Corystospermaceae

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Corystospermaceae
Temporal range: Late Permian–Early Jurassic
Umkomasia macleani reconstruction.jpg
Umkomasia macleanii reconstructed plant, Late Triassic, Molteno Formation, Umkomaas, South Africa. Including Dicroidium leaves (D), Umkomasia ovulate organ (L-P), and Pteruchus pollen organ (H-K) [1]
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Spermatophyta
Order:† Corystospermales
Petriella, 1981
Family:† Corystospermaceae
Thomas, 1933
Genera

See text

Synonyms
  • Ptilozamitaceae Němejc, 1950
  • Umkomasiaceae Petriella, 1981
  • Zuberiaceae Němejc, 1968

Corystosperms are a group of extinct seed plants (often referred to as "seed ferns") belonging to the family Corystospermaceae (also called Umkomasiaceae) assigned to the order Corystospermales [2] or Umkomasiales. [3] [4] They were first described based on fossils collected by Hamshaw Thomas from the Burnera Waterfall locality near the Umkomaas River of South Africa. [5] Corystosperms are typified by a group of plants that bore forked Dicroidium leaves, Umkomasia cupulate ovulate structures and Pteruchus pollen organs, which grew as trees that were widespread over Gondwana during the Middle and Late Triassic. Other fossil Mesozoic seed plants with similar leaf and/or reproductive structures have also sometimes been included within the "corystosperm" concept sensu lato, such as the "doyleoids" from the Early Cretaceous of North America and Asia. [4] A potential corystosperm sensu lato, the leaf genus Komlopteris , is known from the Eocene of Tasmania, around 53-50 million years old, over 10 million years after the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event. [6]

Description

Classic Umkomasiaceae have helmet-like cupules around ovules born in complex large branching structures ( Umkomasia ). The pollen organ ( Pteruchus ) has numerous cigar-shaped pollen sacs hanging from epaulette-like blades, again in complex branching structures.

The architecture and size of Dicroidium leaves is highly variable, going from simple to tripinnate, to needle-like to lobed or dissected leaflets, however, all leaves are united by being bifurcated at the base. [7]

The Dicroidium plant (which bore Dicroidium leaves, Umkomasia seed bearing structures and Pteruchus pollen organs) is thought to have grown as large trees, with trunks at least 10 metres (33 ft) tall and over 50 centimetres (20 in) wide. [8] Some other possible corystosperms like Pachypteris may have grown as shrubs. [9]

Evolutionary history

The oldest fossils of corystosperms, belonging to Dicroidium, Pteruchus and Umkomasia date to the Late Permian in the low-latitudes of eastern Gondwana, including the Umm Irna Formation of Jordan, as well as the Indian subcontinent, [10] [11] [12] though possible pollen belonging to the group is also known from the Late Permian of South Africa. [13] During the Middle-Late Triassic, Dicroidium bearing corystosperms were widespread and dominant trees over temperate areas of southern Gondwana (including the Indian subcontinent, South America, Southern Africa, Antarctica, Australia and New Zealand) including wetland and forest environments, where they formed part of the canopy vegetation. [7] [10] Dicroidium-bearing corystosperm ecosystems collapsed as a result of the end-Triassic extinction event. Late surviving Dicroidium-bearing corystosperms are known from the Early Jurassic (Sinemurian) of East Antarctica. [7] During the Jurassic, the possible corystosperms Pachypteris and Komlopteris were widespread over both hemispheres, [14] with Komlopteris surviving in the Southern Hemisphere through the Cretaceous and into the early Eocene in Tasmania, making it the last surviving "seed fern" in the fossil record. [6] [14] A group of plants with corystosperm-like reproductive structures, either considered corystosperms or as belonging to the separate order Doyleales, were present in North America and Asia during the Early Cretaceous, [4] with records of the group possibly extending back as far as the Early Jurassic. [15]

List of genera

Relationships to other seed plants

The relationships of corystosperms to other seed plants are contentious. [16] It has been suggested that some "peltasperms" may be closely related to corystosperms. [17] A 2016 paper suggested that they may be closely related to Ginkgoales, [18] while a 2021 study suggested that based on the structure of their ovulate organs, corystosperms might form part of the "Anthophyte" clade more closely related to flowering plants than to living gymnosperms, alongside the Petriellales, Caytoniales, and glossopterids. [19]

