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Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture 延边州 | |
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Chinese transcription(s) | |
• Simplified Chinese | 延边朝鲜族自治州 |
• Hanyu Pinyin | Yánbiān Cháoxiǎnzú Zìzhìzhōu |
Korean transcription(s) | |
• Chosŏn'gŭl | 연변조선족자치주 |
• McCune–Reischauer | Yŏnbyŏn Chosŏnjok Chach'iju |
• Revised Romanization | Yeonbyeon Joseonjok Jachiju |
Coordinates: 43°08′N129°11′E / 43.133°N 129.183°E | |
Country | China |
Province | Jilin |
County-level divisions | 6 county-level cities 2 counties |
Prefectural seat | Yanji |
Government | |
• CCP Secretary | Hua Jiafu |
• Congress Chairman | Zhang Taifan |
• Governor | Hong Gyeong |
• Prefectural CPPCC Chairwoman | Kang Fang |
Area | |
• Total | 43,329.3 km2 (16,729.5 sq mi) |
Population (2022) | |
• Total | 2,015,500 |
• Density | 47/km2 (120/sq mi) |
Demographics | |
• Ethnic composition | |
• Languages | Korean, Mandarin Chinese |
GDP [1] | |
• Total | CN¥ 85.9 billion US$ 13.8 billion |
• Per capita | CN¥ 40,119 US$ 6,441 |
Time zone | UTC+8 (China Standard) |
Area code | +86 433 |
ISO 3166 code | CN-JL-24 |
Licence plate prefixes | 吉H |
Website | www |
Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture | |||||||||||
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Simplified Chinese | 延边朝鲜族自治州 | ||||||||||
Traditional Chinese | 延邊 朝鮮族 自治州 | ||||||||||
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Chinese Korean name | |||||||||||
Chosŏn'gŭl | 연변조선족자치주 | ||||||||||
Hancha | 延邊朝鮮族自治州 | ||||||||||
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The Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture [a] is an autonomous prefecture in the east of Jilin Province,China. Yanbian is bordered to the north by Heilongjiang Province,on the west by Jilin's Baishan City and Jilin City,on the south by North Korea's North Hamgyong Province and on the east by Primorsky Krai in Russia. Yanbian is designated as a Korean autonomous prefecture due to the large number of Chaoxianzu living in the region. The prefectural capital is Yanji and the total area is 42,700 square kilometres (16,500 sq mi).
The prefecture has an important Balhae archaeological site:the Ancient Tombs at Longtou Mountain,which includes the Mausoleum of Princess Jeonghyo.
In the Ming dynasty,Yanbian was governed by the Jianzhou Guard (建州衛) and in the late Qing dynasty the area was divided into the Yanji (延吉廳) and Hunchun (琿春廳) subprefectures. From 1644 to 1800s,the Manchurian Qing state maintained a policy of disallowing Han Chinese immigration into traditionally Manchurian lands in order to ensure that the Manchu were not assimilated by the Han Chinese. However,this effort failed because of the trading and agricultural opportunities available to Han Chinese migrants in the northeast region which made it profitable to evade the rules,as well as later Qing relaxation of the same rules (Chuang Guandong) to discourage Russian encroachment. Thus,in the 19th century,Chinese immigrants migrated en masse from China proper to areas that were formerly off limits to Han Chinese migration. [2] [3]
In the late 19th century,Korean immigrants migrated en masse from the Korean Peninsula to China. After the foundation of the Republic of China,a second wave arrived. Of the 2 million ethnic Koreans in Manchuria at the time of the communist takeover,1.2 million remained in the region after the end of World War II. Many participated in the Chinese Civil War,most on the side of the Chinese communists. When the civil war was over,the new Chinese government gave these Koreans their own autonomous region (区) in 1952. Yanbian was upgraded to an ethnic autonomous prefecture in 1955.[ citation needed ] During the Cultural Revolution,ethnic Koreans were killed and persecuted in Yanbian. [4]
Korean (Joseon) migration into Northeast China began in significant numbers in the last quarter of the 19th century and was mainly motivated by economic hardship on the Korean side of the border. After the Japanese annexed Korea in 1910,a small but significant number of migrants also came to Manchuria for political reasons. [5]
In 1952,the Korean migrants comprised some 60% of the local population,but by 2000 that was down to 32%. The Chinese authorities subsidize Korean language schools and publications,but also take measures to prevent an emergence of Korean irredentism in the area. From the late 1990s,the Chaoxianzu have assimilated into mainstream Chinese culture with increasing speed,often switching to daily use of Chinese and choosing to attend Chinese-language schools. [6]
Mountains that are in the prefecture are:
There have been over 40 types of minerals and 50 kinds of metals –including gold,lead,zinc,copper,silver,manganese and mercury –discovered near or in the mountains.
