Shenzhen roughly follows the administrative boundaries of Bao'an County,which was established in imperial times. After the Opium Wars,the southern portion of Bao'an County was occupied by the British government and became part of British Hong Kong,while the village of Shenzhen was next to the border. Shenzhen turned into a city in 1979. In the early 1980s,economic reforms introduced by Deng Xiaoping resulted in the city becoming the first special economic zone of China due to its close proximity to Hong Kong,attracting foreign direct investment and migrants searching for opportunities. In thirty years,the city's economy and population boomed and has since emerged as a hub for technology,international trade,and finance.
The city is a leading global technology hub. In the media Shenzhen is sometimes called China's Silicon Valley.[11][12] The city's entrepreneurial,innovative,and competitive-based culture has resulted in the city being home to numerous small manufacturers and software companies. Several of these firms have become large technology corporations,such as Huawei,Tencent,and DJI. As an important international city,Shenzhen hosts numerous national and international events every year,such as the 2011 Summer Universiade and the China Hi-Tech Fair.
A large portion of Shenzhen's population are migrants from all over China,and the city's population structure skews younger than most places in China.
Toponymy
The earliest known recorded mention of the name chen could date from 1410,during the Ming dynasty.[13] Locals call the drains in paddy fields "Zhen" (Chinese:圳;lit.'ditch',' drain'). Shenzhen was named after a deep (Chinese:深;lit.'deep') drain that was located within the area."[14][15]
The oldest evidence of humans in the area on which Shenzhen was established dates back during the mid-Neolithic period.[16][17] Human have inhabited the area throughout the past 6,700 years. Historic counties were first established in the area 1,700 years ago. The historic towns of Nantou and Dapeng,were built on the area that is now Shenzhen over 600 years ago.[18] The Hakka people also have a history in Shenzhen since 300 years ago when they first immigrated.
In 214 BC,when Emperor Qin Shi Huang unified China under the Qin dynasty,the area was submitted to the jurisdiction of the established Nanhai Commandery,one of the three commanderies that were set up in Lingnan,and was assimilated into Zhongyuan culture.[19] In 331 AD,the Eastern Jin administration split up Nanhai and established a new Dongguan Commandery[zh] (东官郡).[20] The seat of both the commandery and Bao'an County,one of its six counties,was located around the modern town of Nantou. In 590,the Sui administration merged the region back into Nanhai. In 757,the Tang administration renamed the county Dongguan,and moved its seat to what is now Dongguan city,although a military garrison remained.[19]
In response to the Wuchang Uprising in 1911,Xin'an residents rebelled against the local Qing administration and successfully overthrew them.[24] In the same year the Chinese section of the Kowloon–Canton Railway (KCR) was opened to the public. The last stop on the Chinese side was Shenzhen railway station,helping the town's economy and opened Shenzhen up to the world.[23][25] In 1913,the Republic of China administration renamed Xin'an County back to Bao'an County to prevent confusion from another county of the same name in Henan Province.[19] During the Canton–Hong Kong strike,the All-China Federation of Trade Unions set up a reception station for strike workers in Hong Kong in Shenzhen.[26] Strike workers were also given pickets and armored vehicles by the strike committee to create a blockade around Hong Kong. In 1931 Chen Jitang and his family established several casinos in Shenzhen,the largest of which being Shumchun Casino.[27]
During World War II,the Japanese occupied Shenzhen and Nantou,[19] forcing the Bao'an County government to relocate to the neighboring Dongguan County.[28][29] In 1941,the Japanese army tried to cross into Hong Kong through the Lo Wu Bridge in Shenzhen,though this was detonated by the British,preventing the Japanese from entering Hong Kong.[30]
1950s to 1975
In 1953,four years after the founding of the People's Republic of China,the Bao'an County government decided to move to Shenzhen,since the town was closer to the KCR and had a larger economy than Nantou.[19] From the 1950s to the end of the 1970s,Shenzhen and the rest of Bao'an County oversaw a huge influx of refugees trying to escape to Hong Kong from the upheavals that were occurring in mainland China,and a range from 100,000[31] to 560,000[32] refugees resided in the county.
In January 1978,a Central Inspection Team sent by the State Council investigated and established the issue of creating a foreign trade port in Bao'an County.[33] In May,the investigation team wrote the "Hong Kong and Macao Economic Investigation Report" and proposed to turn Bao'an County and Zhuhai into commodity export bases. In August 1978,the Huiyang District Committee reported to the Provincial Committee on the "Report on the Request for the Change of Bao'an County to Shenzhen". On 18 October,the Standing Committee of the Guangdong Provincial Party Committee decided to change Bao'an County into Bao'an City and to turn it into a medium-level prefecture-level city with a foreign trade base. The Huiyang District Committee and the Bao'an County Committee,however,defended the change to rename Bao'an County to Shenzhen,claiming that people in the world know more about Shenzhen and its port than they know about Bao'an County.
On 23 January 1979,the Guangdong provincial administration and the district of Huiyang announced their proposal to rename Bao'an County to Shenzhen and was approved and put into effect by the State Council on March 5 of that year.[33] Also,the city would establish six districts:Luohu,Nantou,Songgang,Longhua,Longgang and Kuiyong. On 31 January 1979,the Central Committee of the Communist Party approved a plan to establish the Shekou Industrial Zone in Shenzhen with the purpose "to lead domestic,overseas,and diversified operations,industrial and commercial integration,and trading" based on the systems of that of Hong Kong and Macau.[34] The Shekou Industrial Zone project was led by Hong Kong-based China Merchants Group under Yuan Geng's leadership and was to become the first export processing industrial zone in mainland China.
At the beginning of April 1979,the Standing Committee of Guangdong Province discussed and proposed to the Central Committee to set up a "trade cooperation zone" in Shenzhen,Zhuhai,and Shantou.[33] In the same month,the Central Working Conference decided on the "Regulations on Vigorously Developing Foreign Trade to Increase Foreign Exchange Income" and agreed to pilot the first special economic zones (SEZ) in Shenzhen,Zhuhai,Shantou,and Xiamen.[35] In November,Shenzhen was elevated to the status of prefecture-level city at the regional level by the Guangdong provincial administration.[24] Hundreds of small villages nearby,such as Yumin Cun,were incorporated into Shenzhen.[36]:60
Special Economic Zone (1980s–present)
Billboards of high-rise construction in Shenzhen,1982
In March 1981 Shenzhen was promoted to a sub-provincial division.[16][19] There were plans for Shenzhen to develop its currency,but the plans were shelved due to the risk and the disagreement that a country should not be operating with two currencies.[44] To enforce law and order in the city,the Shenzhen government erected barbed wire and checkpoints between the land borders of the main sections of the SEZ and the SEZ outskirts,as well as the rest of China,in 1983,which was known as the second line border.[45][46]
Much of Shenzhen's urban development in the 1980s focused in the area around the old border crossing and the market town.[36]:61 In official discourses on urbanization in China,Shenzhen is considered the paradigmatic example of the 1980s approach to urbanization.[47]:157
In December 1990,under the authority of the China Securities Regulatory Commission,the Shenzhen Stock Exchange was established to provide a platform for centralized securities trading.[48] In February 1992,the Standing Committee of the NPC granted the government of Shenzhen the power to make local laws and regulations.[15] In 1996 and early 1997,the Shenzhen Guesthouse Hotel in Shenzhen was home to the Provisional Legislative Council and Provisional Executive Council of Hong Kong in preparation for the handover of Hong Kong in 1997.[49][50] By 2001,as a result of Shenzhen's increasing economic prospects,increasing numbers of migrants from mainland China chose to go to Shenzhen and stay there instead of trying to illegally cross into Hong Kong.[51] There were 9,000 captured border-crossers in 2000,while the same figure was 16,000 in 1991. Around the same time,Shenzhen hosted the second Senior Officials' Meeting of APEC China 2001 on 26 May 2001 in its southern manufacturing center and port.[52] In May 2008,the State Council approved the Shenzhen SEZ to promote Shenzhen's administrative management system,economic system,social field,independent innovation system and mechanism,system and mechanism for opening up and regional cooperation,and resource conservation and environmental friendliness.[53]
On 1 July 2010 the State Council dissolved the "second line," and expanded the Shenzhen SEZ to include all districts,a five-fold increase over its pre-expansion size.[54] On 26 August 2010,on the 30th anniversary of the establishment of the Shenzhen SEZ,the State Council approved the "Overall Development Plan for Qianhai Shenzhen-Hong Kong Modern Service Industry Cooperation Zone."[55] In August 2011,the city hosted the 26th Universiade,an international multi-sport event organized for university athletes.[56] In April 2015,the Shekou Industrial Zone and the Qianhai Zone were integrated within the newly established Guangdong Free-Trade Zone.[57]
On 18 August 2019 the central government in Beijing unveiled reform plans covering economic,social,and political sectors of Shenzhen,[58] labeling Shenzhen a pilot demonstration zone for socialism with Chinese characteristics.[59]:58
Shenzhen roughly follows the administrative boundaries of the historical Bao'an County. The southern portion of Bao'an County became part of British Hong Kong after the Opium Wars,while the village of Shenzhen was on the border. Shenzhen railway station was the last stop on the mainland Chinese section of the Kowloon–Canton Railway,and Shenzhen's economy grew and it became a city by 1979.
