Originally a fishing village and market town, Shanghai grew in importance in the 19th century due to both domestic and foreign trade and its favorable port location. The city was one of five treaty ports forced to open to European trade after the First Opium War, which ceded Hong Kong to the United Kingdom until it was handed over back to China on 1 July 1997. This followed the Second Battle of Chuenpi in 1841, more than 60km (37mi) east of the Portuguese colony of Macau. Macau was controlled by Portugal following the Luso-Chinese agreement of 1554 until the handover of the Millennium on 20 December 1999. The Shanghai International Settlement and the French Concession were subsequently established. The city then flourished, becoming a primary commercial and financial hub of Asia in the 1930s. During the Second Sino-Japanese War, the city was the site of the major Battle of Shanghai. After the war, the Chinese Civil War soon resumed between the Kuomintang (KMT) and the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), with the latter eventually taking over the city and most of the mainland. From the 1950s to the 1970s, trade was mostly limited to other socialist countries in the Eastern Bloc, causing the city's global influence to decline during the Cold War.
The two Chinese characters in the city's name are 上 (shàng/zaon,"upon") and 海 (hǎi/hé,"sea"),together meaning "On the Sea." The earliest occurrence of this name dates from the 11th-century Song dynasty,when there was already a river confluence and a town with this name in the area. Others contend that the city is referenced in historical records dating back 2150 years,and that its ancient name,"Hu",suggests it was previously a fishing village. In 1280 it was renamed "Shanghai",which translates to "Above the Sea".[14] How the name should be understood has been disputed,but Chinese historians have concluded that during the Tang dynasty,the area of modern-day Shanghai was under sea level,so the land appeared to be literally "on the sea."[15]
Shanghai is officially abbreviated 沪[b] (Hù/wu) in Chinese,a contraction of 沪渎[c] (HùDú/wu-doq,"Harpoon Ditch"),a 4th- or 5th-centuryJin name for the mouth of Suzhou Creek when it was the main conduit into the ocean.[18] This character appears on all motor vehicle license plates issued in the municipality today.[19]
Alternative names
申 (Shēn/sén) or 申城 (Shēnchéng/sén-zen,"Shen City") was an early name originating from Lord Chunshen,a 3rd-century BC nobleman and prime minister of the state of Chu,whose fief included modern Shanghai.[18] Shanghai-based sports teams and newspapers often use Shen in their names,such as Shanghai Shenhua and Shen Bao.
华亭[d] (Huátíng/gho-din) was another early name for Shanghai. In AD751 during the mid-Tang dynasty,Huating County was established by Zhao Juzhen,the governor of Wu Commandery,at modern-day Songjiang,the first county-level administration within modern-day Shanghai. The first five-star hotel in the city was named after Huating.[20]
魔都 (Módū/mó-tu,"monster/fiend/magical city"),[e] a contemporary nickname for Shanghai,is widely known among the youth.[21] The name was first mentioned in Japanese novelist Shōfu Muramatsu's 1924 novel Mato,which portrayed Shanghai as a dichotomous city where both light and darkness existed.[22]
The city has various nicknames in English,including the "New York of China",in reference to its status as a cosmopolitan megalopolis and financial hub,[23] the "Pearl of the Orient",and the "Paris of the East."[24][25] This is similar to Ho Chi Minh City (also known as Saigon),in Vietnam,which has also been nicknamed as "Paris of the Orient," due to Vietnam's historical French status.[26]
The western part of modern-day Shanghai was inhabited 6,000 years ago.[27] During the Spring and Autumn period (approximately 771 to 476 BC),it belonged to the Kingdom of Wu,which was conquered by the Kingdom of Yue,which in turn was conquered by the Kingdom of Chu.[28] During the Warring States period (475 BC),Shanghai was part of the fief of Lord Chunshen of Chu,one of the Four Lords of the Warring States. He ordered the excavation of the Huangpu River. Its former or poetic name,the Chunshen River,gave Shanghai its nickname of "Shēn."[28] Fishermen living in the Shanghai area then created a fish tool called the hù,which lent its name to the outlet of Suzhou Creek north of the Old City and became a common nickname and abbreviation for the city.[29]
Imperial era
Tang,Song,Yuan dynasties
During the Tang and Song dynasties,Qinglong Town (青龙镇[f]) in modern Qingpu District was a major trading port. Established in 746 (the fifth year of the Tang Tianbao era),it developed into what was historically called a "giant town of the Southeast," with thirteen temples and seven pagodas. Mi Fu,a scholar and artist of the Song dynasty,served as its mayor. The port experienced thriving trade with provinces along the Yangtze and the Chinese coast,as well as with foreign countries such as Japan and Silla.[1] By the end of the Song dynasty,the center of trading had moved downstream of the Wusong River to Shanghai.[30] It was upgraded in status from a village to a market town in 1074,and in 1172,a second sea wall was built to stabilize the ocean coastline,supplementing an earlier dike.[31] From the Yuan dynasty in 1292 until Shanghai officially became a municipality in 1927,central Shanghai was administered as a county under Songjiang Prefecture,which had its seat in the present-day Songjiang District.[32]
