Validly published name

Last updated

In botanical nomenclature, a validly published name is a name that meets the requirements in the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN) for valid publication. [1] Valid publication of a name represents the minimum requirements for a botanical name to exist: terms that appear to be names but have not been validly published are referred to in the ICN as "designations". [1]

Contents

A validly published name may not satisfy all the requirements to be legitimate . [2] It is also not necessarily the correct name for a particular taxon and rank. [2]

Nevertheless, invalid names (nomen invalidum, nom. inval.) are sometimes in use. This may occur when a taxonomist finds and recognises a taxon and thinks of a name, but delays publishing it in an adequate manner. A common reason for this is that a taxonomist intends to write a magnum opus that provides an overview of the group, rather than a series of small papers. Another reason is that the code of nomenclature changes with time, and most changes have retroactive effect, which has resulted in some names becoming invalid that the author thought were validly published.

Historical development

Early versions of the International Code of Nomenclature (1958, 1966) explicitly defined a name as "a name which has been validly published, whether legitimate or illegitimate". This clear definition helped establish the foundational principle that valid publication is a prerequisite for any nomenclatural status. More recent versions of various nomenclatural codes have maintained this concept while evolving their specific language and requirements. Valid publication refers to meeting a defined set of rules rather than conforming to all rules in a nomenclatural code, separating the basic requirements for a name to exist from other rules that determine its legitimacy or proper usage. [3]

Nomenclatural terms

A "designation" has a specific meaning in the Code: it refers to what appears to be a name but either (1) has not been validly published and hence is not a name in the sense of the Code, or (2) is not to be regarded as a name. The term "potential name" has been proposed for cases where the status of a name as validly published or not has yet to be determined, such as when waiting for a committee decision on whether a descriptive statement qualifies as a validating description. [4]

A key distinction is that publication of a name in a dictionary, standalone index, or review that solely purports to report nomenclature or taxonomic systems of previously published works does not constitute acceptance of the name by any author. For example, when a name appears in an index merely recording names accepted by original authors, without explicit acceptance by the compilers themselves, it does not achieve valid publication status through that index. This principle helps maintain clarity about when names are truly validly published versus when they are simply being recorded or referenced. [5]

The distinction between these terms is important in practice. While the Code allows phrases like "intended name" or "intended new combination", these terms are only used for designations - names that have not achieved valid publication status. A designation in botanical nomenclature can refer to either an attempted but invalid name, or to the process of establishing a type specimen for a name (type designation). These two uses can sometimes appear in the same context, though they have different implications: a type designation is usually an effective typification, while a designation in the sense of an invalid name has no nomenclatural status. [4]

Requirements for effective publication

Under the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants, publication can be effected in two ways: [6]

  1. Distribution of printed matter (through sale, exchange, or gift) to the general public or at least to scientific institutions with generally accessible libraries.
  2. Distribution on or after 1 January 2012 of electronic material in Portable Document Format (PDF) in an online publication with an International Standard Serial Number (ISSN) or an International Standard Book Number (ISBN).

Publication is not effected by: [6]

Electronic publications must meet additional requirements: [6]

In microbiology

The International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes inherits the concept of a valid publication from the ICBN. To be considered valid, a name must be found in the Approved Lists of Bacterial Names, or is published in the International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology (formerly the International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology ). The name must, of course, conform to the Code. Names that satisfy the code but not found in these sources are effectively published as long as the journal is sufficiently recognized. Effective names can be made valid through "Validation List" publications made to the IJSEM. In addition, it is possible to validate a binomial name without the genus being validated. [7]

The relationship between valid publication and legitimacy follows a specific order in prokaryotic nomenclature. A name must first be validly published before it can be considered either legitimate or illegitimate under the Code. Names that fail to meet the requirements for valid publication have no nomenclatural status and cannot be evaluated for legitimacy. Two examples illustrate this process: when Thalassobius gelatinovorus was first proposed in 2005, it was published with only one type strain deposit instead of the required two. Rather than being both invalid and illegitimate, the name simply lacked valid publication status until it was properly validated the following year with multiple strain deposits. Similarly, the bacterial genus name Rhizomonas (1990) demonstrates how valid publication must precede legitimacy determinations – the name was first validly published, which then allowed it to be evaluated and ultimately declared illegitimate due to being a homonym of an earlier protozoan genus name. [3]

Contrast to zoology

In zoology, the term "valid name" has a different meaning, analogous to (corresponding to) the botanical term "correct name". [1] [8] The term "validly published name" is more like (and it corresponds to) the zoological term "available name".