Shenzhen is located within the Pearl River Delta,bordering Hong Kong to the south,Huizhou to the north and northeast,Dongguan to the north and northwest. Lingdingyang and Pearl River to the west and Mirs Bay to the east and roughly 100 kilometres (62mi) southeast of the provincial capital of Guangzhou. As of the end of 2017,the resident population of Shenzhen was 12,528,300,of which the registered population was 4,472,200,the actual administrative population was over 20 million.[60] It makes up part of the Pearl River Delta built-up area with 44,738,513 inhabitants,spread over 9 municipalities (including Macau). The city is elongated measuring 81.4 kilometers from east to west while the shortest section from north to south is 10.8 kilometers.
Over 160 rivers or channels flow through Shenzhen. There are 24 reservoirs within the city limits with a total capacity of 525 million tonnes.[61] Notable rivers in Shenzhen include the Shenzhen River,Maozhou River and Longgang River.[62]
Although Shenzhen is situated about a degree south of the Tropic of Cancer,due to the Siberian anticyclone it has a warm,monsoon-influenced,humid subtropical climate (KöppenCwa) though it is fairly close to a Tropical one. Winters are mild and relatively dry,due in part to the influence of the South China Sea,and frost is very rare;it begins dry but becomes progressively more humid and overcast. However,fog is most frequent in winter and spring,with 106 days per year reporting some fog. Early spring is the cloudiest time of year,and rainfall begins to dramatically increase in April;the rainy season lasts until late September to early October. With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 27 percent in March to 53 percent in October,the city receives 1,853 hours of bright sunshine annually.
The monsoon reaches its peak intensity in the summer months,when the city also experiences very humid and hot conditions. Despite this,extreme heat is rare,there are only 2.4 days of 35°C (95°F)+ temperatures.[63] The region is prone to torrential rain as well,with 9.7 days that have 50mm (1.97in) or more of rain,and 2.2 days of at least 100mm (3.94in).[63] The latter portion of autumn is dry. The annual precipitation averages at around 1,933mm (76in),some of which is delivered in typhoons that strike from the east during summer and early autumn. Extreme temperatures have ranged from 0.2°C (32°F) on 11 February 1957 to 38.7°C (102°F) on 10 July 1980.[64]
Climate data for Shenzhen (1991–2020,extremes 1951-present)
Despite being a sub-provincial city, Shenzhen as a SEZ still wields a lot of autonomy from the central government.[16][19] In addition to being promoted to a sub-provincial city, the National People's Congress (NPC) in 1981 granted legislative powers to Shenzhen and other Special Economic Zones, giving the city the privilege to make its own laws and regulations.[73] The Standing Committee of the NPC also granted Shenzhen voted and passed the "Decision on Authorizing the Shenzhen Municipal People's Congress and its Standing Committee and the Shenzhen Municipal People's Government to respectively formulate laws and regulations for implementation in the Shenzhen Special Economic Zone" in order to give fully strengthen Shenzhen's legislative powers without interference from the central government.[74]
Corruption
There were several cases of high-ranking Shenzhen officials that were arrested on charges relating to corruption. In December 2002, the Shenzhen People's Intermediate Court sentenced Zhao Yucun, former Commissioner of Shenzhen Customs, to life imprisonment for taking bribes of 9 million RMB.[75] In November 2003, the Guangzhou People's Intermediate Court charged former Shenzhen Deputy Mayor Wang Ju with bribery and abuse of power and sentenced him to 20 years in prison.[76] In June 2005, the Shenzhen People's Intermediate Court charged sentenced Luohu District Public Security Director An Huijun to 15 years in prison for accepting bribes.[77] In May 2011, the Zhengzhou Intermediate Court sentenced former mayor Xu Zongheng to the death penalty with a two-year reprieve for accepting bribes up to US$5.4 million.[78]
Shenzhen was originally Bao'an County. On 5 March 1979, the State Council of the People's Republic of China dissolved the county and set up the city of Shenzhen in its place initially with six districts: Luohu (罗湖), Nantou (南头), Songgang (松岗), Longhua (龙华), Longgang (龙岗), and Kuiyong (葵涌), with the seat based in Luohu. In October 1981, Bao'an County was re-established, with its region now based outside Shenzhen. In June 1983, the districts were dissolved and re-established instead as five management areas (管理区): Shekou (蛇口; south-west Shenzhen), Nantou (南头; west Shenzhen), Shangbu (上步; central Shenzhen), Luohu (罗湖; east-central Shenzhen), and Shatoujiao (沙头角; far-east Shenzhen).[82] To enforce law and order in the city, the Shenzhen government erected a border known as the second line (Chinese:二线关), which consisted of barbed wire and checkpoints between the city and the rest of China.[45][46] Initially, the border control was relatively strict, requiring non-Shenzhen citizens to obtain special permissions for entering. Over the years, border controls have gradually weakened, and permission requirement has been abandoned.
