INaturalist

Last updated
iNaturalist
INaturalist logo.png
Type of site
 Citizen science
Available in56 [1] languages
Area servedWorldwide
Founder(s)
  • Ken-ichi Ueda
  • Nate Agrin
  • Jessica Kline
URL inaturalist.org
CommercialNo
RegistrationOptional
Users Increase2.svg 3.2 million registered users (January 2023) [2]
Launched2008;16 years ago (2008)
Current statusActive

iNaturalist is an American 501(c)(3) nonprofit social network of naturalists, citizen scientists, and biologists built on the concept of mapping and sharing observations of biodiversity across the globe. [3] [4] iNaturalist may be accessed via its website or from its mobile applications. [5] [6] iNaturalist includes an automated species identification tool, and users further assist each other in identifying organisms from photographs. As of 24 February 2024, iNaturalist users had contributed approximately 172,751,520 observations of plants, animals, fungi, and other organisms worldwide, and around 350,000 users were active in the previous 30 days. [7]

Contents

iNaturalist describes itself as "an online social network of people sharing biodiversity information to help each other learn about nature", with its primary goal being to connect people to nature. [8] Although it is not a science project itself, iNaturalist is a platform for science and conservation efforts, providing valuable open data to research projects, land managers, other organizations, and the public. [8] [9] It is the primary application for crowd-sourced biodiversity data in places such as Mexico, southern Africa, and Australia, [10] [11] [12] and the project has been called "a standard-bearer for natural history mobile applications." [13] Most of iNaturalist's software is open source. [14] Scientists have published more than 4,000 papers drawn from iNaturalist data sets and observations, [15] including descriptions of species new to science and rediscoveries of species so rarely seen they were feared extinct.

History

iNaturalist began in 2008 as a UC Berkeley School of Information Master's final project of Nate Agrin, Jessica Kline, and Ken-ichi Ueda. [3] Agrin and Ueda continued work on the site with Sean McGregor, a web developer. In 2011, Ueda began collaboration with Scott Loarie, a research fellow at Stanford University and lecturer at UC Berkeley. Ueda and Loarie are the current co-directors of iNaturalist.org. [3] The organization merged with the California Academy of Sciences on April 24, 2014. [16] In 2017, iNaturalist became a joint initiative between the California Academy of Sciences and the National Geographic Society. [3]

Since 2012, the number of participants and observations has roughly doubled each year. [17] In 2014, iNaturalist reached 1 million observations [18] and as of October 2023 there were 181 million observations (163 million verifiable). [note 1] [7]

On 11 July 2023, iNaturalist became registered as an independent 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization. [19]

Platforms

Photographing Asclepias amplexicaulis at Nachusa Grasslands.jpg
Taking a photo of Asclepias amplexicaulis (clasping milkweed) for iNaturalist
Screenshot of an iNaturalist observation (cassi saari - Asclepias amplexicalis).png
Screenshot of an observation at iNaturalist.org with CC-BY photo license type indicated

Users can interact with iNaturalist in several ways:

Seek's home page, showing local species and the Challenge for November 2021. Seek-home.png
Seek's home page, showing local species and the Challenge for November 2021.

On the iNaturalist.org website, visitors can search the public dataset and interact with other people adding observations and identifications. The website provides tools for registered users to add, identify, and discuss observations, write journal posts, explore information about species, and create project pages to recruit participation in and coordinate work on their topics of interest. [22] [23] [24]

On the iNaturalist mobile app, registered users can create and share nature observations to the online dataset, explore observations both nearby and around the world, and learn about different species. [22] [25]

Seek by iNaturalist, a separate app marketed to families, requires no online account registration and all observations may remain private. [26] Seek incorporates features of gamification, such as providing a list of nearby organisms to find and encouraging the collection of badges and participation in challenges. [27] Seek was initially released in the spring of 2018. [26]

Observations

The iNaturalist platform is based on crowdsourcing of observations and identifications. An iNaturalist observation records a person's encounter with an individual organism at a particular time and place. [22] An iNaturalist observation may also record evidence of an organism, such as animal tracks, nests, or scat. The scope of iNaturalist excludes natural but inert subjects such as geologic or hydrologic features. Users typically upload photos as evidence of their findings, though audio recordings are also accepted, and such evidence is not a strict requirement. Users may share observation locations publicly, "obscure" them to display a less precise location or make the locations completely private.

