Zamia

Last updated

Zamia
Starr 060905-8736 Zamia furfuracea.jpg
Zamia furfuracea
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Gymnospermae
Division: Cycadophyta
Class: Cycadopsida
Order: Cycadales
Family: Zamiaceae
Subtribe: Zamiinae
Genus: Zamia
L. [1]
Type species
Zamia pumila
L.
Synonyms [2]
  • AulacophyllumRegel
  • ChiguaD.W.Stev.
  • PalmifoliumKuntze
  • Palma-filixAdans.

Zamia is a genus of cycad of the family Zamiaceae, native to North America from the United States (in Georgia and Florida) throughout the West Indies, Central America, and South America as far south as Bolivia. [2] [3] [4] [5] The genus is considered to be the most ecologically and morphologically diverse of the cycads, and is estimated to have originated about 68.3 million years ago. [6]

Contents

Description

The genus comprises deciduous shrubs with aerial or subterranean circular stems, often superficially resembling palms. They produce spirally arranged, pinnate leaves which are pubescent, at least when young, having branched and simple, transparent and coloured hairs. The articulated leaflets lack a midrib, and are broad with subparallel dichotomous venation. Lower leaflets are not reduced to spines, though the petioles often have prickles. The emerging leaves of many Zamia species are striking, some emerging with a reddish or bronze cast ( Z. roeslii being an example). Zamia picta is even more distinctive, being the only truly variegated cycad (having whitish/yellow speckles on the leaves). [7]

Reproduction

Zamia sporophylls are born in vertical rows in cones, and the megasporophyll apices are faceted or flattened, not spinose. The fleshy seeds are subglobular to oblong or ellipsoidal, and are red, orange, yellow or rarely white. The endosperm is haploid, derived from the female gametophyte. The embryo is straight, with two cotyledons that are usually united at the tips and a very long, spirally twisted suspensor. The sperm of members from the genus are large, as is typical of cycads, and Z. roezlii is an example; its sperm are approximately 0.4 mm long and can be seen by the unaided eye. [8]

Preferred habitat

Zamia furfuracea leaves Zamia furfuracea04.jpg
Zamia furfuracea leaves

All the species of Zamia produce leafy crowns of foliage that make them choice garden specimens and most varieties branch heavily in age to produce handsome clumps. With a few exceptions, most Zamia species are found in warm, humid, tropical rainforest habitats, growing in the forest understory. However, many species are still fairly adaptable, performing quite well in cultivation, especially in subtropical areas. All species need good drainage and protection from the cold.

Ecology

At least one species, Z. pseudoparasitica, grows as an epiphyte in the branches of trees.

Species

Accepted species: [9]

Phylogeny of Zamia [10] [11]