Nomenclature

Corystospermaceae is a family name which was not derived from a specific genus, an arrangement which is discouraged by the ICN. [20] In light of this issue, Petriella (1981) proposed two solutions: either retain Corystospermaceae as a nomen conservandum, or replace it with a new name, Umkomasiaceae. [21] Both names have been used frequently since then. Petriella additionally named a new order to encompass the family, Corystospermales. [21] Doweld (2001) preferred a different name for the order, Umkomasiales. He also added a second family, Angaropeltidaceae (previously known as Cardiolepidaceae). [3] Later sources generally classify Angaropeltidaceae (or its updated spelling, Angaropeltaceae) [22] within Peltaspermales instead. [23] [24]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cycad</span> Division of naked seeded dioecious plants

Cycads are seed plants that typically have a stout and woody (ligneous) trunk with a crown of large, hard, stiff, evergreen and (usually) pinnate leaves. The species are dioecious, that is, individual plants of a species are either male or female. Cycads vary in size from having trunks only a few centimeters to several meters tall. They typically grow very slowly and live very long. Because of their superficial resemblance, they are sometimes mistaken for palms or ferns, but they are not closely related to either group.

<i>Glossopteris</i> Genus of extinct seed ferns

Glossopteris is the largest and best-known genus of the extinct Permian order of seed plants known as Glossopteridales. The genus Glossopteris refers only to leaves, within a framework of form genera used in paleobotany. Species of Glossopteris were the dominant trees of the middle to high-latitude lowland vegetation across the supercontinent Gondwana during the Permian Period. Glossopteris fossils were critical in recognizing former connections between the various fragments of Gondwana: South America, Africa, India, Australia, New Zealand, and Antarctica.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bennettitales</span> Extinct order of seed plants

Bennettitales is an extinct order of seed plants that first appeared in the Permian period and became extinct in most areas toward the end of the Cretaceous. Bennettitales were amongst the most common seed plants of the Mesozoic, and had morphologies including shrub and cycad-like forms. The foliage of bennettitaleans is superficially nearly indistinguishable from that of cycads, but they are distinguished from cycads by their more complex flower-like reproductive organs, at least some of which were likely pollinated by insects.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hanson Formation</span> Geological formation in Ross Dependency, Antarctica

The Hanson Formation is a geologic formation on Mount Kirkpatrick and north Victoria Land, Antarctica. It is one of the two major dinosaur-bearing rock groups found on Antarctica to date; the other is the Snow Hill Island Formation and related formations from the Late Cretaceous of the Antarctic Peninsula. The formation has yielded some Mesozoic specimens, but most of it is as yet unexcavated. Part of the Victoria Group of the Transantarctic Mountains, it lies below the Prebble Formation and above the Falla Formation. The formation includes material from volcanic activity linked to the Karoo-Ferar eruptions of the Lower Jurassic. The climate of the zone was similar to that of modern southern Chile, humid, with a temperature interval of 17–18 degrees. The Hanson Formation is correlated with the Section Peak Formation of the Eisenhower Range and Deep Freeze Range, as well as volcanic deposits on the Convoy Range and Ricker Hills of southern Victoria Land. Recent work has successfully correlated the Upper Section Peak Formation, as well unnamed deposits in Convoy Range and Ricker Hills with the Lower Hanson, all likely of Sinemurian age and connected by layers of silicic ash, while the upper section has been found to be Pliensbachian, and correlated with a greater volcanic pulse, marked by massive ash inputs.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Caytoniales</span> Extinct order of Gymnosperms

The Caytoniales are an extinct order of seed plants known from fossils collected throughout the Mesozoic Era, around 252 to 66 million years ago. They are regarded as seed ferns because they are seed-bearing plants with fern-like leaves. Although at one time considered angiosperms because of their berry-like cupules, that hypothesis was later disproven. Nevertheless, some authorities consider them likely ancestors or close relatives of angiosperms. The origin of angiosperms remains unclear, and they cannot be linked with any known seed plants groups with certainty.

<i>Dicroidium</i> Extinct genus of corystosperm seed ferns

Dicroidium is an extinct genus of fork-leaved seed plants. It is the archetypal genus of the corystosperms, an extinct group of seed plants, often called "seed ferns", assigned to the order Corystospermales or Umkomasiales. Species of Dicroidium were widely distributed and dominant over Gondwana during the Triassic. Their fossils are known from South Africa, the Arabian Peninsula, Australia, New Zealand, South America, Madagascar, the Indian subcontinent and Antarctica.

<i>Pachypteris</i> Mesozoic pteridosperm leaf fossil

Pachypteris is a Mesozoic pteridosperm genus of fossil leaves. It has either been aligned with the peltasperms or the corystosperms.