The average land height is 500 metres above sea level.
Main rivers include:
The rivers sustain 28 running water processing facilities. They created basins,which are suitable for agricultural uses,like rice paddies and bean farms.
Title | CCP Committee Secretary | People's Congress Chairman | Governor | Yanbian CPPCC Chairwoman |
---|---|---|---|---|
Name | Hua Jiafu | Zhang Taifan | Hong Gyeong | Kang Fang |
Ethnicity | Han | Korean | Korean | Han |
Born | October 1967 (age 57) | November 1964 (age 60) | November 1976 (age 48) | March 1966 (age 58) |
Assumed office | June 2022 | January 2022 | November 2021 | January 2022 |
The prefecture is subdivided into eight county-level divisions:six county-level cities and two counties:
Administrative divisions of the Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture | |||||||
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Division code | Division | Area (km2) | Total population 2020 | Seat | Postal code | ||
222400 | Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture | 43,329.34 | 1,941,700 | Yanji | 133000 | ||
222401 | Yanji City | 1,722.24 | 686,136 | Xinxing Subdistrict | 133000 | ||
222402 | Tumen City | 1,140.50 | 85,248 | Xiangshang Subdistrict | 133100 | ||
222403 | Dunhua City | 11,787.76 | 392,486 | Minzhu Subdistrict | 133700 | ||
222404 | Hunchun City | 5,141.29 | 239,359 | Henan Subdistrict | 133300 | ||
222405 | Longjing City | 2,208.80 | 129,286 | Anmin Subdistrict | 133400 | ||
222406 | Helong City | 5,068.71 | 117,087 | Wenhua Subdistrict | 133500 | ||
222424 | Wangqing County | 8,825.81 | 167,911 | Dachuan Subdistrict | 133200 | ||
222426 | Antu County | 7,434.23 | 124,187 | Jiulong Subdistrict | 133600 |
Divisions in Chinese and Korean | |||||
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English | Chinese | Pinyin | Chinese Korean transliteration | ||
Joseongeul | Revised | McCune | |||
Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture | 延边朝鲜族自治州 | Yánbiān CháoxiǎnzúZìzhìzhōu | 연변조선족자치주 | Yeonbyeon Joseonjok Jachiju | Yŏnbyŏn Chosŏnjok Chach'iju |
Yanji City | 延吉市 | YánjíShì | 연길시 | Yeongil-si | Yŏngil-si |
Tumen City | 图们市 | Túmén Shì | 도문시 | Domun-si | Tomun-si |
Dunhua City | 敦化市 | DūnhuàShì | 돈화시 | Donhwa-si | Tonhwa-si |
Dunhua City | 敦化市 | DūnhuàShì | 돈화시 | Donhwa-si | Tonhwa-si |
Hunchun City | 珲春市 | Húnchūn Shì | 혼춘시 | Hunchun-si | Hunch’un-si |
Longjing City | 龙井市 | Lóngjǐng Shì | 룡정시 | Ryongjeong-si | Ryongjŏng-si |
Helong City | 和龙市 | Hélóng Shì | 화룡시 | Hwaryong-si | Hwaryong-si |
Wangqing County | 汪清县 | Wāngqīng Xiàn | 왕청현 | Wangcheong-hyeon | Wangch’ŏng-hyŏn |
Antu County | 安图县 | ĀntúXiàn | 안도현 | Ando-hyeon | Ando-hyŏn |
The above counties and cities are divided into 642 villages (边境村).
Railways include:
There are 1,480 km (920 mi) of public roads altogether. There are four airports.