In January 1990, the city merged Shekou Management Area and Nantou Management Area to form the Nanshan District, renamed Shangbu Management Area to the Futian District, and merged Luohu Management Area and Shatoujiao Management Area to form the Luohu District. In December 1992, Bao'an County was dissolved again, with its area taken by Shenzhen and split into two new districts: Bao'an District and Longgang District, though economic privileges within special economics zones did not pertain to them as they were outside the second line border. At this point, Shenzhen has five districts: Luohu, Futian, Nanshan, Bao'an, and Longgang. In March 1998, Shenzhen's government created the Yantian District from the eastern portions of the Luohu District (the original area of the Shatoujiao Management District), and within the second line border.[82] Yantian, Luohu, Futian, and Nanshan together as the special economic districts within the second line border are referred to as guannei (关内; 'within the border') while districts that are outside the second line and do not have special economic privileges such as Bao'an and Longgang are referred to as guanwai (关外; 'outside the border').[83] The Shenzhen government later established two new districts as part of the guanwai: Guangming New District in August 2007 and Pingshan New District in June 2009.[84][85]
On 1 July 2010, the second line border was dissolved, and the Shenzhen SEZ was expanded to cover the entire city. Therefore, the four guanwai districts Bao'an District, Longgang District, Guangming New District, and Pingshan New District, would be given special economic privileges like the guannei districts.[54] The area of the Shenzhen SEZ also increased from 396 square kilometres (153sqmi) to 1,953 square kilometres (754sqmi).[86] Since June 2015, the existing unused border structures have been demolished and are being transformed into urban greenspaces and parks.[87][88][89] On 15 January 2018, the State Council approved the removal of the barbed wire fence set up to mark the boundary of the SEZ.[90][91]
In early 2011, the provincial government of Guangdong approved the establishment of the Shenzhen-Shantou Special Cooperation Zone in the city and SEZ of Shantou, Guangdong that will last until 2040 with the purpose of economic development. The zone would be managed by Shenzhen and another Cantonese city, Shanwei.[92] The zone is under the jurisdiction of Shenzhen instead of Shantou, with residents living there considered to be permanent residents of Shenzhen.[93]
The Shenzhen government later established two new districts on 27 October 2011, Longhua New District and Dapeng New District.[94] With approval of the State Council, Shenzhen re-organized Longhua New District as Longhua District and Pingshan New District as Pingshan District on 11 October 2016 and Guangming New District as Guangming District on 24 May 2018, therefore becoming their own jurisdictions.[95][96]
Shenzhen was the first of the Special Economic Zones (SEZ) to be established by then paramount leader Deng Xiaoping.[97][38] Back to Apr 1979, Shenzhen was reformed as a Special Export Zone to create a favorable investment environment and introduce advanced technology and management experience, later renamed to Special Economic Zone in May 1980.[98] As of 2022, Shenzhen has a nominal GDP of 3.24 trillion RMB (HK$2.87 trillion), which surpassed neighboring Hong Kong's GDP of HK$2.11 trillion and Guangzhou's GDP of 2.88 trillion RMB (HK$2.68 trillion),[99][100][101] making the economic output of Shenzhen the third largest out of Chinese cities,[102] trailing behind Shanghai and Beijing.[103] In addition, Shenzhen's GDP growth between 2016 and 2017 of 8.8% surpassed that of Hong Kong and Singapore, with 3.7% and 2.5% respectively.[104] With a market capitalization of US$2.5 trillion as of 30 November 2018, the Shenzhen Stock Exchange (SZSE) is the 8th largest exchange in the world.[105]
In the 2021 Global Financial Centres Index, Shenzhen was ranked as having the 8th most competitive and largest financial center in the world and 6th in Asia & Oceania region (after Shanghai, Hong Kong, Singapore, Beijing, and Tokyo).[106] As of 2020, Shenzhen is ranked as an Alpha- (global first-tier) city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network.[107] According to Forbes, Shenzhen has the fifth-highest number of billionaires of any city in the world.[108] Shenzhen's nominal GDP is projected to be among the world top 10 largest cities in 2035 (together with Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou in China) according to a study by Oxford Economics[109] and its nominal GDP per capita will reach above US$57,000 (ranking first in mainland China) in 2030, which is comparable to Tokyo and Seoul.[110]
As of August 2023, Shenzhen has the seventh-most Fortune Global 500 headquarters of any city in the world and the third-most in China after (Beijing and Shanghai) within its city limits.[116]
Shenzhen's historical nominal GDP indicator in the main years[117]
Shenzhen's industry is described by its Municipal Bureau of Statistics to be upheld by its four-pillar industries: high tech, finance, logistics, and culture.[120]
High Tech
Shenzhen is a large hub of the Chinese and global technology industry and home to a large startup ecosystem. As of 2020 the city was ranked as the 4th Fintech powerhouse in the world.[121] Shenzhen is primarily known for its high-tech industry, which has a value of 585.491 billion RMB (US$82.9 billion) in 2015, a 13 percent increase compared to last year.[120] Out of the nominal GDP of 1,750.299 billion RMB in 2015 the high-tech industry generated 33.4 percent. Shenzhen is home to a number of prominent tech firms, such as Huawei,[122]Tencent,[123]DJI,[124] and ZTE.[125][126] Other tech firms include personal computer manufacturer Hasee,[127]Hytera,[128]OnePlus,[129] and BYD Company.[130]
Shenzhen annually holds the China International High-tech Achievements Fair, which showcases high-tech products and provides for dialogue and investment for high-tech.[131] As a result, Shenzhen is dubbed by media outlets as "China's Silicon Valley"[132][12][133][11] or the "Silicon Valley of Hardware" for the world.[134][135]
Financial services
Shenzhen is home to a number of large financial institutions, such as China Merchants Bank[136] and Ping An Insurance[137] and its subsidiary Ping An Bank.[138] Since the city's establishment as a SEZ, a number of foreign banks had established offices in the city, including Citibank, HSBC, Standard Chartered, and Bank of East Asia.[139] In total, the financial industry accounts for 14.5% of the city's nominal GDP in 2015 (254.282 billion RMB), which was a 15.9% increase over the previous year.[120] By the end of 2016, the total assets of the financial industry amounted to 12.7 trillion RMB (banking industry assets were 7.85 trillion RMB, security companies assets were 1.25 trillion RMB, and insurance industry assets were 3.6 trillion RMB), making Shenzhen's financial industry the third largest in China.[140]
Shenzhen is one of the world's top ten financial centers as of 2019, jumping five places to ninth place as determined by "variety of areas of competitiveness, including business environment, human capital, infrastructure, financial sector development and reputation."[141]
High port traffic levels combined with a high urban population make Shenzhen a large port megacity.[147] The logistics industry accounts for around 10.1 percent (178.27 billion RMB) of the city's nominal GDP in 2015, which was an increase of 9.4 percent.[120] Shenzhen Port's first foreign trade blockchain cargo release platform was launched recently.[148]
Cultural industry
Shenzhen had prioritized the cultural industry in according to the 13th Five-Year Plan, establishing the Shenzhen Fashion Creative Industry Association (深圳市时尚文化创意协会) and planning the 4.6 square-kilometer Dalang Fashion Valley (大浪时尚创意城).[149][150] On 7 December 2008, UNESCO approved Shenzhen's entrance into the Creative Cities Network, and awarded the Shenzhen the title of "United Nations Design Capital."[151] Altogether, the cultural industry in turn contributes to 5.8 percent (102.116 billion RMB) of Shenzhen's economy in 2015.
In addition to the four pillar industries that were listed by the municipal government, Shenzhen also has a relatively notable real-estate industry.[153] The real-estate industry altogether contributes to 9.2 percent (162.777 billion RMB) of Shenzhen's economy in 2015, which was an increase of 16.8 percent compared to the previous year.[120] Real estate developers such as the Evergrande Group,[154]Vanke,[155] and China Resources Land[156] are headquartered within the city.
In 1996, the State Council approved and established the 11.5km2 (4.4sqmi) Shenzhen High-tech Industrial Development Zone, helping to develop Shenzhen's high-tech industry in areas such as electronics and information technology.[157] In accordance to the National Plan in 2001, the Shenzhen Software Park, integrated within the High-tech Industrial Development Zone, was established for software production and assists in the development of the city's software industry.[158] On 26 August 2010, the State Council approved the "Overall Development Plan for Qianhai Shenzhen-Hong Kong Modern Service Industry Cooperation Zone" to solidify ties between Hong Kong and Shenzhen.[55][159]
Tourism
Fairmont Shenzhen Interlaken Hotel at OCT EastBeach in ShenzhenSongpingshan Park
Tourism is gradually growing as an important industry for Shenzhen. Shenzhen has been ranked second on the list of 'top 10 cities to visit in 2019' by Lonely Planet.[160] The Shenzhen administration in its "12th Five-Year Plan for Tourism Development of Shenzhen" had focused on turning the city into an international tourist hub, with emphasis on the city's scientific, fashion, and industrial elements.[161] The Shenzhen tourist industry is claimed by the local administration in having a strong development advantage, due to the city being one of the tier-one cities in China, as well as being known for its coastal resources, climate environment, capitalist economy, and technological innovation.[162]
In 2015 the tourism industry's total revenue was 124.48 billion RMB (US$17.6 billion), a 98.1 percent increase from 2010. Out of the total revenue, 28 percent (35 billion RMB or US$4.968 billion) came from international tourists, an increase of 56.2 percent from 2010. In addition, in that year, Shenzhen received 11.63 million tourists, a 51 percent increase from 2010.