<i>Lepidopteris</i> Extinct genus of seed ferns

Lepidopteris is a form genus for leaves of Peltaspermaceae, an extinct family of seed plants, which lived from around 260 to 190 million years ago, from the Late Permian to Early Jurassic. Fossils of the genus have been found across both hemispheres. Nine species are currently recognized.Lepidopteris was a common and widespread seed fern, which survived the Permian-Triassic extinction event but was largely wiped out by the Triassic-Jurassic extinction event. Lepidopteris callipteroides is especially common between the first two episodes of Permian-Triassic extinction event, and L. ottonis forms a comparable acme zone immediate before the Triassic-Jurassic extinction event. Lepidopteris would persist into the Early Jurassic in Patagonia, represented by the species Lepidopteris scassoi.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Peltaspermales</span> Extinct order of seed ferns

The Peltaspermales are an extinct order of seed plants, often considered "seed ferns". They span from the Late Carboniferous to the Early Jurassic. It includes at least one valid family, Peltaspermaceae, which spans from the Permian to Early Jurassic, which is typified by a group of plants with Lepidopteris leaves, Antevsia pollen-organs, and Peltaspermum ovulate organs, though the family now also includes other genera like Peltaspermopsis, Meyenopteris and Scytophyllum. Along with these, two informal groups of uncertain taxonomic affinities exist, each centered around a specific genus ; Supaia and Comia, known from the Early Permian of the Northern Hemisphere, especially of North America. Both the "Comioids" and the "Supaioids" are associated with the peltaspermacean ovulate organ Autunia. The Late Triassic-Middle Jurassic genus Pachydermophyllum may also have affinities to the peltasperms.

<i>Umkomasia</i> Extinct genus of seed ferns

Umkomasia is a genus of seed bearing organs produced by corystosperm seed ferns, first based on fossils collected by Hamshaw Thomas from the Burnera Waterfall locality near the Umkomaas River of South Africa. He recognized on the basis of cuticular similarities that the same plant produced pollen organs Pteruchus and the leaves Dicroidium. Various other corystosperm seed bearing organs from the Jurassic and Cretaceous have been assigned to this genus, but recently have been given distinct genera, with Umkomasia being restricted to the Triassic.

<i>Umkomasia macleanii</i> Fossil part of seed fern

Umkomasia macleanii is an ovulate structure of a seed fern (Pteridospermatophyta and the nominate genus of Family Umkomasiaceae. It was first described by Hamshaw Thomas from the Umkomaas locality of South Africa.

<i>Pteruchus africanus</i> Fossil pollen organ of seed fern

Pteruchus africanus is a pollen organ of a seed fern (Pteridospermatophyta). It was first described by Hamshaw Thomas from the Umkomaas locality of South Africa.

<i>Pteruchus</i> Extinct genus of seed ferns

Pteruchus is a form genus for pollen organs of the seed fern (Pteridospermatophyta family Umkomasiaceae. It was first described by Hamshaw Thomas from the Umkomaas locality of South Africa. It is associated with the seed bearing organs Umkomasia and Dicroidium leaves.

This article records new taxa of plants that are scheduled to be described during the year 2017, as well as other significant discoveries and events related to paleobotany that are scheduled to occur in the year 2017.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mawson Formation</span> Geological formation in Antarctica

The Mawson Formation is a geological formation in Antarctica, dating to roughly between 182 and 177 million years ago and covering the Toarcian stages of the Jurassic Period in the Mesozoic Era. Vertebrate remains are known from the formation. The Mawson Formation is the South Victoria Land equivalent of the Karoo Large Igneous Province in South Africa, as well the Lonco Trapial Formation and the Cañadón Asfalto Formation of Argentina. The Volcanic material was likely sourced from the Antarctic Peninsula´s Ellsworth Land Volcanic Group.

<i>Ctenis</i> Extinct genus of cycads

Ctenis is a genus of fossil foliage attributable to the Cycadales, being one of the most common genera of cycad fossil leaves in the Mesozoic.

The Umm Irna Formation is a geological formation in Jordan. It is found in several outcrops in Jordan in the area around the eastern shore of the Dead Sea. It is Late Permian in age, and is the oldest unit in the succession, overlying the Cambrian aged Umm Ishrin Sandstone Formation. The formation predominantly consists of sandstones, claystones and mudstones deposited in fluvial and lacustrine conditions. The formation is of considerable paleobotanical interest, as it preserves the earliest known remains of plant groups that would become widespread during the Mesozoic, including corystosperm "seed ferns", represented by the widespread Triassic genus Dicroidium, cycads, conifers, as well as Bennettitales. Other plant groups present in the formation include Noeggerathiales, gigantopterids, lyginopterids and possible ginkgophytes.