On iNaturalist, other users add identifications to each other's observations in order to confirm or improve the identification of the observation. [22] Observations are classified as "Casual", "Needs ID" (needs identification), or "Research Grade" based on the quality of the data provided and the community identification process. [22] Any quality of data can be downloaded from iNaturalist and "Research Grade" observations are often incorporated into other online databases such as the Global Biodiversity Information Facility and the Atlas of Living Australia. [9] [28]

Automated species identification

In addition to observations being identified by others in the community, iNaturalist includes an automated species identification tool, first released in 2017. [29] Images can be identified via a computer vision model which has been trained on the large database of the observations on iNaturalist. [22] Multiple species suggestions are typically provided with the suggestion that the software guesses to be most likely is at the top of the list. A broader taxon such as a genus or family is commonly provided if the model is unsure of the species. It is trained once or twice a year, and the threshold for species included in the training set has changed over time. [30] It can be difficult for the model to guess correctly if the species in question is infrequently observed or hard to identify from images alone; or if the image submitted has poor lighting, is blurry, or contains multiple subjects.

Projects

Using the iNaturalist app Using the iNaturalist app in the field.png
Using the iNaturalist app

Users have created and contributed to tens of thousands of different projects on iNaturalist. [7] [31] The platform is commonly used to record observations during bioblitzes, which are biological surveying events that attempt to record all the species that occur within a designated area, and a specific project type on iNaturalist. [32] [33] [34] Other project types include collections of observations by location or taxon or documenting specific types of observations such as animal tracks and signs, [35] the spread of invasive species, roadkill, [36] fishing catches, or discovering new species. [23] In 2011, iNaturalist was used as a platform to power the Global Amphibian and Global Reptile BioBlitzes, in which observations were used to help monitor the occurrence and distribution of the world's reptiles and amphibian species. [37] The US National Park Service partnered with iNaturalist to record observations from the 2016 National Parks BioBlitz. That project exceeded 100,000 observations in August 2016. [32] In 2017, the United Nations Environment Programme teamed up with iNaturalist to celebrate World Environment Day. [38] . In 2022, Reef Ecologic teamed up with iNaturalist to celebrate World Oceans Day.

City Nature Challenge

In 2016, Lila Higgins from the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County and Alison Young from the California Academy of Sciences co-founded the City Nature Challenge (CNC). In the first City Nature Challenge, naturalists in Los Angeles and the San Francisco Bay Area documented over 20,000 observations with the iNaturalist platform. [39] In 2017, the CNC expanded to 16 cities across the United States and collected over 125,000 observations of wildlife in 5 days. [40] The CNC expanded to a global audience in 2018, with 68 cities participating from 19 countries, with some cities using community science platforms other than iNaturalist to participate. [33] In 4 days, over 17,000 people cataloged over 440,000 nature observations in urban regions around the world. [41] In 2019, the CNC once again expanded, with 35,000 participants in 159 cities collecting 964,000 observations of over 31,000 species. [33] Although fewer observations were documented during the 2020 City Nature Challenge during the COVID-19 pandemic (when the CNC became collaborative as opposed to competitive), more cities and people participated, and more species were found than in previous years. [42]

Licensing

Users have the option to license their observations, photos, and audio recordings in several ways, including for the public domain, Creative Commons, or with all rights reserved. To encourage the sharing of information and to reduce costs, iNaturalist encourages users to license media with Creative Commons licenses. [43] The default license is CC BY-NC, [43] meaning others are free to copy, redistribute, remix, transform, and build upon the media as long as appropriate credit is given, changes are indicated, a link to the license is provided, and it is not used for commercial purposes. [44]

Observations and media licensed with Creative Commons licenses are often shared elsewhere, including the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (excluding share-alike and no derivatives licenses), [45] Atlas of Living Australia, [46] and Wikipedia (excluding noncommercial and no derivatives licenses) [47] through regular imports [22] [46] or user scripts such as iNaturalist2Commons [48] and Wiki Loves iNaturalist. [49]

The iNaturalist website and mobile apps are open-source software released under the MIT License. [14] [50]

Research

As of January 2024, more than 4,000 [15] research papers have been published that cite the iNaturalist research-grade observations hosted on the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF), often in the fields of ecology, conservation, and climate change. [51] Many articles focus on climate-driven range shifts and expansions. For example, in 2015, data from iNaturalist was used to show that the Hopkin's rose nudibranch (Ceratodoris rosacea) is moving northward. [52]