The total registered population in Yanbian at the end of 2022 was 2.015 million. [7] The urbanization rate was 69.6% in 2022. [7] Between 1952 and 2002,Yanbian had among the highest rates of urbanization at 55.6%,20 percentage points greater than the provincial average (31.3%) and 25 more than the national average (26.5%). [8]
The population of Yanbian was predominantly Han as of 2022 [update] ,who were estimated to make up 60.2%,followed by Koreans at 35.5%,and Manchus at 3.6%. [7] The ethnic composition according to the 2020 census: [9]
Ethnicity | Han | Korean | Manchu | Hui | Mongol | Miao | Tujia | Zhuang | Jingpo | Yi | Other |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Population | 1,222,373 | 597,426 | 54,292 | 5,530 | 4,532 | 349 | 248 | 219 | 214 | 168 | 1,350 |
% | 65.79 | 30.77 | 2.80 | 0.28 | 0.23 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.07 |
% of ethnic minorities | – | 89.93 | 8.17 | 0.83 | 0.68 | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.20 |
As on the Korean peninsula,the most common surname among Yanbian Koreans is Kim (Jin [金] in Chinese). Many emigrated from Korea during the 19th century and again during the Japanese occupation.[ citation needed ]
The GDP of Yanbian was about CN¥ 83.857 billion (US$12.479 billion) as of 2022 [update] . Its per capita for 2022 was CN¥44,007 (US$6,542). [10] Its primary,secondary,and tertiary industries were worth CN¥7.652 billion (US$1.138 billion),CN¥33.527 billion (US$4.9285 billion),and CN¥42.708 billion (US$6.350 billion),respectively. [10]
Colleges and universities:
International schools:
Both Mandarin Chinese and Chaoxianzu style Korean are used as official languages in Yanbian.
The Museum of Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture was planned in 1960,and constructed in 1982. It contains over 10,000 exhibits,including 11 first-level artifacts.[ citation needed ] The exhibits' labels and explanations are bilingual in Korean and Chinese and tour guides are also available in both languages.
There are seven public parks in Yanbian's green space (18% of whole prefecture),including:
Also popular among locals during holidays and festivities.
Over 70% of the prefecture is forest,so there is a rich biodiversity.[ citation needed ]
Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture is an important region for Chinese football. Over 50 years,more than 40 footballers have been selected by the China national team.
The first professional football team in this prefecture is Jilin Three Stars Football Club. From 1994 to 2000,this club had played each year in the top Chinese football league. In 2000,they were relegated from the top league. Because of poor economic conditions the club was sold to Lucheng Group in Zhejiang Province.
Yanbian Longding plays in the 30,000-seater Yanji Stadium in China League One,the second tier of the Chinese football league system.
In 2016,Yanbian Football Club was sponsored by Shenzhen Funde Group (Chinese :富德集团) when they got the permission of Chinese Super League,since they acquired the 1st place in the Chinese Second League in 2015.
Jilin is one of the three provinces of Northeast China. Its capital and largest city is Changchun. Jilin borders North Korea and Russia to the east, Heilongjiang to the north, Liaoning to the south, and Inner Mongolia to the west.
Yanji is a county-level city in the east of China's Jilin Province, and is the seat of the Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture. Yanji City is located in the eastern part of Jilin Province. It is the seat of the government of Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture and the political, economic and cultural center of the entire autonomous prefecture. Its population is approximately 400,000 of which a significant portion is ethnic Korean. Yanji is a busy hub of transport and trade between China and North Korea. The city is home to Yanbian University, a comprehensive university and the only Project 211 university in Yanji.
Tumen is a county-level city in Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture, eastern Jilin province, Northeast China. Of its 136,000 inhabitants, approximately 78,000 are of Korean descent. The two official languages are Chinese and Korean. Tumen is separated from Namyang of North Hamgyong province of North Korea by the Tumen River. Due to this proximity, many North Koreans escaping North Korea pass through Tumen. Tumen is also the location of a large detention center for captured North Koreans awaiting deportation. Tumen has two major food markets, the South Market and the North Market, where most of the residents purchase their food. Packaged foods and meats are usually sold inside the building, and vegetables are sold outside. There are six elementary schools, with three Korean schools, and three Chinese schools.
Longjing is a county-level city in the Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture, south-eastern Jilin province, China. It lies on the Tumen River, opposite the North Korean city Hoeryong. Longjing is "the birthplace of Chinese Korean folk culture, the area in China where Korean people live most concentratedly and where Korean folk culture is best preserved."
Koreans in China include both ethnic Koreans with Chinese nationality and non-Chinese nationalities such as South Korean and North Korean people living in China. For this reason, ethnic Koreans with Chinese nationality or citizenship are termed Korean Chinese, Joseonjok, Chosŏnjok, and their official name in China is Chaoxianzu. They are the 13th largest officially-recognized ethnic minority group in China. Most of Korean Chinese live in Yanbian and Changbai within Jilin province. Significant populations can also be found in Heilongjiang, Liaoning, and Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, with a sizable expat community in Shanghai. According to the South Korean government, the combined population of Koreans with Chinese nationality, South Korean, North Korean in China is 2,109,727 in 2023.