Shenzhen's tourism industry is recently expanding under the "13th Five-Year Plan for Tourism Development of Shenzhen" as promoted under the Shenzhen local government.[161] In this plan, the tourist industry plans to exceed 200 billion RMB and receive 150 million domestic and foreign tourists by 2020.[162] In 2023 an increasing numbers of Hong Kong residents began visiting Shenzhen during weekends, which in turn caused Hong Kong service establishments to face a decline in business.[182]
Retail
Retail is an important pillar of Shenzhen's tertiary sector. Out of the added value of Shenzhen's tertiary sector of 1.42 trillion RMB (US$201 billion) in 2018, retail contributed 43% (616.89 billion RMB) of this amount, a 7.6 percent increase compared to last year (601.62 billion RMB).[183] In addition, 10.9% of Shenzhen's FDI is directed towards the wholesale and retail sector.
"Smart retail", which uses technologies such as artificial intelligence and big data in production, circulation, and sales of consumer goods, has been growing popular within enterprises in Shenzhen.[191] Businesses in Shenzhen are encouraged to use the Internet to develop the consumer market and new retail projects would be assisted with the use of technology. In addition, the Shenzhen administration is setting up a new retail industry development fund to promote the use of "smart retail", with the intention of stimulating the economy of Shenzhen and to turn the city into a "new retail" hub.
As of 2020, Shenzhen had a total permanent population of 17,560,000, with 5,874,000 (33.4 percent) of them hukou holders (registered locally).[193][194][195][196] As Shenzhen is a young city, senior citizens above 60 years old took up only 5.36 percent of the city's total population.[194] Despite this, the life expectancy in Shenzhen is 81.25 in 2018, ranking among the top twenty cities in China.[197] The male to female ratio in Shenzhen is 130 to 100, making the city having the highest sex disparity in comparison to other cities in Guangdong.[194] Shenzhen also has a high birth rate compared to other Chinese cities with 21.7 babies for every 10,000 of its 13.44 million population in 2019.[198] Based on the population of its total administrative area, Shenzhen is the fifth most populous city proper in China.[199] Shenzhen is part of the Pearl River Delta Metropolitan Region (covering cities such as Guangzhou, Dongguan, Foshan, Zhongshan, Zhuhai, Huizhou, Hong Kong, and Macau), the world's largest urban area according to the World Bank,[200] which has a population of 78 million according to the 2020 census.[194]
Before Shenzhen's establishment as a SEZ in 1980, the area was composed mainly of Hakka and Cantonese people.[201] When the SEZ was established, the city attracted migrants from all around Guangdong, including Hakka, Cantonese, and Teochew, as well as migrants from Southern and Central Chinese provinces such as Hunan, Guangxi, Jiangxi, Sichuan, and Henan.[202] Most of these migrants live in urban villages called chengzhongcun (城中村; 'village in the city') such as Baishizhou in the Nanshan District.[203] Shenzhen also has a notable Korean minority based in the Nanshan District and the Futian District originating from migrants moving to Shenzhen to work for South Korean companies that had branched out into the city when China had opened up.[204][205]
Due to Shenzhen's population overshooting the 14.8 million population target for 2016 to 2020, the Shenzhen justice bureau on 25 May 2021 announced it would make it harder to earn a hukou to live in the city.[195] In regards to the registered population (hukou), Shenzhen experienced an increase of 2.178 million (58.9 percent) registered residents in the city from 2015 to 2020.[202] The city's permanent population increased by 7,136,088 (68.46 percent) from 2010 to 2020, for an average annual growth rate of 5.35%.[193]
Religion
According to the Department of Religious Affairs of the Shenzhen Municipal People's Government, the two main religions present in Shenzhen are Buddhism and Taoism. Every district also has Protestant and Catholic churches, as well as mosques.[206] According to a 2010 survey held by the University of Southern California, approximately 37 percent of Shenzhen's residents were practitioners of Chinese folk religions, 26 percent were Buddhist, 18 percent Taoist, 2 percent Christian, and 2 percent Muslim. 15 percent were unaffiliated to any religion. Most new migrants to Shenzhen rely upon the common spiritual heritage drawn from Chinese folk religion.[207][208] Shenzhen also hosts the headquarters of the Holy Confucian Church, established in 2009.[209]
Languages
Prior to the establishment of Special Economic Zone, the indigenous local communities could be divided into Cantonese and Hakka speakers,[210] which were two cultural and linguistic sub-ethnic groups vernacular to Guangdong province. Two Cantonese varieties were spoken locally. One was a fairly standard version, known as standard Cantonese. The other, spoken by several villages south of Fuhua Road was called Weitou dialect.[211] Two or three Hong Kong villages south of the Shenzhen River also speak this dialect. This is consistent with the area settled by people who accompanied the Southern Song court to the south in the late 13th century.[212]
The influx of migrants from other parts of the country has drastically altered the city's linguistic landscape, as Shenzhen has undergone a language shift towards Mandarin, which was both promoted by the Chinese Central Government as a national lingua franca and natively spoken by most of the out-of-province immigrants and their descendants.[213][214][215] However, in recent years multilingualism has been on the rise as descendants of immigrants of out-of-province Mandarin native speakers have begun to assimilate into the local culture through friends, television and other media.[216] Despite the ubiquity of Mandarin Chinese, according to the SCMP, some Shenzhen residents, Cantonese and non-Cantonese alike, have attempted to revive the Cantonese language as part of Shenzhen's culture.[216]
Nighttime panoramic view of the Shenzhen Civic Center, with the Ping An Finance Centre towards the right. Located in the Central District, the civic center building was designed by Lee | Timchula Architects and was the main focal point of the urban plan.
In 2019, Shenzhen has been dubbed by The Guardian as "the world leader completing new skyscrapers."[217][218] The city is ranked the second in the world in terms of the number of buildings above 150 meters, with 297 of them completed as of July 2021, after neighboring Hong Kong.[219] There were more skyscrapers completed in Shenzhen in the year 2016 than in the whole of the US and Australia combined.[220] The construction boom continues today with over 85 skyscrapers under construction across the city as of 2021, the most in the world.[221] Most of the skyscrapers in Shenzhen were built by either Hong Kong or foreign-based architects, utilizing a modern style, though functionalism was a dominant form of architecture in the city's skyscrapers in the late 20th century.[222] Among the most prominent examples are the 160 metres (525ft) high Guomao Building,[223] the 384 metres (1,260ft) high Shun Hing Square,[224][225] the 441.8 metres (1,449ft) high KK100,[226] the 392 metres (1,286ft) high China Resources Headquarters, and the 599 metres (1,965ft) high Ping An Finance Centre, which is also the second tallest in China and the fifth tallest building in the world.[227] Built in 2015, the skyscraper is to be unique and elegant among its surroundings to represent the history and achievements of the main tenant: Ping An Insurance.[228]
Shenzhen also has several historical buildings based in traditional Chinese architecture. There are Hakka walled villages located in the city such as Crane Lake and Gangeng in the Longgang District.[229][230] Like typical Hakka walled villages, the architecture of Crane Lake and Gangeng are based around large thick grey walls, narrow alleyways, and courtyards.[229]Nantou (or Xin'an) is a historic town located in the present-day Nanshan District and has some buildings that date back to the Ming dynasty such as the Guandi Temple, though most of these traditional buildings have been replaced by modern ones.[231][232][233]Chiwan, located in the Nanshan District, also has several historical buildings, such as the tomb to the last emperor of the Southern Song, Zhao Bing and Tianhou Temple which was built by Zheng He as an offering to Mazu to protect the Ming treasure fleet.[234][235] There are also several historical forts that had defended the coastline located within the city, such as Dapeng Fortress and Chiwan Left Fort.[236][237]
In 2023, the Marisfrolg Pavilion, featuring an insect exoskeleton design, was completed and became a new landmark in Longhua District.
