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Hadramphus tuberculatus | |
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Illustrated by Des Helmore | |
Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Arthropoda |
Class: | Insecta |
Order: | Coleoptera |
Infraorder: | Cucujiformia |
Family: | Curculionidae |
Genus: | Hadramphus |
Species: | H. tuberculatus |
Binomial name | |
Hadramphus tuberculatus (Pascoe, 1877) | |
Synonyms | |
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Hadramphus tuberculatus (known as the Canterbury knobbled weevil, Spaniard weevil or Banks Peninsula speargrass weevil) is a rare weevil endemic to Canterbury in the South Island of New Zealand. It was thought to be extinct in 1922 but was rediscovered in 2004.
H. tuberculatus is a flightless weevil with a knobbed back. It reaches a length of 11.7–16.3 millimetres (0.46–0.64 in) and a width of 6.5–8.3 mm (0.26–0.33 in). It has a dark brown body with greyish-brown scales. This species tends to survive at high altitudes, specifically 670 meters, within the department of conservation reserve, where Aciphylla, a type of plant species, is abundant (Marris et al., 2008). In addition, in a study done where the ecology and conservation status of the Hadramphus tuberculatus was measured, it was found that the population size decreased from 2009 through 2011 – with the estimated population sizes being 138, 90, and 76, respectively (Fountain et al., 2013).
This species was first described by Francis Pascoe in 1877 using specimens collected in Canterbury and supplied by Charles Marcus Wakefield. [2] Hadramphus tuberculatus are characterized within the genus of weevils. They belong to the Molytini tribe which consists of four other species: H. tuberculatus, H. spinipennis Broun, H. stilbocarpae Kuschel, and H. pittospori. The Hadramphus tuberculatus are the largest weevils in terms of size and their distinction stems from having rounded tubercles on their backs. In comparison, all four species are on the risk in terms of conservation (Cruickshank et al., 2018).
The knobbed weevil was apparently common over the Canterbury Plains in the 1870s. Possible causes for its disappearance were the removal by farmers of spear grass (Aciphylla), its host plant, and the arrival of predatory European rats. It was last seen in 1922, and was considered extinct until it was rediscovered in late 2004 by research students of the University of Canterbury at Burkes Pass near Lake Tekapo, South Canterbury, New Zealand. [3] [4] It is now listed as nationally endangered by the New Zealand Department of Conservation, and as critically endangered in the IUCN Red List. [1] A detailed ecological study conducted by researchers at Lincoln University in 2009–2011 estimated the population size at Burkes Pass to be only 138 individuals in 2009, decreasing each year to 76 in 2011. [5]
Weevils are beetles belonging to the superfamily Curculionoidea, known for their elongated snouts. They are usually small – less than 6 mm in length – and herbivorous. Approximately 97,000 species of weevils are known. They belong to several families, with most of them in the family Curculionidae. It also includes bark beetles, which while morphologically dissimilar to other weevils in lacking the distinctive snout, is a subfamily of Curculionidae. Some other beetles, although not closely related, bear the name "weevil", such as the biscuit weevil, which belongs to the family Ptinidae.
Aciphylla is a genus of about 40 species of herbaceous plants in the family Apiaceae, all but two of them endemic to New Zealand. They range from small cushion plants to tall flower spikes surrounded by rosettes of stiff, pointed leaves, the latter probably adaptations to prevent browsing by moa. Their common name is speargrass or Spaniard. Most Aciphylla species live in subalpine or alpine habitats in the South Island. Fragrant oil extracted from some large species, known as taramea, is still used as a perfume by Māori.
Burkes Pass is a mountain pass and at its base, a small town on State Highway 8 at the entrance to the Mackenzie Country in South Canterbury, New Zealand. It is named after Michael John Burke, a graduate of Trinity College Dublin, who drove a team of bullocks through the passageway which leads up into the Mackenzie Country in 1855. This was an alternative route to the Mackenzie Pass, which the notorious alleged sheep stealer, James Mckenzie, had used to take his sheep into the Otago goldfields. Burkes Pass separates the Two Thumb Range to the north from the Rollesby and Albury ranges to the south, and sits at an altitude of 709 metres (2,326 ft). A memorial to Burke stands close to the pass's saddle.
Cryptorhynchinae is a large subfamily of weevils (Curculionidae), with some 6000 species. They are found in most zoogeographic regions although they are most diverse in the Neotropics, Australia and Oceania.
Xylotoles costatus, the Pitt Island longhorn beetle, is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It is endemic to the Chatham Islands. Once thought to be extinct, it is now known to survive on South East Island/Rangatira; being therefore an example of a so-called "Lazarus taxon".
Hadramphus, commonly known as knobbled weevils, is a genus of flightless molytine weevils from the family Curculionidae. It is endemic to New Zealand and consists of four species.
Anagotus stephenensis, commonly known as the ngaio weevil, is a large flightless weevil that is only found on Stephens Island in New Zealand. The ngaio weevil was discovered in 1916 by A.C. O'Connor on Stephens Island. Thomas Broun described it in 1921 as Phaeophanus oconnori after its collector. The weevils were observed at the time to be 'feeding on tall fescue and the leaves of trees'.
Anagotus fairburni or Flax weevil is a large flightless weevil. It feeds on leaves of New Zealand flax species where it produces a characteristic feeding notch. It is found on islands and in alpine areas of New Zealand.
Aciphylla aurea, known as taramea in Māori and golden speargrass or golden Spaniard in New Zealand English, is a large, spiky, tufted plant with sharp yellowish-green leaves in the speargrass genus Aciphylla. A. aurea is found throughout the South Island of New Zealand in montane to low alpine habitats.
Rhamphini is a weevil tribe in the subfamily Curculioninae.
Eustylini is a primarily Neotropical weevil tribe in the subfamily Entiminae.
Geonemini is a weevil tribe in the subfamily Entiminae.
Didymus is a genus of beetles known as weevils. The genus contains the following species:
Turbott's weevil is a weevil that is endemic to New Zealand. It has been found on the Hen and Chicken Islands, the Poor Knights Islands and the Three Kings Islands.
Amychus granulatus, commonly known as the Cook Strait click beetle, is a large flightless click beetle in the family Elateridae.
Hadramphus spinipennis, commonly called the coxella weevil, is a large, nocturnal, flightless weevil only found on Mangere and Rangatira Islands in the Chatham Islands, New Zealand.
Lyperobius huttoni is a New Zealand weevil found in alpine areas of the South Island and at sea level around the Wellington coast. It feeds only on speargrass (Aciphylla). Weevils from the endangered Wellington population have been translocated to predator-free Mana Island.
Lyperobius clarkei is a flightless weevil found in alpine areas of Buller and Nelson in the South Island of New Zealand.
Hadramphus stilbocarpae, commonly known as the knobbled weevil, is a species of weevil in the family Curculionidae. Endemic to New Zealand, it was first described by Guillermo Kuschel in 1971.
Brachyomus is a Neotropical genus of broad-nosed weevils in the subfamily Entiminae, tribe Eustylini.