Z. picta

Z. acuminata

Z. paucijuga

Z. inermis

Z. soconuscensis

Z. fischeri

Z. lindenii

Z. skinneri (Cebolla roja)

Z. standleyi

Z. lacandona

Z. ×katzeriana

Z. furfuracea (Cardboard palm)

Z. loddigesii

Z. purpurea

Z. fairchildiana

Z. verschaffeltii

Z. tuerckheimii

Z. variegata

Z. pseudoparasitica

Z. spartea

Z. cremnophila

Z. polymorpha

Z. prasina

Z. vazquezii

Z. herrerae

Z. portoricensis (Marunguey)

Z. integrifolia (Florida arrowroot)

Z. pygmaea

Z. erosa

Z. pumila (Coontie)

Z. angustifolia (Bay-rush)

Z. muricata

Z. pseudomonticola

Z. chigua

Z. neurophyllidia

Z. boliviana

Z. roezlii

Z. dressleri

Z. elegantissima

Z. cunaria

Z. poeppigiana

Z. encephalartoides

Z. lecointei

Z. wallisii (Chigua)

Z. restrepoi

Z. hymenophyllidia

Z. manicata

  1. Zamia acuminata Oerst.ex Dyer - Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Panama
  2. Zamia amazonum D.W.Stev. - Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Brazil
  3. Zamia amplifolia Hort.Bull ex Mast. - Colombia
  4. Zamia angustifolia Jacq. - The Bahamas, Cuba
  5. Zamia boliviana (Brongn.) A.DC. - Bolivia, Brazil (Mato Grosso)
  6. Zamia bussellii Schutzman et al.
  7. Zamia chigua Seem. - Colombia
  8. Zamia cremnophila Vovides, Schutzman & Dehgan - Tabasco, Mexico
  9. Zamia cunaria Dressler & D.W.Stev. - Panama
  10. Zamia decumbens Calonje, Meerman, M.P. Griff. & Hoese - Belize
  11. Zamia disodon D.W.Stev. & Sabato - Colombia
  12. Zamia dressleri D.W.Stev. - Panama
  13. Zamia elegantissima Schutzman, Vovides & R.S.Adams - Panama
  14. Zamia encephalartoides D.W. Stev. - Colombia
  15. Zamia erosa O.F.Cook & G.N.Collins - Cuba, Jamaica, Puerto Rico
  16. Zamia fairchildiana L.D.Gómez - Panama, Costa Rica
  17. Zamia fischeri Miq. ex Lem. - Mexico (San Luis Potosí, Veracruz, Hidalgo, Querétaro, Tamaulipas)
  18. Zamia furfuracea L.f. - cardboard palm - Mexico (Veracruz)
  19. Zamia gentryi Dodson Ecuador
  20. Zamia gomeziana R.H.Acuña - Costa Rica
  21. Zamia grijalvensis Pérez-Farr., Vovides & Mart.-Camilo - Mexico (Chiapas)
  22. Zamia hamannii A.S.Taylor, J.L.Haynes & Holzman - Panama
  23. Zamia herrerae Calderón & Standl. - Mexico (Chiapas), El Salvador, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Honduras
  24. Zamia huilensis Calonje, H.E.Esquivel & D.W.Stev. Colombia
  25. Zamia hymenophyllidia D.W.Stev. - Colombia, Peru
  26. Zamia imbricata Calonje & Castro
  27. Zamia imperialis A.S.Taylor, J.L.Haynes & Holzman - Panama
  28. Zamia incognita A.Lindstr. & Idárraga - Colombia
  29. Zamia inermis Vovides, J.D.Rees & Vázq.Torres - Mexico (Veracruz)
  30. Zamia integrifolia L.f. - coontie palm/Florida arrowroot - United States (Florida, Georgia), Bahamas, Cayman Islands, Cuba, Puerto Rico
  31. Zamia ipetiensis D.W.Stev. - Panama
  32. Zamia katzeriana (Regel) E.Rettig - Mexico
  33. Zamia lacandona Schutzman & Vovides - Mexico (Chiapas)
  34. Zamia lecointei Ducke - Brazil (Pará), Venezuela, Colombia, Peru
  35. Zamia lindenii Regel ex André - Peru, Ecuador
  36. Zamia lindleyi Warsz. ex A.Dietr. - Panama
  37. Zamia lindosensis Stevenson, Cárdenas & Castaño
  38. Zamia loddigesii Miq. Belize, El Salvador, Honduras, Mexico (Campeche, Chiapas, Veracruz, Puebla, Oaxaca, Hidalgo, Tabasco, Tamaulipas, Quintana Roo, Yucatán
  39. Zamia lucayana Britton - Bahamas
  40. Zamia macrochiera D.W.Stev. - Peru
  41. Zamia manicata Linden ex Regel - Panama, Colombia
  42. Zamia meermanii Calonje - Belize
  43. Zamia melanorrhachis D.W.Stev. - Colombia
  44. Zamia montana A.Braun - Colombia
  45. Zamia monticola Chamb. - Guatemala
  46. Zamia muricata Willd. - Colombia, Venezuela
  47. Zamia nana A.Lindstr., Calonje, D.W.Stev. & A.S.Taylor Panama [12]
  48. Zamia nesophila A.S.Taylor, J.L.Haynes & Holzman - Panama
  49. Zamia neurophyllidia D.W.Stev. - Panama, Nicaragua, Costa Rica
  50. Zamia obliqua A.Braun - Colombia
  51. Zamia onan-reyesii C.Nelson & Sandoval - Honduras
  52. Zamia oreillyi C.Nelson - Honduras
  53. Zamia paucifoliolata Calonje
  54. Zamia paucijuga Wieland - Mexico (Guerrero, Jalisco, Colima, Michoacán, Nayarit, Oaxaca)
  55. Zamia poeppigiana Mart. & Eichler - Bolivia, Brazil (Acre)
  56. Zamia portoricensis Urb. - Puerto Rico
  57. Zamia prasina W.Bull - Belize, Mexico (Tabasco, Yucatán)
  58. Zamia pseudomonticola L.D.Gómez - Panama, Costa Rica
  59. Zamia pseudoparasitica Yates - Panama
  60. Zamia pumila L. - guáyara / Dominican zamia - Hispaniola (Dominican Republic), possibly Cuba; possibly extirpated in Puerto Rico and Haiti
  61. Zamia purpurea Vovides, J.D.Rees & Vázq.Torres - Mexico (Veracruz, Oaxaca)
  62. Zamia pygmaea Sims - Cuba
  63. Zamia pyrophylla Calonje, D.W.Stev. & A.Lindstr. - Colombia
  64. Zamia restrepoi (D.W.Stev.) A.Lindstr. - Colombia
  65. Zamia roezlii Regel ex Linden - Colombia, Ecuador
  66. Zamia sandovalii C.Nelson - Honduras
  67. Zamia sinuensis Calonje & Castro
  68. Zamia skinneri Warsz. ex A.Dietr. - Panama
  69. Zamia soconuscensis Schutzman, Vovides & Dehgan - Mexico (Chiapas)
  70. Zamia spartea A.DC. in A.P.de Candolle - Mexico (Oaxaca)
  71. Zamia standleyi Schutzman - Guatemala, Honduras
  72. Zamia stenophyllidia Nicolalde-Morejón, Martínez-Domínguez & Stevenson
  73. Zamia stevensonii A.S.Taylor & Holzman Panama
  74. Zamia stricta Miq. - Cuba
  75. Zamia tolimensis Calonje, H.E.Esquivel & D.W.Stev - Colombia
  76. Zamia tuerckheimii Donn.Sm. - Guatemala
  77. Zamia ulei Dammer - Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Brazil
  78. Zamia urep B.Walln. - Peru
  79. Zamia variegata Warsz. - Mexico (Chiapas), Belize, Guatemala
  80. Zamia vazquezii D.W.Stev., Sabato & De Luca - Mexico (Veracruz)
  81. Zamia verschaffeltii Miq. - Mexico (Veracruz, Tabasco, Chiapas)
  82. Zamia wallisii H.J.Veitch - Colombia