Before the 1980s, Shenzhen's education system was primarily based on primary and limited secondary schooling, with no residents admitted to a university.[238] Since Shenzhen's establishment as a SEZ in the 1980s, migrants poured into the city, and jobs requiring a university education grew. Shenzhen started implementing policies that will help develop a more high-quality education system, borrowing teachers from the best schools in the country with promises of higher pay and benefits. In addition, the city started building new schools and renovating the infrastructure of its existing schools to give teachers a more comfortable environment to teach.
In the mid-1980s, as upper secondary education became popular, there was a need for higher education institutions in the city.[238] Opened in 1983, Shenzhen Normal School, later upgraded to Shenzhen Normal College, trained students to become primary school teachers. Approved by the State Council in the same year, Shenzhen University became Shenzhen's first comprehensive full-time higher educational institution.[239][240] In 1999, the Shenzhen Municipal Government set up the Shenzhen Virtual University Park in the Science and Technology Park, where teachers from China's top universities taught graduate students.[241] In 2011, the innovative Southern University of Science and Technology was established[242] followed in 2018 by the Shenzhen Technology University.[243] Other universities have established campuses in the city, including Tsinghua University, Peking University, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, the Harbin Institute of Technology, and Moscow State University.[244]
According to Laurie Chen of the South China Morning Post, Shenzhen, which had 15 million people as of 2019, had not built as many primary and secondary schools for its populace as it should have, compared to similarly developed cities in China.[250] Laurie Chen cited the acceptance rate of Shenzhen secondary schools in 2018: 35,000 slots were available for almost 80,000 applicants. She also cited how Guangzhou had 961 primary schools while Shenzhen had only 344 primary schools, as well as how Guangzhou's count of primary school teachers exceeded that of Shenzhen's by 17,000; Chen argued that Guangzhou and Shenzhen have similar populations. In response Shenzhen schools began increasing salaries for prospective teachers.[250]
Shenzhen is the second largest transportation hub in Guangdong and South China, trailing behind the provincial capital of Guangzhou.[251] Shenzhen has a developed extensive public transportation system, covering rapid transit, buses and taxis,[252] most of which can be accessed by either using a Shenzhen Tong card or using QR codes generated by WeChat mini programs.[253][254][255] Shenzhen is noted for being the first major city worldwide to only use electric buses and taxis.[256] As of 2023, 70% of cars in Shenzhen were electric vehicles.[257]:104
The Shenzhen Metro serves as the city's rapid transit system. The system in 2022 reaches 419 kilometres (260 miles) of route operating on 12 lines with 290 stations. By 2030 the network is planned to be 8 express and 24 non-express lines totalling 1142 kilometres of trackage.[266][267][268] The average daily metro ridership in 2021 is 5.99 million passengers. The metro also operates a tram system in the Longhua District.[269]
As of August 2019, the city's bus system encompasses over 900 lines,[284] with a total of over 16,000 electric vehicles, the largest of its kind in the world.[285] The system is operated by multiple companies.[286] As at January 2019 conversion of Shenzhen's taxi fleet to electric vehicles reached 99%.[287]Electric taxis have a blue and white colour scheme. Petroleum fuelled taxis are coloured either green or red.[288][289]
Due to its proximity to Hong Kong, Shenzhen has the largest number of entry and exit ports, the largest number of entry and exit personnel, and the largest traffic volume in China.[303] Shenzhen is busiest in China when it comes to border crossings, with people entering and exiting the country through the city and Hong Kong reaching 239 million in 2015.[304] In the same year, a total of 15.5 million vehicles crossed the border in Shenzhen, a 0.4% increase of last year. Border crossing ports include the Shenzhen Bay Port, Futian Port, Huanggang Port, Man Kam To Port, and Luohu Port.
Multiple ports on the part of the coastline of Shenzhen constitute the Shenzhen Port. In 2019, Shenzhen had 211 international container routes, and the container throughput of the entire Shenzhen port reached nearly 25.77 million boxes in 2019, ranking fourth in the world. Yantian Port is the busiest port among Shenzhen ports and the main foreign trade channel in South China in the mid-term.[305]
As Shenzhen is located in Guangdong, the city historically had a Cantonese culture before its transition to a SEZ.[306] The competitive culture that the city promotes among the youth have also used the term "Shenzhen speed", which resulted from the fast construction of the tallest building in Shenzhen. The term also describes a period of constant competition, quick changes, and high-efficiency.[307]
In 2003 the municipal government announced plans to turned Shenzhen into a cultural city by promoting design, animation, and library construction.[308] The municipal government also intends to develop the city's cultural industry in accordance to the 13th Five-Year Plan[zh], establishing the Shenzhen Fashion Creative Industry Association[zh] and the 4.6-square-kilometre (1.8sqmi)Dalang Fashion Valley[zh].[309]
[150] Shenzhen's cultural industry specializes in being one of the largest handicraft manufacturers in China,[310] and is also an industry center for oil painting in bases such as Dafen Village.[311] Shenzhen also hosts the Shenzhen International Cultural Fair which specializes as an expo for the world's cultural industries, with the first expo being in November 2004.[312][313] As a result of these developments, Shenzhen was awarded by UNESCO the title of "United Nations Design Capital" and was accepted entry into the Creative Cities Network on 7 December 2008.[151]
As part of turning Shenzhen into a cultural city, the municipal government established the "Library City" (图书馆之城) concept in 2003.[314] The plan would create a library network within the city through library construction, service improvement, and create a comfortable reading environment. By the end of 2015, Shenzhen has 620 public libraries, including 3 city-level public libraries, 8 district-level public libraries, and 609 grassroots libraries. Notable libraries include the Shenzhen Library and the Shenzhen Children's Library.[315] Shenzhen also has bookstores, with the most notable being Shenzhen Book City in the Futian District.[316] With an operating area of 42,000 square metres (450,000sqft), it claimed to be the largest bookstore of Asia at the time of its opening. Shenzhen has a number of museums and art galleries,[317][318] such as the Shenzhen Museum, the Shenzhen Art Museum, the Shekou Maritime Museum, the Longgang Museum of Hakka Culture, the Shenzhen Museum of Contemporary Art, and the He Xiangning Art Museum. Shenzhen also has a few theaters, notably the Shenzhen Concert Hall, the Shenzhen Grand Theater, and the Shenzhen Poly Theater.[319]
Shenzhen Middle Schools Summer Uniform
Shenzhen has a citywide standardized school uniform for primary and secondary schools. The uniforms feature a blue and white color scheme, with the colors reversed for boys and girls. This well-known uniform set is a representative of Chinese student uniforms. It is often worn by internet celebrities and anime characters.[320]
The Yantian District is known for its Teochew-based and Hakka-based seafood, with restaurants lined up along the coastline. Street food such as Xinjiang cuisine, and black sesame soups, can be found in Xijie Street and the urban village of Baishizhou.[322] Shenzhen also has its own tea culture.[323] In regards to food chains, first McDonald's restaurant in mainland China opened for business in Shenzhen on 8 October 1990 providing the city American fast food.[324] Shenzhen is home to the Hey Tea chain of tea shops, which provides a variety of cheese and fruit teas.[325][326]
Shenzhen has a prominent nightlife culture, with most of the activity centered in the entertainment complexes of COCO Park and Shekou,[322] with the former being referred by the South China Morning Post (SCMP) as "Shenzhen's answer to Lan Kwai Fong."[327][328] There are many bars and clubs in the city, mostly unregulated, that stay open till the morning. Tunnel raves, referred by the SCMP as "a Shenzhen nightlife staple", have earned a reputation in the world, though they are often cracked down by police. Police has also cracked down on prostitution and pornography, which were elements of nightlife entertainment in Shenzhen, with one of the most prominent operations being centered in Shazui (沙嘴村) in the Futian District in the mid-2000s, resulting in closures of entertainment businesses and a decrease of foreign tourists in that area of the city.[329]