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tribe (biology)</span> Taxonomic rank between family and genus

In biology, a tribe is a taxonomic rank above genus, but below family and subfamily. It is sometimes subdivided into subtribes. By convention, all taxa ranked above species are capitalized, including both tribe and subtribe.

In the scientific name of organisms, basionym or basyonym means the original name on which a new name is based; the author citation of the new name should include the authors of the basionym in parentheses. The term "basionym" is used in both botany and zoology. In zoology, alternate terms such as original combination or protonym are sometimes used instead. Bacteriology uses a similar term, basonym, spelled without an i.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Type genus</span> Term in biological taxonomy

In biological taxonomy, the type genus is the genus which defines a biological family and the root of the family name.

<i>Nomen nudum</i> Term used in nomenclature ("naked name")

In taxonomy, a nomen nudum is a designation which looks exactly like a scientific name of an organism, and may have originally been intended to be one, but it has not been published with an adequate description. This makes it a "bare" or "naked" name, which cannot be accepted as it stands. A largely equivalent but much less frequently used term is nomen tantum. Sometimes, "nomina nuda" is erroneously considered a synonym for the term "unavailable names". However, not all unavailable names are nomina nuda.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Syntype</span> Taxonomic term

In biological nomenclature, a syntype is any one of two or more biological types that is listed in a description of a taxon where no holotype was designated. Precise definitions of this and related terms for types have been established as part of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature and the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants.

Nomenclature codes or codes of nomenclature are the various rulebooks that govern the naming of living organisms. Standardizing the scientific names of biological organisms allows researchers to discuss findings.

In botany, the correct name according to the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN) is the one and only botanical name that is to be used for a particular taxon, when that taxon has a particular circumscription, position and rank. Determining whether a name is correct is a complex procedure. The name must be validly published, a process which is defined in no less than 16 Articles of the ICN. It must also be "legitimate", which imposes some further requirements. If there are two or more legitimate names for the same taxon, then the correct name is the one which has priority, i.e. it was published earliest, although names may be conserved if they have been very widely used. Validly published names other than the correct name are called synonyms. Since taxonomists may disagree as to the circumscription, position or rank of a taxon, there can be more than one correct name for a particular plant. These may also be called synonyms.

In botany, an infraspecific name is the scientific name for any taxon below the rank of species, i.e. an infraspecific taxon or infraspecies. The scientific names of botanical taxa are regulated by the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN). As specified by the ICN, the name of an infraspecific taxon is a combination of the name of a species and an infraspecific epithet, separated by a connecting term that denotes the rank of the taxon. An example of an infraspecific name is Astrophytum myriostigma subvar. glabrum, the name of a subvariety of the species Astrophytum myriostigma. In the previous example, glabrum is the infraspecific epithet.

In botanical nomenclature, author citation is the way of citing the person or group of people who validly published a botanical name, i.e. who first published the name while fulfilling the formal requirements as specified by the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN). In cases where a species is no longer in its original generic placement, both the authority for the original genus placement and that for the new combination are given.

In zoological nomenclature, the valid name of a taxon is the correct scientific name for that taxon. The valid name must be used for that taxon, regardless of any other name that may currently be used for that taxon, or may previously have been used. A name can only be valid when it is an available name under the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN); if a name is unavailable, then it cannot be considered either valid or invalid.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Conserved name</span> Conserved name (a protected scientific name)

A conserved name or nomen conservandum is a scientific name that has specific nomenclatural protection. That is, the name is retained, even though it violates one or more rules which would otherwise prevent it from being legitimate. Nomen conservandum is a Latin term, meaning "a name to be conserved". The terms are often used interchangeably, such as by the International Code of Nomenclature for Algae, Fungi, and Plants (ICN), while the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature favours the term "conserved name".