Other published research focuses on the description of new species or rediscovery of species previously considered extinct. For example, a species of snail, Myxostoma petiverianum , first described in the 1700s, was also rediscovered in Vietnam. [53] Additionally, in 2013, a citizen scientist in Colombia uploaded a photo of a poison dart frog, which researchers determined was a previously unrecognized species now known as Andinobates cassidyhornae . [54] [55] In 2023, a species of mantis first discovered with the aid of iNaturalist was named Inimia nat so that its abbreviated form, I. nat, would be a word play that pays homage to iNaturalist. [56] The Columbian weasel, the rarest neotropical carnivore, was seen for the first time in the 21st century when an iNaturalist user uploaded snapshots of the weasel exploring a privy. [57] Two teenagers in California used iNaturalist observations of unfamiliar scorpions as the first step in their eventual description of two new species. [58] The frosted phoenix moth of New Zealand, feared extinct, was "rediscovered" when a Swedish birder who was in town to see kiwis put up a light to attract moths and snapped a casual photo of an insect that had parked itself under a lawn chair on his hotel balcony; his upload to iNaturalist was the first time the moth had been seen alive in 65 years. [59]

Other research has focused on the morphology or coloration of species observations. For example, a study in 2019 assessed the relationship between wing coloration and temperature in the dragonfly species Pachydiplax longipennis. [60]

Graphs

Notes

  1. 1 2 3 On iNaturalist, an observation is "verifiable" if it has no penalties in its Data Quality Assessment. Observations lacking a date, location, or media are automatically penalised, and users may grant penalties if they deem that the date or location is inaccurate, that there is no evidence or no recent evidence of an organism, or that the organism is not wild. Non-verifiable observations are hidden from view by default, unless expressly enabled.

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Biodiversity</span> Variety and variability of life forms

Biodiversity or biological diversity is the variety and variability of life on Earth. Biodiversity is a measure of variation at the genetic, species, and ecosystem levels. Biodiversity is not distributed evenly on Earth; it is usually greater in the tropics as a result of the warm climate and high primary productivity in the region near the equator. Tropical forest ecosystems cover less than 10% of Earth's terrestrial surface and contain about 50% of the world's species. There are latitudinal gradients in species diversity for both marine and terrestrial taxa. Marine coastal biodiversity is highest globally speaking in the Western Pacific ocean steered mainly by the higher surface temperatures. In all oceans across the planet, marine species diversity peaks in the mid-latitudinal zones. Terrestrial species threatened with mass extinction can be observed in exceptionally dense regional biodiversity hotspots, with high levels of species endemism under threat. There are 36 such hotspot regions which require the world's attention in order to secure global biodiversity.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">BioBlitz</span> Biological surveying event

A BioBlitz, also written without capitals as bioblitz, is an intense period of biological surveying in an attempt to record all the living species within a designated area. Groups of scientists, naturalists, and volunteers conduct an intensive field study over a continuous time period. There is a public component to many BioBlitzes, with the goal of getting the public interested in biodiversity. To encourage more public participation, these BioBlitzes are often held in urban parks or nature reserves close to cities. Research into the best practices for a successful BioBlitz has found that collaboration with local natural history museums can improve public participation. As well, BioBlitzes have been shown to be a successful tool in teaching post-secondary students about biodiversity.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Citizen science</span> Scientific research conducted, in whole or in part, by amateur or nonprofessional scientists

Citizen science is research conducted with participation from the general public, or amateur/nonprofessional researchers or participants for science, social science and many other disciplines. There are variations in the exact definition of citizen science, with different individuals and organizations having their own specific interpretations of what citizen science encompasses. Citizen science is used in a wide range of areas of study including ecology, biology and conservation, health and medical research, astronomy, media and communications and information science.

The Cornell Lab of Ornithology is a member-supported unit of Cornell University in Ithaca, New York, which studies birds and other wildlife. It is housed in the Imogene Powers Johnson Center for Birds and Biodiversity in Sapsucker Woods Sanctuary. Approximately 250 scientists, professors, staff, and students work in a variety of programs devoted to the Lab's mission: interpreting and conserving the Earth's biological diversity through research, education, and citizen science focused on birds. Work at the Lab is supported primarily by its 75,000 members.