Shenzhen is the host of several international sports events. In August 2011, the city has hosted the 26th Summer Universiade, a multi-sporting event for university students.[334] In 2018, Shenzhen hosted a pre-season National Hockey League game between the Calgary Flames and Boston Bruins.[335] From 2019 to 2028, Shenzhen is hosting the WTA Finals tennis tournament, which is the season-ending championship for women's tennis.[336] Shenzhen is also one of the host cities of the 2019 FIBA Basketball World Cup.[337] Shenzhen is also a popular destination for skateboarders from all over the world, due to the architecture of the city and its lax skate laws.[338]
One of the most significant sporting events unique to Shenzhen is RoboMaster, an annual intercollegiate robot competition founded and hosted by DJI based on autonomous moving target shooting.[342] Started in 2015, the competition introduced a 5-on-5 MOBA-style robot combat between university students around China and later the world. Rewards to the competition include a prize pool of 3,750,000 RMB and a job landing at DJI.[343]
Shenzhen has an extensive three-level public park system that was established in 2006, which categorizes parks as natural parks, urban parks, and community parks. By 2019, the city had 1,090 parks covering about 39,320 hectares, including 33 natural parks, 152 urban parks and 905 community parks. According to state-owned news outlet Xinhua, Shenzhen plans to build and renovate over 40 parks per year, bringing the number of parks in the city to 1,500 by 2035.[344][345]Lianhuashan Park is located on the territory of 150 hectares in the Futian District. At the top of the mountain is a large bronze statue of Deng Xiaoping. Wutongshan National Park is spread around the mountain of the same name in the Luohu District. From the observation deck, there is a view of the Shenzhen skyline as well as Hong Kong and the surrounding bay, and on the next peak there is a transmission tower of a local television station.[346]
Shenzhen Bay Park, located along the city's coastline along Shenzhen Bay, opened in 2011, which included the nearby Mangrove Park. There are several thematic recreation areas and attractions, and along the 9-kilometer-long coastal strip there is an embankment.[347] The Mangrove Ecopark was established in 2000 in the Futian District and at that time was the smallest national park in China. A large group of birds migrate to the ecopark in the mangroves on an area of 20.6 hectares in a 9-kilometer coastal zone of the Shenzhen Bay.[348]
Shenzhen Bay Park is connected to the Dashahe Park (大沙河公园, 'big sand river'), located in Nanshan District, it follows the Dashahe River.[349] Other notable parks in Shenzhen include the Shenzhen Garden Flower Exposition Center, Shenzhen Safari Park,[350] Xili Lake Resort,[351] and Yangtai Mountain Fountain Park. Shenzhen also has several beaches: Dameisha (大梅沙; 'big mesa') and Xiaomeisha[zh] (小梅沙; 'small mesa') in the Yantian District, and Jinshawan (金沙湾; 'golden sands bay'), Nan'ao (南澳; 'southern inlet'), and Xichong (西冲) in Dapeng Peninsula (in the vicinity of Dapeng New District, which is administered by the Longgang District).[178]
During the COVID-19 pandemic, Shenzhen achieved an average air quality index (AQI) score of 44.8μg/m3 and daily AQI score of 19μg/m3. Out of ten Chinese mega-cities, Shenzhen recorded the lowest in average PM2.5 concentration (22.5μg/m3), average PM10 concentration (37.7μg/m3), average carbon monoxide concentration (0.6μg/m3), and average nitrogen dioxide concentration (21.9μg/m3).[352] Swiss environmental technology company IQAir attributed most of the pollution in Shenzhen to stem from the engineering industry, continued use of coal, and traffic.[353]
In 2014, Shenzhen experienced severe water pollution in the city's rivers and waterways, with 173 of the 310 rivers considered to be in "critical" condition and four rivers: the Maozhou, Guanlan, Longgang and Pingshan Rivers, to be the most polluted out of all rivers in the Pearl River Delta. The pollutants in the river consisted mainly of ammonia, phosphorus, and nitrogen. In response, the city conducted a campaign to restore the city's rivers by building more water pipes and sewage treatment plants.[354][355]
From 2000 to 2014, Shenzhen spent 30 billion RMB to restore the city's rivers from water pollution, which some were considered at the time to be the most polluted in the Pearl River Delta. The city had constructed 33 sewage treatment plants and laid almost 4,300 kilometres (2,700mi) of sewage pipes.[354] By 2020, the city laid an additional 3,274 kilometres (2,034mi) of water pipelines and completed 13,793 pipeline renovation projects in urban villages and housing estates.[355]
In 2009, Shenzhen was chosen as one of thirteen cities to pilot a national new-energy vehicle program. In 2017, Shenzhen offered 3.3 billion RMB in subsidies in electric buses and the construction of charging facilities. In mid-2018, the city made major headlines for being the first city to roll an all-electric public bus fleet. In the same year, more than half of the city's taxi fleet are electric, with the goal to turn the fleet all-electric.[356][357][358][359] By early 2019, Shenzhen rolled out an all-electric taxi fleet, with 99% of taxis now electric-powered.[360]
In late 2019, Shenzhen launched a garbage classification program in which waste is to be sorted in four categories: recyclables, kitchen waste, hazardous waste, and other waste.[361] Residents who follow the guidelines will be given cash while those who do not would be fined by the government.[362][363]
Media
Shenzhen Telecentre
In Shenzhen there are 14 newspapers, one comprehensive publishing house, three video-audio products publishing houses, 88 bureaus of inland and Hong Kong media organizations, 40 periodicals, and about 200 kinds of in-house publications of which the majority belong to enterprises.[364] The most prominent media companies in Shenzhen are the Shenzhen Media Group,[365] the Shenzhen Press Group,[366] China Entertainment Television (CETV),[367] and Phoenix Television branch iFeng.[368]
Shenzhen News[zh] (深圳晚报, sznews.com) is a Chinese-language newspaper owned by the Shenzhen Press Group that serves as Shenzhen's main online news source.[369]Shenzhen Daily is an English-language news outlet for Shenzhen covering local, national and international news.[370] That's Shenzhen is the Shenzhen edition of That's PRD, an English-language media company with an online, print and social footprint.[371] ShekouDaily.com is an online media outlet providing news and resources focusing on the Shekou sub-district in Nanshan District of Shenzhen.[372]
Relations with Hong Kong
The Shenzhen Bay Bridge forms part of the Shenzhen Bay Port crossing, connecting Dongjiaotou in Shenzhen with Ngau Hom Shek in Hong Kong
The area encompassed by Shenzhen and Hong Kong formerly belonged to Bao'an County in imperial times. After the Qing defeat in the Second Opium War, the United Kingdom seized Hong Kong Island and was leased the New Territories, forming the modern-day boundaries between Hong Kong and Shenzhen (the successor to Bao'an).[19] The two cities are separated by two bays: Shenzhen Bay and Mirs Bay, and a river: Sham Chun River. According to then-Executive Council member Leung Chun-ying, the two cities' close relationship can be due to the close distance between the two, similar economic systems, differences in wages and price levels, and that the two cities have different systems compared to other Chinese cities, with Hong Kong embracing the one country, two systems principle while Shenzhen is a SEZ.[373]
From the establishment of Shenzhen as a SEZ in 1980 to 2007, Hong Kong has been Shenzhen's largest trade partner, with exports to Hong Kong accounted for 46.6% of Shenzhen's total exports.[374] In 2015, the total import and export volume of Shenzhen Port to Hong Kong was 1.1 trillion RMB.[375] Both cities had established the Qianhai Shenzhen-Hong Kong Modern Service Industries Cooperation Zone within the Nanshan District which is a free-trade zone that mirrors the economic policies of both cities and to bring Hong Kong closer to mainland China.[159][376][377]Tencent estimated that by 2020, Qianhai is expected to create a total output value of 150 billion RMB, with an output of 10 billion RMB per square kilometer.[378] As of 23 February 2021, Qianhai has a total of 11,325 firms from Hong Kong.[377]
Shenzhen has been very active in cultivating sister city relationships. In October 1989, Shenzhen Mayor Li Hao and a delegation travelled to Houston to attend the signing ceremony establishing a sister city relationship between Houston and Shenzhen.[381] Houston became the first sister city of Shenzhen. As of 2015, Shenzhen has established sister city relationship with 25 cities in the world. As of May2021[update], Shenzhen is twinned with the following regions, cities, and counties:[382]
Luohu District is a district of Shenzhen, China, located north of the New Territories of Hong Kong, east of Futian District, southeast of Longgang District, southwest of Pingshan District, and west of Yantian District. It is one of the oldest parts of the city, having represented Shenzhen as a fishing village before 1953 and a market town from 1953 to 1979, when Bao'an County was promoted to a prefecture-level city and renamed Shenzhen.