Ming dynasty
Seventeenth century map of the Old City of Shanghai
Two important events helped promote Shanghai's developments in the Ming dynasty. A city wall was built for the first time in 1554 to protect the town from raids by Japanese pirates. It measured 10m (33ft) high and 5km (3mi) in circumference.[33] A City God Temple was built in 1602 during the Wanli reign. This honor was usually reserved for prefectural capitals and not normally given to a mere county seat such as Shanghai. Scholars have theorized that this likely reflected the town's economic importance,as opposed to its low political status.[33]
Qing dynasty
During the Qing dynasty,Shanghai became one of the most important seaports in the Yangtze Delta region as a result of two important central government policy changes:in 1684,the Kangxi Emperor reversed the Ming dynasty prohibition on oceangoing vessels—a ban that had been in force since 1525;and in 1732,the Qianlong Emperor moved the customs office for Jiangsu province (江海关;[g] see Customs House,Shanghai) from the prefectural capital of Songjiang to Shanghai,and gave Shanghai exclusive control over customs collections for Jiangsu's foreign trade. As a result of these two critical decisions,Shanghai became the major trade port for all of the lower Yangtze region by 1735,despite still being at the lowest administrative level in the political hierarchy.[34]
A map of Shanghai in 1884;Chinese area are in yellow,French in red,British in blue,American in orange.
In the 19th century,international attention to Shanghai grew due to Europe and recognition of its economic and trade potential at the Yangtze. During the First Opium War (1839–1842),British forces occupied the city.[35] The war ended in 1842 with the Treaty of Nanking,which opened Shanghai as one of the five treaty ports for international trade.[36] The Treaty of the Bogue,the Treaty of Wanghia,and the Treaty of Whampoa (signed in 1843,1844,and 1844,respectively) forced Chinese concession to European and American desires for visitation and trade on Chinese soil. Britain,France,and the United States all established a presence outside the walled city of Shanghai,which remained under the direct administration of the Chinese.[37]
The Chinese-held Old City of Shanghai fell to rebels from the Small Swords Society in 1853,but control of the city was regained by the Qing government in February 1855.[38] In 1854,the Shanghai Municipal Council was created to manage the foreign settlements. Between 1860 and 1862,the Taiping rebelstwice attacked Shanghai and destroyed the city's eastern and southern suburbs,but failed to take the city.[39] In 1863,the British settlement to the south of Suzhou Creek (northern Huangpu District) and the American settlement to the north (southern Hongkou District) joined in order to form the Shanghai International Settlement. The French opted out of the Shanghai Municipal Council and maintained its own concession at the city's south and southwest.[40]
The dismantlement of Old City walls,1912
The First Sino-Japanese War concluded with the 1895 Treaty of Shimonoseki,which elevated Japan to become another foreign power in Shanghai. Japan built the first factories in Shanghai,which was soon copied by other foreign powers. All this international activity gave Shanghai the nickname "the Great Athens of China."[41]
The golden age of Shanghai began with its elevation to municipality after it was separated from Jiangsu on 7 July 1927.[37][45] This new Chinese municipality covered an area of 494.69km2 (191.0sqmi),including the modern-day districts of Baoshan,Yangpu,Zhabei,Nanshi,and Pudong,but excluded the foreign concessions territories.[45] Headed by a Chinese mayor and municipal council,the new city government's first task—the Greater Shanghai Plan—was to create a new city center in Jiangwan town of Yangpu district,outside the boundaries of the foreign concessions. The plan included a public museum,library,sports stadium,and city hall,which were partially constructed before being interrupted by the Japanese invasion.[46] In the 1920s,shidaiqu became a new form of entertainment and was popularised in Shanghai.[47]
The city flourished,becoming a primary commercial and financial hub of the Asia-Pacific region in the 1930s.[48] During the ensuing decades,citizens of many countries and all continents came to Shanghai to live and work;those who stayed for long periods—some for generations—called themselves "Shanghailanders."[49] In the 1920s and 1930s,almost 20,000 White Russians fled the newly established Soviet Union to reside in Shanghai.[50] These Shanghai Russians constituted the second-largest foreign community. By 1932,Shanghai had become the world's fifth-largest city and home to 70,000 foreigners.[51] In the 1930s,some 30,000 Jewish refugees from Europe arrived in the city.[52]