Biodiversity informatics is the application of informatics techniques to biodiversity information, such as taxonomy, biogeography or ecology. It is defined as the application of Information technology technologies to management, algorithmic exploration, analysis and interpretation of primary data regarding life, particularly at the species level organization. Modern computer techniques can yield new ways to view and analyze existing information, as well as predict future situations. Biodiversity informatics is a term that was only coined around 1992 but with rapidly increasing data sets has become useful in numerous studies and applications, such as the construction of taxonomic databases or geographic information systems. Biodiversity informatics contrasts with "bioinformatics", which is often used synonymously with the computerized handling of data in the specialized area of molecular biology.

Automated species identification is a method of making the expertise of taxonomists available to ecologists, parataxonomists and others via digital technology and artificial intelligence. Today, most automated identification systems rely on images depicting the species for the identification. Based on precisely identified images of a species, a classifier is trained. Once exposed to a sufficient amount of training data, this classifier can then identify the trained species on previously unseen images.

The Catalogue of Life is an online database that provides an index of known species of animals, plants, fungi, and microorganisms. It was created in 2001 as a partnership between the global Species 2000 and the American Integrated Taxonomic Information System. The Catalogue is used by research scientists, citizen scientists, educators, and policy makers. The Catalogue is also used by the Biodiversity Heritage Library, the Barcode of Life Data System, Encyclopedia of Life, and the Global Biodiversity Information Facility. The Catalogue currently compiles data from 165 peer-reviewed taxonomic databases that are maintained by specialist institutions around the world. As of September 2022, the COL Checklist lists 2,067,951 of the world's 2.2m extant species known to taxonomists on the planet at present time.

<i>Encyclopedia of Life</i> Free, online collaborative encyclopedia that documents species

The Encyclopedia of Life (EOL) is a free, online encyclopedia intended to document all of the 1.9 million living species known to science. It aggregates content to form "page"s for every known species. Content is compiled from existing trusted databases which are curated by experts and it calls on the assistance of non-experts throughout the world. It includes video, sound, images, graphics, information on characteristics, as well as text. In addition, the Encyclopedia incorporates species-related content from the Biodiversity Heritage Library, which digitizes millions of pages of printed literature from the world's major natural history libraries. The BHL digital content is indexed with the names of organisms using taxonomic indexing software developed by the Global Names project. The EOL project was initially backed by a US$50 million funding commitment, led by the MacArthur Foundation and the Sloan Foundation, who provided US$20 million and US$5 million, respectively. The additional US$25 million came from five cornerstone institutions—the Field Museum, Harvard University, the Marine Biological Laboratory, the Missouri Botanical Garden, and the Smithsonian Institution. The project was initially led by Jim Edwards and the development team by David Patterson. Today, participating institutions and individual donors continue to support EOL through financial contributions.

eBird Online database of bird observations

eBird is an online database of bird observations providing scientists, researchers and amateur naturalists with real-time data about bird distribution and abundance. Originally restricted to sightings from the Western Hemisphere, the project expanded to include New Zealand in 2008, and again expanded to cover the whole world in June 2010. eBird has been described as an ambitious example of enlisting amateurs to gather data on biodiversity for use in science.

iSpot Web-based citizen science biodiversity project

iSpot is a website developed and hosted by the Open University with funding from the Open Air Laboratories (OPAL) network with an online community intended to connect nature enthusiasts of all levels.

The South African National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI) is an organisation tasked with research and dissemination of information on biodiversity, and legally mandated to contribute to the management of the country's biodiversity resources.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fungal Diversity Survey</span>

Fungal Diversity Survey, or FunDiS, is a nonprofit citizen science organization formerly known as North American Mycoflora Project, Inc. FunDiS aims to document the diversity and distribution of fungi across North America “in order to increase awareness of their critical role in the health of ecosystems and allow us to better protect them in a world of rapid climate change and habitat loss.” The project encourages amateurs, working with professionals, to contribute observations to online databases vetted by experts, and to collect and document fungi for DNA barcoding. Fungal Diversity Survey, Inc. is a Charitable 501(c)(3) organization registered in Indiana, USA.