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<i>Citharexylum</i> Genus of flowering plants

Citharexylum is a genus of flowering plants in the verbena family, Verbenaceae. It contains shrub and tree species commonly known as fiddlewoods or zitherwoods. They are native to the Americas, ranging from southern Florida and Texas in the United States to Argentina. The highest diversity occurs in Mexico and the Andes. The generic name is derived from the Greek words κιθάρα (kithara), meaning "lyre", and ξύλον (xylon), meaning "wood," referring to the use of the wood in the sounding boards of string instruments. Several species, especially C. caudatum and C. spinosum, are cultivated as ornamentals.

  1. Citharexylum affineD.Don - from northern Mexico to Nicaragua
  2. Citharexylum alainiiMoldenke - Dominican Republic
  3. Citharexylum albicauleTurcz. - Cuba
  4. Citharexylum altamiranumGreenm. - northeastern Mexico
  5. Citharexylum andinumMoldenke - Bolivia, Jujuy Province of Argentina
  6. Citharexylum argutedentatumMoldenke - Peru
  7. Citharexylum berlandieriB.L. Rob. - from Texas to Oaxaca - Berlandier's fiddlewood, Tamaulipan fiddlewood
  8. Citharexylum bourgeauanumGreenm. - Veracruz, Oaxaca
  9. Citharexylum brachyanthum(A.Gray ex Hemsl.) A.Gray - Texas, Coahuila, Nuevo León - Boxthorn fiddlewood, Mexican fiddlewood
  10. Citharexylum bullatumMoldenke - Colombia
  11. Citharexylum calvumMoldenke - Quintana Roo
  12. Citharexylum caudatumL. - southern Mexico, West Indies, Central America, Colombia, Peru - Juniper berry
  13. Citharexylum chartaceumMoldenke - Peru, Ecuador
  14. Citharexylum cooperiStandl. - Costa Rica, Panama, Guatemala
  15. Citharexylum costaricenseMoldenke - Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Honduras
  16. Citharexylum crassifoliumGreenm - Chiapas, Belize, Guatemala, Honduras
  17. Citharexylum daniraeLeón de la Luz & F.Chiang - Revillagigedo Islands of Baja California
  18. Citharexylum decorumMoldenke - Colombia, Venezuela
  19. Citharexylum dentatumD.Don - Peru
  20. Citharexylum discolorTurcz. - Cuba, Hispaniola
  21. Citharexylum donnell-smithiiGreenm. - Oaxaca, Chiapas, Central America
  22. Citharexylum dryanderaeMoldenke - Colombia, Venezuela, Peru, Ecuador
  23. Citharexylum ekmaniiMoldenke - Cuba
  24. Citharexylum ellipticumMoc. & Sessé ex D.Don - Veracruz, Campeche, Tabasco; naturalized in Cuba + Cayman Islands
  25. Citharexylum endlichiiMoldenke - northeastern Mexico
  26. Citharexylum flabellifoliumS.Watson - Sonora, Baja California
  27. Citharexylum flexuosum(Ruiz & Pav.) D.Don - Bolivia, Peru
  28. Citharexylum fulgidumMoldenke - Veracruz, northeastern Mexico
  29. Citharexylum gentryiMoldenke - Ecuador
  30. Citharexylum glabrum(S.Watson) Greenm - Oaxaca
  31. Citharexylum glazioviiMoldenke - eastern Brazil
  32. Citharexylum grandiflorumAymard & Rueda - Ecuador
  33. Citharexylum guatemalense(Moldenke) D.N.Gibson - Guatemala, Nicaragua
  34. Citharexylum herreraeMansf. - Peru
  35. Citharexylum hexangulareGreenm. - from northern Mexico to Costa Rica
  36. Citharexylum hidalgenseMoldenke - Mexico
  37. Citharexylum hintoniiMoldenke - México State
  38. Citharexylum hirtellumStandl. - from Veracruz to Panama
  39. Citharexylum ilicifoliumKunth - Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador
  40. Citharexylum iltisiiMoldenke - Peru
  41. Citharexylum × jamaicenseMoldenke - Jamaica, Haiti, Puerto Rico (C. caudatum × C. spinosum)
  42. Citharexylum joergensenii(Lillo) Moldenke - Argentina, Bolivia
  43. Citharexylum karsteniiMoldenke - Colombia, Venezuela
  44. Citharexylum kerberiGreenm. - Veracruz
  45. Citharexylum kobuskianumMoldenke - Peru
  46. Citharexylum krukoviiMoldenke - eastern Brazil