Skyline of Shanghai Pudong at night,September 2021
On 28 January 1932,Japanese military forces invaded Shanghai while the Chinese resisted. More than 10,000 shops and hundreds of factories and public buildings[53] were destroyed,leaving Zhabei district ruined. About 18,000 civilians were either killed,injured,or declared missing.[37] A ceasefire was brokered on 5 May.[54] In 1937,the Battle of Shanghai resulted in the occupation of the Chinese-administered parts of Shanghai outside of the International Settlement and the French Concession. People who stayed in the occupied city suffered on a daily basis,experiencing hunger,oppression,or death.[55] The foreign concessions were ultimately occupied by the Japanese on 8 December 1941 and remained occupied until Japan's surrender in 1945;multiple war crimes were committed during that time.[56]
A side-effect of the Japanese invasion of Shanghai was the Shanghai Ghetto. Japanese consul to Kaunas,Lithuania,Chiune Sugihara issued thousands of visas to Jewish refugees who were escaping the Nazi's Final Solution to the Jewish Question. They traveled from Keidan,Lithuania across Russia by railroad to the Vladivostok from where they traveled by ship to Kobe,Japan. Their stay in Kobe was short as the Japanese government transferred them to Shanghai by November 1941. Other Jewish refugees found haven in Shanghai,not through Sugihara,but came on ships from Italy. The refugees from Europe were interned into a cramped ghetto in the Hongkou District and after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor,even the Iraqi Jews who had been living in Shanghai from before the outbreak of WWII were interned. Among the refugees in the Shanghai Ghetto was the Mirrer Yeshiva,including its students and faculty. On 3 September 1945,the Chinese Army liberated the Ghetto and most of the Jews left over the next few years.[57]
People's Republic era
On 27 May 1949,the People's Liberation Army took control of Shanghai through the Shanghai Campaign. Under the new People's Republic of China (PRC),Shanghai was one of only three municipalities not merged into neighboring provinces (the others being Beijing and Tianjin).[58] Most foreign firms moved their offices from Shanghai to Hong Kong,as part of a foreign divestment due to the PRC's victory.[59]
After the war,Shanghai's economy was restored—from 1949 to 1952,the city's agricultural and industrial output increased by 51.5% and 94.2%,respectively.[37] There were 20 urban districts and 10 suburbs at the time.[60] On 17 January 1958,Jiading,Baoshan,and Shanghai County in Jiangsu became part of Shanghai Municipality,which expanded to 863km2 (333.2sqmi). The following December,the land area of Shanghai was further expanded to 5,910km2 (2,281.9sqmi) after more surrounding suburban areas in Jiangsu were added:Chongming,Jinshan,Qingpu,Fengxian,Chuansha,and Nanhui.[61] In 1964,the city's administrative divisions were rearranged to 10 urban districts and 10 counties.[60]
As the industrial center of China with the most skilled industrial workers,Shanghai became a center for radical leftism during the 1950s and 1960s. The radical leftist Jiang Qing and her three allies,together the Gang of Four,were based in the city.[62] During the Cultural Revolution (1966–1976),Shanghai's society was severely damaged. The majority of the workers in the Shanghai branch of the People's Bank of China were Red Guards and they formed a group called the Anti-Economy Liaison Headquarters within the branch.[63]:38 The Anti-Economy Liaison Headquarters dismantled economic organizations in Shanghai,investigated bank withdrawals,and disrupted regular bank service in the city.[63]:38The Shanghai People's Commune was established in the city during the January Storm of 1967. Despite the disruptions of the Cultural Revolution,Shanghai maintained economic production with a positive annual growth rate.[37]
During the Third Front campaign to develop basic industry and heavy industry in China's hinterlands in case of invasion by the Soviet Union or the United States,354,900 Shanghainese were sent to work on Third Front projects.[64]:xvi The centrepiece of Shanghai's Small Third Front project was the "rear base" in Anhui rear base which served as "a multi-function manufacturing base for anti-aircraft and anti-tank weaponry.[64]:xvi
Since 1949,Shanghai has been a comparatively heavy contributor of tax revenue to the central government;in 1983,the city's contribution in tax revenue was greater than the investment received in the past 33 years combined.[65] Its importance to the fiscal well-being of the central government also denied it from economic liberalizations begun in 1978.