QuestaGame, launched in 2014 in Canberra, Australia, is a mobile app game for photographing and identifying fauna, flora, and fungi. Sightings are verified by experts and gain points for players. The game leverages citizen science to help document species occurrences, adding data to databases such as Atlas of Living Australia. Ranger Vision is a classroom version. QuestaGame has been reported as driving citizen science by mapping biodiversity, discovering new species, and averting biosecurity risks.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">City Nature Challenge</span>

The City Nature Challenge is an annual, global, community science competition to document urban biodiversity. The challenge is a bioblitz that engages residents and visitors to find and document plants, animals, and other organisms living in urban areas. The goals are to engage the public in the collection of biodiversity data, with three awards each year for the cities that make the most observations, find the most species, and engage the most people.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">SeaKeys</span> Collaborative marine biodiversity project in South Africa

SeaKeys is a large collaborative marine biodiversity project funded through the Foundational Biodiversity Information Program in South Africa. The purpose of the project is to collect and distribute genetic, species and ecosystem information relating to marine biodiversity in southern Africa, which may be used to support informed decision-making about the marine environment.

FlowerChecker, also known as Kindwise, is a company that uses machine learning to identify natural objects from images. This includes plants and their diseases, but also insects and mushrooms. It is based in Brno, Czech Republic. It was founded in 2014 by Ondřej Veselý, Jiří Řihák, and Ondřej Vild, at the time Ph.D. students.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bhutan Biodiversity Portal</span> App and website for sharing biodiversity observations

Bhutan Biodiversity Portal(འབྲུག་སྐྱེ་ལྡན་རིགས་སྣ་འཆར་སྒོ།) is a consortium based citizen science website comprising key biodiversity data generating agencies and can be used by anyone. The portal is an official online repository of data on Bhutanese biodiversity.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Anecdata.org</span> Citizen science platform

Anecdata.org is a citizen science web portal developed by the Community Environmental Health Lab at the MDI Biological Laboratory in Bar Harbor, Maine. Anecdata.org supports projects in the collection of observational data, primarily in environmental science, biology, and public health. Anecdata was founded in 2014 to provide a data management system for the citizen science projects run by the Community Environmental Health Lab and has since expanded to include more than 200 projects, where more than 8,000 registered users have contributed over 30,000 images and more than 50,000 observations. In addition to the desktop site, there is a corresponding mobile app that can be used to submit observations to existing projects. Anecdata.org also acts as a data repository where data can be stored, discovered, and shared to other users.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mosquito Alert</span> Mosquito citizen science project

Mosquito Alert is a cooperative citizen science project, currently run as a non-profit and coordinated by four public research centers in Spain. The aim of the project is to study, monitor, and fight the spread of invasive mosquitoes transmitting global diseases such as dengue, Zika, Chikungunya or West Nile fever. The Asian tiger mosquito and the yellow fever mosquito are some of the invasive species that Mosquito Alert watches out for. The project provided the first detection of the Asian bush mosquito Aedes japonicus in Spain in 2018, providing the first report of a population of mosquitos that were located 1,300 km from their previously nearest known location in Europe.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Observation.org</span> Website and apps for collecting, validating and sharing biodiversity observations

Observation.org is a worldwide platform of naturalists, citizen scientists, and biologists to collect, validate and share biodiversity observations. Observation.org may be accessed via its website or from its mobile applications like ObsIdentify. The Observation.org database holds 233 million nature observations and 79 million photos. It is published and hosted in the Netherlands under Dutch and European law by the non-profit foundation Observation International.