<i>Podozamites</i> Extinct genus of conifers

Podozamites is an extinct genus of fossil conifer leaves. In its broader sense, it has been used as a morphogenus to refer to any broad leaved multi-veined conifer leaves. Modern broad-leaved conifers with a similar form include Agathis in the family Araucariaceae and Nageia in Podocarpaceae, with some Podozamitessensu lato probably belonging to the same families.

<i>Umaltolepis</i> Extinct genus of plants

Umaltolepis is an extinct genus of seed plant, known from the Early Jurassic to Early Cretaceous of Asia. Within the form classification system used within paleobotany, it refers to the seed-bearing reproductive structures, which grew on woody plants with strap-shaped Ginkgo-like leaves assigned to the genus Pseudotorellia.

<i>Komlopteris</i> Extinct genus of seed fern

Komlopteris is an extinct genus of "seed fern" with possible corystosperm affinities. Fossils have been found across both hemispheres, dating from the latest Triassic to the early Eocene (Ypresian), making it the youngest "seed fern" in the fossil record.

References

  1. ↑ Retallack, G.J.; Dilcher, D.L. (1988). "Reconstructions of selected seed ferns". Missouri Botanical Garden Annals. 75 (3): 1010–1057. doi:10.2307/2399379. JSTOR   2399379.
  2. ↑ Abu Hamad, A.; Blomenkemper, P.; Kerp, H.; Bomfleur, B. (December 2017). "Dicroidium bandelii sp. nov. (corystospermalean foliage) from the Permian of Jordan". PalZ. 91 (4): 641–648. Bibcode:2017PalZ...91..641A. doi:10.1007/s12542-017-0384-2. ISSN   0031-0220. S2CID   90520943.
  3. 1 2 Doweld, Alexander B. (2001). Prosyllabus Tracheophytorum: Tentamen systematis plantarum vascularium (in English and Russian). Moscow: GEOS.
  4. 1 2 3 Shi, Gongle; Herrera, Fabiany; Herendeen, Patrick S.; Clark, Elizabeth G.; Crane, Peter R. (2022-12-31). "Silicified cupulate seed-bearing structures from the Early Cretaceous of eastern Inner Mongolia, China: rethinking the corystosperm concept". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 20 (1): 1–33. doi:10.1080/14772019.2022.2133644. ISSN   1477-2019. S2CID   253562726.
  5. ↑ Thomas, H.H. (1933). "On some pteridospermous plants from the Mesozoic rocks of South Africa". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B. 222 (483–493): 193–265. doi: 10.1098/rstb.1932.0016 .
  6. 1 2 McLoughlin, Stephen; Carpenter, Raymond J.; Jordan, Gregory J.; Hill, Robert S. (2008). "Seed ferns survived the end-Cretaceous mass extinction in Tasmania". American Journal of Botany. 95 (4): 465–471. doi:10.3732/ajb.95.4.465. ISSN   1537-2197. PMID   21632371.
  7. 1 2 3 Bomfleur, Benjamin; Blomenkemper, Patrick; Kerp, Hans; McLoughlin, Stephen (2018), "Polar Regions of the Mesozoic–Paleogene Greenhouse World as Refugia for Relict Plant Groups", Transformative Paleobotany, Elsevier, pp. 593–611, doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-813012-4.00024-3, ISBN   978-0-12-813012-4 , retrieved 2020-11-12
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  9. ↑ Barbacka, Maria; Górecki, Artur; Pacyna, Grzegorz; Pieńkowski, Grzegorz; Philippe, Marc; Bóka, Károly; Ziaja, Jadwiga; Jarzynka, Agata; Qvarnström, Martin; Niedźwiedzki, Grzegorz (March 2022). Bomfleur, Benjamin (ed.). "Early Jurassic coprolites: insights into palaeobotany and the feeding behaviour of dinosaurs". Papers in Palaeontology. 8 (2). doi:10.1002/spp2.1425. ISSN   2056-2799.
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  11. ↑ Patrick Blomenkemper; Hans Kerp; Abdalla Abu Hamad; William A. DiMichele; Benjamin Bomfleur (2018). "A hidden cradle of plant evolution in Permian tropical lowlands". Science. 362 (6421): 1414–1416. Bibcode:2018Sci...362.1414B. doi: 10.1126/science.aau4061 . PMID   30573628.