The Shenzhen Metro (深圳地铁) is the rapid transit system for the city of Shenzhen in Guangdong province, China. The Line 8 Extension – which opened on December 27, 2023 – put the network at 555.43 kilometres of trackage. It currently operates on 16 lines with 373 stations. Despite having only opened on December 28, 2004, the Shenzhen Metro is the 5th longest metro system in China and 6th longest in the world. By 2035, the network is planned to comprise 8 express and 24 non-express lines totaling 1,142 kilometres of trackage.
Bao'an District is one of the nine districts comprising the city of Shenzhen, Guangdong province. It is one of the districts formerly lying outside the Shenzhen Special Economic Zone.
The Weitou dialect is a dialect of Yue Chinese. It forms part of the Guan–Bao branch of Yuehai. It is spoken by older generations in Luohu and Futian districts in Shenzhen, and by those in the New Territories, Hong Kong.
Guangshen railway or Guangzhou–Shenzhen railway, also known as the Chinese section of the Kowloon–Canton railway in 1911–1949, is a railway in Guangdong province in the People's Republic of China, between Guangzhou and Shenzhen. It is operated by Guangshen Railway Co., Ltd., a publicly traded company.
Yantian District is one of the nine districts of the city of Shenzhen, Guangdong, China. It is adjacent to Shenzhen River and Hong Kong to the south, and is surrounded by Luohu, Longgang and Pingshan districts of Shenzhen.
Nanshan District is one of the nine districts comprising Shenzhen. It encompasses the southwest area of the Shenzhen Special Economic Zone, with a population of 1.08 million. In 2022, the district of Nanshan's local GDP output exceeded 800 billion Chinese Yuan or 111 billion U.S. dollars, an economy slightly larger than that of Cuba or Oman. The region has an established tourism industry and is home to several sightseeing locations, as well as multiple seaside parks such as the Shenzhen Bay Park and the Shenzhen Talent Park. Its tallest building is the 393-meter China Resources Headquarters.
The Hong Kong–Shenzhen Western Corridor, also known for the main component Shenzhen Bay Bridge, is a cross-border highway between Shenzhen, Guangdong Province and Hong Kong. The highway bridge is a 5.5-kilometre (3.4 mi) dual three-lane controlled-access highway. It connects Ngau Hom Shek, Hong Kong, to Dongjiaotou, which is administratively located in Nanshan District of Shenzhen. The corridor also had other components, a border checkpoint Shenzhen Bay Port, built on reclaimed land, as well as roads that connect the corridor to the existing road network of Shenzhen.
Overseas Chinese Town is the colloquial name for a cluster of scenic spots in Nanshan District of Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China, around the Window of the World Station, Overseas Chinese Town Station, Qiaocheng East Station and Qiaocheng North Station of the Luobao Line and Shekou Line of Shenzhen Metro. In the future, Meilin Line will also pass this area and serve OCT Harbour and the University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital. It is classified as an AAAAA scenic area by the China National Tourism Administration.
Guangming District is one of nine districts in the city of Shenzhen. The district, bordering the city of Dongguan in the Northwest of Shenzhen, was created in 2007 as a "functional area" of Bao'an District. In May 2018, it became a formal administrative division.
Shenzhen Bay Port is a juxtaposed border crossing and a port of entry and exit between mainland China and the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, located geographically in Dongjiaotou, Shekou, which lies on the southwestern corner of the city of Shenzhen in Guangdong Province.
Shenzhen Metro Line 5, runs West–East from Chiwan to Huangbeiling forming an arc around central Shenzhen. It opened on 22 June 2011. Line 5's color is purple. Line 5 is an important east west and orbital line that connects various sub-centers of Shenzhen. This led to Line 5 being heavily used. In 2014, average daily ridership exceeded 500,000 people, with over 1 million passengers using the line on 20 July 2018, setting a new record. Since 2019, Line 5 has surpassed Line 1 as the busiest line in the Shenzhen Metro network. By 2021, the line regularly carries well over 1 million passengers every day and reaching the predicted long term daily passenger volume.
Longhua District is a district in Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China. It was created as a new district on 30 December 2011, and became a formal district on 11 October 2016.
Ganzhou–Shenzhen high-speed railway, or Ganzhou–Shenzhen section of Beijing–Hong Kong corridor, is a high-speed railway from Shenzhen and the Pearl River Delta through northeast Guangdong province to Ganzhou in Jiangxi province. It will form part of Beijing–Hong Kong corridor. The railway opened on 10 December 2021.
The Korea International School of Shenzhen is a international school that opened in 2005. KIS is located near the Nanshan Mountain, within the Shekou Industrial Zone, Nanshan District. KIS is a private international school with 300 students ranging from kindergarten to high school. However, KIS has only one campus, despite the large number of students. This figure has risen over time and continues to rise.
Shekou is an area at the southern tip of Nanshan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China. It faces Yuen Long, Hong Kong across the Shenzhen Bay. It has been designated as a Free Trade Zone by the government, alongside Qianhai, Hengqin and Nansha New Area.
Shenzhen has an extensive transport network, including various forms of land, water and air transport.
The Shenzhen–Dayawan intercity railway, formerly known as Shenzhen Metro Line 33, is an under construction regional railway connecting Shenzhen and Huiyang District in southern Huizhou, in Guangdong Province, China.
