., ed. (2011). "Larix (larch) description". The Gymnosperm Database.
• Givnish, Thomas J. (2002). "Adaptive significance of evergreen vs. deciduous leaves: solving the triple paradox" (PDF). Silva Fennica. 36 (3): 703–743. doi: 10.14214/sf.535 . Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 April 2014. The larch paradox—Finally, let us turn to one last, enduring ecological paradox: the deciduous habit of larches (Larix) at high latitudes in nutrient-poor peatlands in the northern hemisphere, where evergreen plants are expected to dominate and often do. Quote from p. 729.
• Phillips, D. H., & Burdekin, D. A. (1992). Diseases of Forest and Ornamental Trees. Macmillan ISBN   0-333-49493-8.

External links

• Friedman, William (Ned). "Larch cones in spring". Posts from the Collection, Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University, 2 April 2016.
• Rose, Nancy. "Not All Conifers are Evergreen". Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University, 6 January 2016.
• "Snow Scenes, winter, larches 1977". Library Featured Images, Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University, 21 November 2019.
• "Gymnosperm Database - Larix ssp".
• Eichhorn, Markus (August 2011). "The Larch". Test Tube. Brady Haran for the University of Nottingham.