  12. ↑ Schneebeli-Hermann, Elke; Kürschner, Wolfram M.; Kerp, Hans; Bomfleur, Benjamin; Hochuli, Peter A.; Bucher, Hugo; Ware, David; Roohi, Ghazala (April 2015). "Vegetation history across the Permian–Triassic boundary in Pakistan (Amb section, Salt Range)". Gondwana Research. 27 (3): 911–924. Bibcode:2015GondR..27..911S. doi:10.1016/j.gr.2013.11.007.
  13. ↑ Gastaldo, Robert A.; Bamford, Marion K. (August 2023). "The influence of taphonomy and time on the paleobotanical record of the Permian–Triassic transition of the Karoo basin (and elsewhere)". Journal of African Earth Sciences. 204: 104960. Bibcode:2023JAfES.20404960G. doi: 10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2023.104960 .
  14. 1 2 Slodownik, Miriam; Hill, Robert S.; McLoughlin, Stephen (October 2023). "Komlopteris: A persistent lineage of post-Triassic corystosperms in Gondwana". Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. 317: 104950. Bibcode:2023RPaPa.31704950S. doi: 10.1016/j.revpalbo.2023.104950 .
  15. ↑ Elgorriaga, Andres; Atkinson, Brian A. (July 2023). "Zirabia cylindrica comb. nov. provides evidence of Doyleales in the Jurassic". American Journal of Botany. 110 (7): e16182. doi:10.1002/ajb2.16182. ISSN   0002-9122. PMID   37272508. S2CID   259074746.
  16. ↑ Taylor, Edith L.; Taylor, Thomas N. (January 2009). "Seed ferns from the late Paleozoic and Mesozoic: Any angiosperm ancestors lurking there?". American Journal of Botany. 96 (1): 237–251. doi:10.3732/ajb.0800202. ISSN   0002-9122. PMID   21628187.
  17. ↑ Elgorriaga, Andrés; Escapa, Ignacio H.; Cúneo, N. Rubén (July 2019). "Relictual Lepidopteris (Peltaspermales) from the Early Jurassic Cañadón Asfalto Formation, Patagonia, Argentina". International Journal of Plant Sciences. 180 (6): 578–596. doi:10.1086/703461. ISSN   1058-5893. S2CID   195435840.
  18. ↑ Shi, Gongle; Leslie, Andrew B.; Herendeen, Patrick S.; Herrera, Fabiany; Ichinnorov, Niiden; Takahashi, Masamichi; Knopf, Patrick; Crane, Peter R. (June 2016). "Early Cretaceous Umkomasia from Mongolia: implications for homology of corystosperm cupules". New Phytologist. 210 (4): 1418–1429. doi: 10.1111/nph.13871 . ISSN   0028-646X. PMID   26840646.
  19. ↑ Shi, Gongle; Herrera, Fabiany; Herendeen, Patrick S.; Clark, Elizabeth G.; Crane, Peter R. (2021-06-10). "Mesozoic cupules and the origin of the angiosperm second integument". Nature. 594 (7862): 223–226. Bibcode:2021Natur.594..223S. doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03598-w. ISSN   0028-0836. PMID   34040260. S2CID   235217720.
  20. ↑ Doweld, Alexander B. (2017). "(2560) Proposal to conserve the name Umkomasiaceae against Zuberiaceae (fossil Peltaspermophyta: Umkomasiales )". Taxon. 66 (5): 1231–1232. doi: 10.12705/665.27 . ISSN   0040-0262.
  21. 1 2 Petriella, Bruno (1981). "Sistemática y vinculaciones de las Corystospermaceae H. Thomas". Ameghiniana (in Spanish). 18 (3–4): 221–234. ISSN   1851-8044.
  22. ↑ Naugolnykh, Serge V. (2012). "Vetlugospermum and Vetlugospermaceae: A new genus and family of peltasperms from the Lower Triassic of Moscow syneclise (Russia)". Geobios. 45 (5): 451–462. Bibcode:2012Geobi..45..451N. doi:10.1016/j.geobios.2011.10.009.
  23. ↑ Naugolnykh, S. V. (2008). "A new gymnosperm Sylvocarpus armatus gen. et sp. nov. from the Lower Permian of the Ural Mountains". Paleontological Journal. 42 (4): 431–439. Bibcode:2008PalJ...42..431N. doi:10.1134/s0031030108040138. ISSN   0031-0301. S2CID   89345920.
  24. ↑ Khramov, Alexander V.; Naugolnykh, Sergey V.; Węgierek, Piotr (2022-09-12). "Possible long-proboscid insect pollinators from the Early Permian of Russia". Current Biology. 32 (17): 3815–3820.e2. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.06.085 . ISSN   0960-9822. PMID   35858616.
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