  47. Citharexylum kunthianumMoldenke - Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador
  48. Citharexylum laetumHiern - southern Brazil
  49. Citharexylum laurifoliumHayek - Bolivia, Peru
  50. Citharexylum lemsiiMoldenke - Guanacaste Province in Costa Rica
  51. Citharexylum × leonisMoldenke - Cuba (C. caudatum × C. tristachyum)
  52. Citharexylum ligustrifolium(Thur. ex Decne.) Van Houtte - Mexico
  53. Citharexylum lojenseMoldenke - Ecuador
  54. Citharexylum lucidumCham. & Schltdl. - Mexico
  55. Citharexylum lycioidesD.Don - Mexico
  56. Citharexylum macradeniumGreenm. - Panama, Costa Rica
  57. Citharexylum macrochlamysPittier - Panama, Colombia
  58. Citharexylum macrophyllumPoir. - Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Guianas, northwestern Brazil
  59. Citharexylum matheanumBorhidi & Kereszty - Cuba
  60. Citharexylum matudaeMoldenke - Chiapas
  61. Citharexylum mexicanumMoldenke - Veracruz, Puebla, Oaxaca
  62. Citharexylum microphyllum(DC.) O.E.Schulz - Hisipaniola
  63. Citharexylum mirifoliumMoldenke - Colombia, Venezuela
  64. Citharexylum mocinoiD.Don - Mexico, Central America
  65. Citharexylum montanumMoldenke - Colombia, Ecuador
  66. Citharexylum montevidense(Spreng.) Moldenke - Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay
  67. Citharexylum myrianthumCham. - Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay
  68. Citharexylum obtusifoliumKuhlm - Espírito Santo
  69. Citharexylum oleinum Moldenke - Mexico
  70. Citharexylum ovatifoliumGreenm. - Mexico
  71. Citharexylum pachyphyllumMoldenke - Peru
  72. Citharexylum pernambucenseMoldenke - eastern Brazil
  73. Citharexylum poeppigiiWalp. - Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Bolivia, Peru, Brazil
  74. Citharexylum punctatumGreenm. - Bolivia, Peru
  75. Citharexylum quercifoliumHayek - Peru
  76. Citharexylum quitenseSpreng. - Ecuador
  77. Citharexylum racemosumSessé & Moc. - Mexico
  78. Citharexylum reticulatumKunth - Ecuador, Peru
  79. Citharexylum rigidum(Briq.) Moldenke - Paraguay, southern Brazil
  80. Citharexylum rimbachiiMoldenke - Ecuador
  81. Citharexylum roseiGreenm. - Mexico
  82. Citharexylum roxanaeMoldenke - Baja California
  83. Citharexylum scabrumMoc. & Sessé ex D.Don - northern Mexico
  84. Citharexylum schottiiGreenm. - southern Mexico, Central America
  85. Citharexylum schulziiUrb. & Ekman - Hispaniola
  86. Citharexylum sessaeiD.Don - Mexico
  87. Citharexylum shreveiMoldenke - Sonora
  88. Citharexylum solanaceumCham. - southern Brazil
  89. Citharexylum spinosumL. – Spiny fiddlewood - West Indies, Panama, Venezuela, the Guianas; naturalized in India, Mozambique, Fiji, Bermuda
  90. Citharexylum stenophyllumUrb. & Ekman - Haiti
  91. Citharexylum steyermarkiiMoldenke - Veracruz, Chiapas, Guatemala
  92. Citharexylum suberosumLoes. ex Moldenke - Cuba
  93. Citharexylum subflavescensS.F.Blake - Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru
  94. Citharexylum subthyrsoideumPittier - Colombia, Venezuela
  95. Citharexylum subtruncatumMoldenke - northwestern Brazil
  96. Citharexylum sulcatumMoldenke - Colombia
  97. Citharexylum svensoniiMoldenke - Ecuador
  98. Citharexylum teclenseStandl. - El Salvador
  99. Citharexylum ternatumMoldenke - Cuba
  100. Citharexylum tetramerumBrandegee - Valle de Tehuacán-Cuicatlán in Mexico
  101. Citharexylum tristachyumTurcz. – Threespike Fiddlewood - Cuba, Jamaica, Leeward Islands
  102. Citharexylum uleiMoldenke - Colombia, Peru, northwestern Brazil
  103. Citharexylum vallenseMoldenke - Colombia
  104. Citharexylum venezuelenseMoldenke - Venezuela
  105. Citharexylum weberbaueriHayek - Peru
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References