In botanical nomenclature, autonyms are automatically created names, as regulated by the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants that are created for certain subdivisions of genera and species, those that include the type of the genus or species. An autonym might not be mentioned in the publication that creates it as a side-effect. Autonyms "repeat unaltered" the genus name or species epithet of the taxon being subdivided, and no other name for that same subdivision is validly published. For example, Rubus subgenus Eubatus is not validly published, and the subgenus is known as Rubus subgen. Rubus.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Paratype</span> Taxonomic term

In zoology and botany, a paratype is a specimen of an organism that helps define what the scientific name of a species and other taxon actually represents, but it is not the holotype. Often there is more than one paratype. Paratypes are usually held in museum research collections.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Form classification</span> Classification of organisms based on their morphology

Form classification is the classification of organisms based on their morphology, which does not necessarily reflect their biological relationships. Form classification, generally restricted to palaeontology, reflects uncertainty; the goal of science is to move "form taxa" to biological taxa whose affinity is known.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Priority (biology)</span> Principle of biological nomenclature

Priority is a principle in biological taxonomy by which a valid scientific name is established based on the oldest available name. It is a decisive rule in botanical and zoological nomenclature to recognise the first binomial name given to an organism as the correct and acceptable name. The purpose is to select one scientific name as a stable one out of two or more alternate names that often exist for a single species.

In zoological nomenclature, an available name is a scientific name for a taxon of animals that has been published after 1757 and conforming to all the mandatory provisions of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature for the establishment of a zoological name. In contrast, an unavailable name is a name that does not conform to the rules of that code and that therefore is not available for use as a valid name for a taxon. Such a name does not fulfil the requirements in Articles 10 through 20 of the Code, or is excluded under Article 1.3.

In biological nomenclature, the principle of typification is one of the guiding principles.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sanctioned name</span> Type of name in mycology

In mycology, a sanctioned name is a name that was adopted in certain works of Christiaan Hendrik Persoon or Elias Magnus Fries, which are considered major points in fungal taxonomy.

An isonym, in botanical taxonomy, is a name of a taxon that is identical to another designation, and based on the same type, but published at a different time by different authors. Citation from that source follows:

When the same name, based on the same type, has been published independently at different times by different authors, then only the earliest of these "isonyms" has nomenclatural status. The name is always to be cited from its original place of valid publication, and later isonyms may be disregarded.

The Kew Rule was used by some authors to determine the application of synonymous names in botanical nomenclature up to about 1906, but was and still is contrary to codes of botanical nomenclature including the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants. Index Kewensis, a publication that aimed to list all botanical names for seed plants at the ranks of species and genus, used the Kew Rule until its Supplement IV was published in 1913.

References

  1. 1 2 3 McNeill, J.; Barrie, F.R.; Buck, W.R.; Demoulin, V.; Greuter, W.; Hawksworth, D.L.; Herendeen, P.S.; Knapp, S.; Marhold, K.; Prado, J.; Reine, W.F.P.h.V.; Smith, G.F.; Wiersema, J.H.; Turland, N.J. (2012). International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Melbourne Code) adopted by the Eighteenth International Botanical Congress Melbourne, Australia, July 2011: Glossary. Vol. Regnum Vegetabile 154. A.R.G. Gantner Verlag KG. ISBN   978-3-87429-425-6. Archived from the original on 2018-08-01. Retrieved 2013-03-29.
  2. 1 2 Turland, N. (2013). The Code Decoded: A user's guide to the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants. Vol. Regnum Vegetabile Volume 155. Koeltz Scientific Books. ISBN   978-3-87429-433-1.
  3. 1 2 Tindall, B.J. (2016). "The relationship of validly published names to legitimate and illegitimate names in the International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 66 (11): 4905–4906. doi: 10.1099/ijsem.0.001420 .
  4. 1 2 Wisnev, M.A.; Prado, J. (2023). "(242–244) Proposals to clarify the use of the terms "name" and "designation" and add a definition of "potential name" (Articles 6.3, 12.1 and 38.4)". Taxon. 72 (3): 677. doi:10.1002/tax.12941.
  5. ↑ Sennikov, Alexander N.; Barkworth, Mary E.; Welker, Cassiano A.D.; Prado, Jefferson (2015). "(050–051) Proposals to add a new interpretative paragraph with new Examples to Article 36, dealing with certain designations published without explicit acceptance". Taxon. 64 (3): 653–655. doi: 10.12705/643.31 .
  6. 1 2 3 "Chapter IV: Effective Publication. Article 29". International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants. International Association for Plant Taxonomy.
  7. ↑ "Glossary". lpsn.dsmz.de. Archived from the original on 2023-05-02. Retrieved 2023-05-02.
  8. ↑ "ICZN article 79 (in Chapter 17)". Archived from the original on 8 June 2011. Retrieved 2 January 2012.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.