As of 2020, Shenzhen had a total permanent population of 17,560,000, with 5,874,000 (33.4%) of them hukou holders. As Shenzhen is a young city, senior citizens above 60 years old took up only 5.36 percent of the city's total population. Despite this, the life expectancy in Shenzhen is 81.25 in 2018, ranking among the top twenty cities in China. The male to female ratio in Shenzhen is 130 to 100, making the city having the highest sex disparity in comparison to other cities in Guangdong. Shenzhen also has a high birth rate compared to other Chinese cities with 21.7 babies for every 10,000 of its 13.44 million population in 2019. Based on the population of its total administrative area, Shenzhen is the fifth most populous city proper in China. Shenzhen is part of the Pearl River Delta Metropolitan Region, the world's largest urban area according to the World Bank, and has a population of 78 million according to the 2020 Census.
↑ 2017年深圳经济有质量稳定发展[In 2017, Shenzhen economy will have stable quality and development] (in Simplified Chinese). Archived from the original on 23 February 2018. Retrieved 23 February 2018.
↑ Curtis, Simon; Klaus, Ian (2024). The Belt and Road City: Geopolitics, Urbanization, and China's Search for a New International Order. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. ISBN9780300266900.
1 2 Fish, Isaac Stone (25 September 2010). "A New Shenzhen". Newsweek. Archived from the original on 29 April 2014. Retrieved 29 April 2014.
↑ Lawrence, Susan; Martin, Michael (20 March 2013). "Understanding China's Political System"(PDF). Federation of American Scientists. Congressional Research Service. Archived(PDF) from the original on 8 January 2012. Retrieved 28 September 2019.
↑ 党委书记权力究竟有多大？[How much power does a Party Secretary really have?]. 人民论坛 (in Chinese (China)). People's Daily Press. 23 January 2007. Archived from the original on 2 July 2018. Retrieved 29 April 2018.
↑ 二线关景观改造方案出炉 涉及8个主要的二线关口[The plans for the ErXianGuan landscape reconstruction have been announced, involving 8 major former border passages]. 深圳本地宝 (sz.bendibao.com). 2 March 2016. Archived from the original on 14 April 2016. Retrieved 31 March 2016.
↑ The gdp and gdp per capita data for Hong kong and Macau SAR, according to IMF World Economic Outlook (IMF WEO) Database "Download WEO Data: April 2019 Edition". International Monetary Fund (Press release). 9 April 2019. Archived from the original on 2 June 2019. Retrieved 8 May 2019.
↑ The gdp and gdp per capita data of four direct-administered municipalities, according to China NBS national data ( "China NBS national data". National Bureau of Statistics of China (Press release). 1 April 2019. Archived from the original on 7 February 2015. Retrieved 8 May 2019.) The average exchange rate is 6.7518 Chinese yuan per US dollar in 2017 "China Statistical Yearbook (Annual Data)". National Bureau of Statistics of China (Press release). Archived from the original on 20 October 2015. Retrieved 8 May 2019.
↑ "Fortune 500". Fortune. Archived from the original on 7 August 2023. Retrieved 9 August 2023.
↑ the historical GDP data': published on Shenzhen statistical yearbook. "zh: 深圳统计年鉴" (Press release). tjj.sz.gov.cn. October 2023. Archived from the original on 6 December 2023. Retrieved 15 May 2024.
↑ The mid-year population (permanent residents) is the average at the end of the previous year and the end of the current year
↑ The historical exchange rate data of Chinese yuan (Renminbi) to the major currencies is Published in National Data(bases) "Annual Data / Foreign trade and economic cooperation / reference exchange rate of renminbi (period average)" (Press release). China NBS. March 2023. Archived from the original on 7 February 2015. Retrieved 15 May 2024. or "statistical yearbooks over the years" (Press release). China NBS. October 2023. Archived from the original on 17 June 2024. Retrieved 15 May 2024.; The annual average exchange rate of the RMB to the US dollar in the most recent year is published in the statistical communiqué of PR China on the national economic and social development of the year "Statistical Communiqués (2023)" (Press release). China NBS. 29 February 2024. Archived from the original on 5 March 2024. Retrieved 15 May 2024.
↑ "Annual Report 2018"(PDF). China Merchants Bank Company Limited. 22 March 2019. Archived(PDF) from the original on 2 June 2019. Retrieved 9 August 2019.
↑ 关于银行-平安银行. bank.pingan.com. Archived from the original on 9 August 2019. Retrieved 9 August 2019.
↑ 深圳特区报 (12 March 2007). 外资银行加速抢滩深圳市场. 深圳证券交易所. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 12 November 2011– via Sohu.
↑ 2016年深圳金融业发展基本情况. Office of Financial Development Services, Shenzhen People's Government (深圳市人民政府金融发展服务办公室). Archived from the original on 25 August 2017. Retrieved 12 February 2017.
↑ 3-2 户数、人口、出生、死亡及自然增长. Shenzhen Statistical Yearbook 2020[Households, Population, Birth, Death and Natural Growth](PDF) (in Chinese and English). p.55. Archived from the original(PDF) on 27 July 2021. - Web versionArchived 22 December 2021 at the Wayback Machine - See column "年末常住人 口数 (万人) Year-end Permanent Population (10 000 persons)". The original source expresses figures in ten thousands. Here the numbers are converted to the ordinary format.
↑ 2017年深圳经济有质量稳定发展[In 2017, Shenzhen economy will have stable quality and development] (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 23 February 2018. Retrieved 23 February 2018.
↑ Lizhu, Fan; Whitehead, James D. (2004). "Fate and Fortune: Popular Religion and Moral Capital in Shenzhen". Journal of Chinese Religions. 32: 83–100. doi:10.1179/073776904804759969.
1 2 Xiao, Jin (January 1998). "Education Expansion in Shenzhen, China: Its Interface with Economic Development". International Journal of Educational Development. 18: 3–19. doi:10.1016/S0738-0593(97)00025-4.
↑ 深圳市政府新闻办 (12 July 2011). 广东省交通概况(组图). 玩家旅游网. Archived from the original on 16 April 2012. Retrieved 22 October 2011.
↑ 深圳市交通运输委员会; 深圳市城市交通规划设计研究中心. 《2016年深圳市综合交通年度评估报告》(PDF) (in Chinese (China)). p.24. Archived from the original(PDF) on 16 September 2017. Retrieved 16 January 2017.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
↑ 康岩慧、吴燕云 (4 December 2010). 无人售票公交车. Sohu News. Archived from the original on 27 May 2015. Retrieved 22 October 2011.
↑ 联系我们. Shenzhen Donghai Airlines. Archived from the original on 4 December 2013. Retrieved 24 February 2014. Address:Shenzhen Bao'an International Airport, Shenzhen Airlines. Post code：518128" – Chinese address: "地址：深圳市宝安区宝安国际机场航站四路3009号东海航空基地 邮政编码:518128
↑ "Contact UsArchived 7 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine ." SF Airlines. Retrieved on 24 February 2014. "SF Airlines Co., Ltd. Address: No.1 Freight Depot, International Shipping Center of Bao'an International Airport, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, 518128, P.R.C." – Chinese addressArchived 1 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine : "地 址：中国广东省深圳市宝安国际机场国际货运中心1号货站 邮 编：518128"
↑ 2018年民航机场生产统计公报 (in Chinese). Civil Aviation Administration of China. 5 March 2019. Archived from the original on 23 May 2020. Retrieved 12 March 2019.
↑ 钟坚陶青 (August 2007). "深港经济关系的回顾与前瞻"(PDF). 深圳大学. Archived from the original(PDF) on 11 October 2016. Retrieved 21 June 2021.
↑ "2015年经深圳口岸对香港进出口小幅下降". Shenzhen Customs of the People's Republic of China. 21 June 2021. Archived from the original on 4 November 2016. Retrieved 21 June 2021.
↑ Tse, Constant. "State Council Approves Preferential Policies for Qianhai Shenzhen-Hong Kong Modern Service Industry Cooperation Zone". Deloitte. 169.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply. Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.
China 