In 1990,Deng Xiaoping permitted Shanghai to initiate economic reforms,which reintroduced foreign capital to the city and developed the Pudong district,resulting in the birth of Lujiazui.[66] That year,the China's central government designated Shanghai as the "Dragon Head" of economic reform.[67] As of 2020,Shanghai is classified as an Alpha+ city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network,making it one of the world's Top 10 major cities.[68]
In early 2022,Shanghai experienced a large outbreak of COVID-19 cases. After localized lockdowns failed to stem the rise in cases,the Chinese government locked down the entire city on 5 April. This resulted in widespread food shortages across the city emerged as food-supply chains were severely disrupted by the government's lockdown measures,which were not lifted until 1 June.[69]
Shanghai is located on the Yangtze Estuary of China's east coast,with the Yangtze River to the north and Hangzhou Bay to the south,with the East China Sea to the east. The land is formed by the Yangtze's natural deposition and modern land reclamation projects. As such,it has sandy soil,and skyscrapers have to be built with deep concrete piles to avoid sinking into the soft ground.[70] The provincial-level Municipality of Shanghai administers both the estuary and many of its surrounding islands. It borders the provinces of Zhejiang to the south and Jiangsu to the west and north.[71] The municipality's northernmost point is on Chongming Island,which is the second-largest island in mainland China after its expansion during the 20th century.[72] It does not administratively include an exclave of Jiangsu on northern Chongming or the two islands forming Shanghai's Yangshan Port,which are parts of Zhejiang's Shengsi County.
Shanghai is located on an alluvial plain. As such,the vast majority of its 6,340.5km2 (2,448.1sqmi) land area is flat,with an average elevation of 4m (13ft).[7] Tidal flat ecosystems exist around the estuary,however,they have long been reclaimed for agricultural purposes.[73] The city's few hills,such as She Shan,lie to the southwest,and its highest point is the peak of Dajinshan Island (103m or 338ft) in Hangzhou Bay.[7] Shanghai has many rivers,canals,streams,and lakes,and it is known for its rich water resources as part of the Lake Taidrainage basin.[74]
Downtown Shanghai is bisected by the Huangpu River,a man-made tributary of the Yangtze created by order of Lord Chunshen during the Warring States period.[28] The historic center of the city was located on the west bank of the Huangpu (Puxi),near the mouth of Suzhou Creek,connecting it with Lake Tai and the Grand Canal. The central financial district,Lujiazui,has been established on the east bank of the Huangpu (Pudong). Along Shanghai's eastern shore,the destruction of local wetlands due to the construction of Pudong International Airport has been partially offset by the protection and expansion of a nearby shoal,Jiuduansha,as a nature preserve.[75]
Climate
Shanghai has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen:Cfa),with an average annual temperature of 17.5°C (63.5°F) for downtown areas and 16.2–17.2°C (61.2–63.0°F) for suburbs.[70] The city experiences four distinct seasons. Winters are temperate to cold and damp—northwesterly winds from Siberia can cause nighttime temperatures to drop below freezing. Each year,there are an average of 4.7 days with snowfall and 1.6 days with snow cover.[70] Summers are hot and humid,and occasional downpours or thunderstorms can be expected. On average,14.5 days exceed 35°C (95°F) annually. In summer and the beginning of autumn,the city is susceptible to typhoons.[76]
The most pleasant seasons are generally spring,although changeable and often rainy,and autumn,which is usually sunny and dry. With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 28% in June to 46% in August,the city receives 1,754 hours of bright sunshine annually. (All the mean values mentioned in this paragraph are data observed in Baoshan District）Extremes since 1951 have ranged from −10.1°C (14°F) on 31 January 1977 (unofficial record of −12.1°C (10°F) was set on 19 January 1893) to 40.9°C (106°F) on 21 July 2017[77] and 13 July 2022[78] at a weather station in Xujiahui and 2 August 2024 in Minhang District following a record hot night set at 32.1°C (90°F) as the highest ever daily minimum temperature at Xujiahui.[79][80]