  1. ↑ "Genus: Zamia L." Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 2007-10-05. Archived from the original on 2009-08-27. Retrieved 2011-01-12.
  2. 1 2 Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
  3. ↑ Hill, K.D. & Stevenson, D.W. (1999). A world list of Cycads, 1999. Excelsa 19: 67-72.
  4. ↑ Flora of North America, vol 2, Zamia integrifolia Linnaeus f. in Aiton, Hort. Kew. 3: 478. 1789.
  5. ↑ Standley, P. C. & J. A. Steyermark. 1958. Cycadaceae. In Standley, P.C. & Steyermark, J.A. (Eds), Flora of Guatemala - Part I. Fieldiana, Bot. 24(1): 11–20.
  6. ↑ Arboreal camera trapping sheds light on seed dispersal of the world’s only epiphytic gymnosperm: Zamia pseudoparasitica - Wiley Online Library
  7. ↑ Nicolalde-Morejón, F., A. P. Vovides & D. W. Stevenson. 2009. Taxonomic revision of Zamia in Mega-Mexico. Brittonia 61(4): 301–335.
  8. ↑ Armstrong, W.P. (2008-04-03). "Botanical Record-Breakers (Part 1 of 2)". Wayne's Word. Archived from the original on 2010-12-19. Retrieved 2011-01-12.
  9. ↑ "Zamia — The Plant List". www.theplantlist.org. Retrieved 2019-06-04.
  10. ↑ Stull, Gregory W.; Qu, Xiao-Jian; Parins-Fukuchi, Caroline; Yang, Ying-Ying; Yang, Jun-Bo; Yang, Zhi-Yun; Hu, Yi; Ma, Hong; Soltis, Pamela S.; Soltis, Douglas E.; Li, De-Zhu; Smith, Stephen A.; Yi, Ting-Shuang; et al. (2021). "Gene duplications and phylogenomic conflict underlie major pulses of phenotypic evolution in gymnosperms". Nature Plants. 7 (8): 1015–1025. bioRxiv   10.1101/2021.03.13.435279 . doi:10.1038/s41477-021-00964-4. PMID   34282286. S2CID   232282918.
  11. ↑ Stull, Gregory W.; et al. (2021). "main.dated.supermatrix.tree.T9.tre". Figshare. doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.14547354.v1.{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  12. ↑ "Zamia nana at The World List of Cycads".

Further reading

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