References

  1. ↑ "INaturalistWeb — Translation Project on Crowdin".
  2. ↑ "Year On iNaturalist 2022". iNaturalist. Retrieved 13 January 2023.
  3. 1 2 3 4 "About". 5 August 2013. Retrieved 13 September 2020.
  4. ↑ "San Francisco's Parks Scoured in Wildlife Inventory". 7 May 2014. Archived from the original on December 8, 2014. Retrieved 31 January 2015.
  5. 1 2 "iNaturalist application (Google Play)". 4 June 2013. Retrieved 7 August 2013.
  6. 1 2 "iNaturalist application (iTunes Store)". iTunes . 25 June 2013. Retrieved 7 August 2013.
  7. 1 2 3 "iNaturalist.org Stats". inaturalist.org. 3 June 2022. Retrieved 30 December 2021.
  8. 1 2 "What is it". iNaturalist. Retrieved 21 February 2021.
  9. 1 2 3 Bowser, A.; Wiggins, A.; Shanley, L.; Preece, J.; Henderson, S. (2014). "Sharing data while protecting privacy in citizen science" (PDF). Interactions. 21 (1): 70–73. doi:10.1145/2540032. S2CID   36834141. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-12-28. Retrieved 2014-12-28.
  10. ↑ Pimm, S. L.; Jenkins, C. N.; Abell, R.; Brooks, T. M.; Gittleman, J. L.; Joppa, L. N.; Raven, P. H.; Roberts, C. M.; Sexton, J. O. (2014). "The biodiversity of species and their rates of extinction, distribution, and protection" (PDF). Science. 344 (6187): 1246752. doi:10.1126/science.1246752. PMID   24876501. S2CID   206552746.
  11. ↑ "Citizen science". biodiversityadvisor.sanbi.org. Retrieved 2018-10-05.
  12. ↑ "ALA—iNaturalist collaboration". Atlas of Living Australia. 8 May 2019. Retrieved 21 February 2021.
  13. ↑ Goldsmith, G. R. (6 August 2015). "The field guide, rebooted". Science. 349 (6248): 594. Bibcode:2015Sci...349..594G. doi:10.1126/science.aac7810. S2CID   51606762.
  14. 1 2 "Developers". iNaturalist. Retrieved 21 February 2021.
  15. 1 2 Lohan, Tara (2024-01-08). "From Observation to Action: How iNaturalist Spurs Conservation • The Revelator". The Revelator. Retrieved 2024-04-09.
  16. ↑ "California Academy of Sciences Acquires iNaturalist". 14 May 2014. Archived from the original on 17 May 2014. Retrieved 14 May 2014.
  17. ↑ "50 million observations on iNaturalist!". 20 September 2020. Retrieved 21 February 2021.
  18. ↑ Hance, Jeremy (November 10, 2014). "Citizen scientist site hits one million observations of life on Earth". Mongabay .
  19. ↑ Loarie, Scott (2023-07-11). "Spreading our Wings: iNaturalist is Now an Independent Nonprofit". iNaturalist. Retrieved 2023-07-11.
  20. ↑ "Seek by iNaturalist on the App Store". App Store. Retrieved 2018-12-03.
  21. ↑ "App: Seek". Google Play. Retrieved 2019-05-26.
  22. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Help". iNaturalist.org. Retrieved 21 June 2019.
  23. 1 2 "Managing Projects". inaturalist.org. 2018-10-05. Retrieved 2018-10-05.
  24. ↑ Drury, Jonathan P.; Barnes, Morgan; Finneran, Ann E.; Harris, Maddie; Grether, Gregory F. E. (2019). "Continent-scale phenotype mapping using citizen scientists' photographs". Ecography. 42 (8): 1436–1445. Bibcode:2019Ecogr..42.1436D. doi: 10.1111/ecog.04469 . S2CID   198236550.
  25. ↑ Jabr, Ferris (2017-12-06). "Letter of Recommendation: iNaturalist". The New York Times Magazine. Retrieved 2018-12-03.
  26. 1 2 "Seek App - iNaturalist.org". iNaturalist.org. Retrieved 2018-12-03.
  27. ↑ Elbein, Asher (2018-03-21). "This New App Is Like Shazam for Your Nature Photos". Earther. Retrieved 2018-12-03.
  28. ↑ "Welcome, iNaturalist Australia!". 30 September 2019. Retrieved 21 February 2021.
  29. ↑ "iNaturalist Computer Vision Explorations". iNaturalist.org. 2017-07-27. Retrieved 2017-08-12.
  30. ↑ "A New Vision Model!". 18 March 2020. Retrieved 21 February 2021.
  31. ↑ "Projects". inaturalist.org. 28 January 2017. Retrieved 28 January 2017.
  32. 1 2 Seltzer, Carrie (2016-08-25). "Citizen scientists give NPS 100,000+ biodiversity records for 100th birthday". National Geographic Society (blogs). Archived from the original on August 25, 2016. Retrieved 2016-09-17.
  33. 1 2 3 "citynaturechallenge.org". 2019. Retrieved 21 June 2019.