Dunhua is a county-level city of the Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture in southeastern Jilin province, China. It has more than 480,000 inhabitants and was the capital of Balhae between 742 and 756, known at the time as "Junggyeong". During the Qing dynasty it was called Áodōng (敖东) in Chinese and Odoli in Manchu.
Hunchun is a county-level city in the Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture within Jilin province to the far east. It borders North Hamgyong Province in North Korea and Primorsky Krai in Russia, has over 250,000 inhabitants, and covers 5,145 square kilometers. The site of the eastern capital of the Balhae Kingdom between 785 and 793, Donggyeong, was located here.
Korean Chinese, also called Chaoxianzu, is the Korean (Joseon) ethnic minority group in China. They are one of the 56 officially recognized ethnic groups by the Government of China and the Chinese Communist Party. They account for the vast majority of ethnic Koreans in China.
Changbai Korean Autonomous County, or simply Changbai County, is a county in southern Jilin province, China, facing Hyesan, North Korea. It is under the administration of the city of Baishan, 160 kilometres (99 mi) to the west-northwest, and has an area of 2,497.6 km2 (964.3 sq mi). The county has a total population of 85,000 people, 14,000 of which are ethnic Koreans.
Helong is a county-level city in southeastern Jilin province, Northeast China. It is under the administration of the Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture.
Antu County is a county of southeastern Jilin province, Northeast China. It is under the administration of the Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture. Antu is home to Korean and Manchu minorities. In 2020 it had a population of 195,000, of which 17.9% Koreans. It has a border crossing with North Korea at Shuangmufeng (双目峰).
Yanbian International Academy is a K-12 international school in Yanji, Yanbian, China. It is a part of the Yanbian University of Science and Technology.
Jilin–Hunchun intercity railway, also known as Jihun Passenger Dedicated Line, is a high-speed railway operated by China Railway High-speed in Jilin Province. It connects the major city of Jilin City with the eastern city of Hunchun near the border with Russia and North Korea. It will have a total length of 359 km (223 mi) of electrified double-track railways, built to the Grade 1 standard. Project construction started on October 30, 2010, with operations commencing on September 20, 2015. The railway has been described as "Dongbei's most beautiful railway" and "the fastest way to Vladivostok". Reflecting the border location of the city, the new train station has its sign in four languages: Chinese, Korean, Russian, and English. Future prospects could see the line extended to Vladivostok.
Korean International School in Yanbian is a Korean international school in Yanji, Yanbian, Jilin, China. It serves students in elementary school through high school.
Yanbian Library is a library located in Yanji City, Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture, Jilin Province, China. With a collection of over 80 thousand books in Korean, it is the largest and the only one Korean literature collection center in China.
Yanji No.1 Senior High School, commonly abbreviated as Yanji Shi Yizhong, is a Provincial Key High School in Yanji, Yanbian, Jilin, China. It was established in 1915.
Yanbian People's Publishing House, commonly known as Yanbian People's Press, is a Yanji-based publishing house in the People's Republic of China. It is the first publishing house established in Jilin Province after the founding of PRC.
Chaoyangchuan is a town in Yanji, Yanbian, Jilin, China. It has a total population of 54,000 and an area of 393 sq km. 65% of the population is Korean. Chaoyangchuan is divided into the following divisions: Shengli Community, Wenhua Community, Chunguang Community, Chaoyang Community, Heping Community, Jicheng Village, Qinlao Village, Taidong Village, Guangshi Village, Dexin Village, Hexing Village, Sanfeng Village, Sancheng Village, Dongfeng Village, Changqing Village, Guangrong Village, Chaoyang Village, Longsheng Village, Liuxin Village, Hengdao Village, Zhongping Village, Taixing Village, Badao Village, Changsheng Village and Hepingdao Village.
Sandaowan is a town in Yanji, Yanbian, Jilin, China. It has a total population of 9944 and a total area of 555.7 sq km. It is divided into Canchang Community, Meikuang Community, Zhongxin Village, Wudao Village, Nanzhangzhi Village, Beizhangzhi Village, Donggou Village, Pinggang Village, Tuntian Village, Zhibian Village and Lishu Village.
Events took a horrific turn in the frontier town of Yanbian, where freight trains trundled from China into the DPRK, draped with the corpses of Koreans killed in the pitched battles of the Cultural Revolution, and daubed with threatening graffiti: 'This will be your fate also, you tiny revisionists!'
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