  34. ↑ Catling, Paul M.; Kostiuk, Brenda; Heron, Jennifer; Jimenez, Runel; Chapman, Monique; Gamiet, Sharmin; Sterenberg, Velma (5 June 2018). "Highlights from the Northwest Territories BioBlitzes". The Canadian Field-Naturalist. 131 (4): 386. doi: 10.22621/cfn.v131i4.2099 .
  35. ↑ "North American Animal Tracking Database". inaturalist.org. 2018-10-05. Retrieved 2018-10-05.
  36. ↑ "Adventure Scientists Wildlife Connectivity Study". inaturalist.org. 2018-10-05. Retrieved 2018-10-05.
  37. ↑ Holtz, Debra Levi (October 10, 2011). "Reptile, amphibian BioBlitzes tap social media". San Francisco Chronicle.
  38. ↑ "App brings marvels of tech and nature together to keep the world connected". worldenvironmentday.global. Archived from the original on 2017-10-19. Retrieved 2017-05-16.
  39. ↑ "City Nature Challenge 2016 iNaturalist Project". 2018. Retrieved 8 May 2018.
  40. ↑ "City Nature Challenge 2017 iNaturalist Project". 2018. Retrieved 8 May 2018.
  41. ↑ Higgins, Lila (4 May 2018). "City Nature Challenge 2018: A Win For Urban Nature Around the World". Natural History Museum, Los Angeles County.
  42. ↑ Young, Alison; Higgins, Lila; Jaecker-Jones, Amy (4 May 2020). "City Nature Challenge RESULTS" . Retrieved 13 September 2020.
  43. 1 2 "We want you to license your iNaturalist photos before April 15th!". iNaturalist. 24 March 2021. Retrieved 17 April 2021.
  44. ↑ "Creative Commons — Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International — CC BY-NC 4.0". creativecommons.org. Retrieved 17 April 2021.
  45. ↑ "Terms of use". www.gbif.org. Retrieved 17 April 2021.
  46. 1 2 "How is data harvested from iNaturalist and fed into the ALA?". ARDC Support. Retrieved 17 April 2021.
  47. ↑ "Wikipedia:FAQ/Copyright". Wikipedia. 15 November 2020. Retrieved 17 April 2021.
  48. ↑ "User:Kaldari/iNaturalist2Commons". commons.wikimedia.org. Retrieved 17 April 2021.
  49. ↑ "Wiki loves iNaturalist". wikilovesinat.netlify.app. Retrieved 17 April 2021.
  50. ↑ iNaturalistAndroid on GitHub
  51. ↑ "Resources search -- iNaturalist Research-Grade Observations". www.gbif.org.
  52. ↑ Landhuis, Esther (2015-02-06). "Bright Pink Sea Slugs Invading New Habitats Due to Global Warming?". National Geographic . Archived from the original on September 17, 2021. Retrieved 2022-01-11.
  53. ↑ "Citizen science leads to snail rediscovery in Vietnam". Mongabay Environmental News. 2016-07-08. Retrieved 2022-01-11.
  54. ↑ "Five Surprising Discoveries Made With iNaturalist". Natural History Museum of Utah. 2 May 2020.
  55. ↑ Amézquita, Adolfo; Márquez, Roberto; Medina, Ricardo; Mejía-Vargas, Daniel; Kahn, Ted R.; Suárez, Gustavo; Mazariegos, Luis (5 March 2013). "A new species of Andean poison frog, Andinobates (Anura: Dendrobatidae), from the northwestern Andes of Colombia". Zootaxa. 3620 (1): 163–178. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3620.1.8. PMID   26120702.
  56. ↑ Connors, Matthew G.; Yeeles, Peter; Lach, Lori; Rentz, David C. F. (2023-11-30). "A revision of the genus Ima Tindale (Mantodea: Nanomantidae: Fulciniinae) with the description of a new genus". Zootaxa. 5380 (3): 201–226. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.5380.3.1. ISSN   1175-5334. PMID   38221315. S2CID   265626958.
  57. ↑ de Roux, Juan M.; Noguera-Urbano, Elkin A.; Ramírez-Chaves, Héctor E. (2019-03-30). "The vulnerable colombian weasel Mustela felipei (Carnivora): new record from Colombia and a review of its distribution in protected areas". Therya. 10 (2): 207–210. doi:10.12933/therya-19-776.
  58. ↑ Cantor, Matthew (2022-09-19). "'These kids can find anything': California teens identify two new scorpion species". The Guardian. Retrieved 2024-04-09.
  59. ↑ Mitchell, Charlie (2024-03-29). "The Press". www.thepress.co.nz. Retrieved 2024-04-09.
  60. ↑ Moore, Michael P.; Lis, Cassandra; Gherghel, Iulian; Martin, Ryan A. (March 2019). "Temperature shapes the costs, benefits and geographic diversification of sexual coloration in a dragonfly". Ecology Letters. 22 (3): 437–446. Bibcode:2019EcolL..22..437M. doi:10.1111/ele.13200. PMID   30616297. S2CID   58632317.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.