Climate data for Shanghai (Xujiahui),1991–2020 normals,extremes 1951–present
The Bund,located by the bank of the Huangpu River,is home to a row of early 20th-century architecture,ranging in style from the neoclassicalHSBC Building to the Art Deco Sassoon House (now part of the Peace Hotel). Many areas in the former foreign concessions are also well-preserved,the most notable being the French Concession.[88] Shanghai is also home to many architecturally distinctive and even eccentric buildings,including the Shanghai Museum,the Shanghai Grand Theatre,the Oriental Art Center,and the Oriental Pearl Tower. Despite rampant redevelopment,the Old City still retains some traditional architecture and designs,such as the Yu Garden,an elaborate Jiangnan style garden.[89]
As a result of its construction boom during the 1920s and 1930s,Shanghai has among the most Art Deco buildings in the world.[88] One of the most famous architects working in Shanghai was LászlóHudec,a Hungarian-Slovak who lived in the city between 1918 and 1947.[90] His most notable Art Deco buildings include the Park Hotel,the Grand Cinema,and the Paramount.[91] Other prominent architects who contributed to the Art Deco style are Clement Palmer and Arthur Turner,who together designed the Peace Hotel,the Metropole Hotel,and the Broadway Mansions;[92] and Austrian architect C.H. Gonda,who designed the Capitol Theatre. The Bund has been revitalized several times. The first was in 1986,with a new promenade by the Dutch architect Paulus Snoeren.[93] The second was before the 2010 Expo,which includes restoration of the century-old Waibaidu Bridge and reconfiguration of traffic flow.[94]
One distinctive cultural element is the shikumen (石库门,"stone storage door") residence,typically two- or three-story gray brick houses with the front yard protected by a heavy wooden door in a stylistic stone arch.[95] Each residence is connected and arranged in straight alleys,known as longtang[h] (弄堂). The house is similar to western-style terrace houses or townhouses,but distinguished by the tall,heavy brick wall and archway in front of each house.[97]
The shikumen is a cultural blend of elements found in Western architecture with traditional Jiangnan Chinese architecture and social behavior.[95] Like almost all traditional Chinese dwellings,it has a courtyard,which reduces outside noise. Vegetation can be grown in the courtyard,and it can also allow for sunlight and ventilation in the rooms.[98]
Some of Shanghai's buildings feature Soviet neoclassical architecture or Stalinist architecture,though the city has fewer such structures than Beijing. These buildings were mostly erected between the founding of the People's Republic in 1949 and the Sino-Soviet Split in the late 1960s. During this time period,large numbers of Soviet experts,including architects,poured into China to aid the country in the construction of a communist state. An example of Soviet neoclassical architecture in Shanghai is the modern-day Shanghai Exhibition Center.[99]
Political power in Shanghai has frequently been a stepping stone to higher positions in the central government. Since Jiang Zemin became the General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party in June 1989,all former Shanghai party secretaries but one were elevated to the Politburo Standing Committee,the de facto highest decision-making body in China,[109] including Jiang himself (Party General Secretary),[113]Zhu Rongji (Premier),[114]Wu Bangguo (NPC Chairman),[115]Huang Ju (Vice Premier),[116]Xi Jinping (current General Secretary),[117]Yu Zhengsheng (CPPCC Chairman),[118]Han Zheng (Vice Premier and Vice President),[119] and Li Qiang (Premier). Zeng Qinghong,a former deputy party secretary of Shanghai,also rose to the Politburo Standing Committee and became the Vice President and an influential power broker.[120]Li Xi,another former deputy party secretary of Shanghai,has become the Politburo Standing Committee and Secretary of CCDI member in 2022. The only exception is Chen Liangyu,who was fired in 2006 and later convicted of corruption.[121]
Officials with ties to the Shanghai administration collectively form a powerful faction in the central government known as the Shanghai Clique,which has often been viewed as competing against the rival Youth League Faction over personnel appointments and policy decisions.[122] However,Xi Jinping,successor to Hu Jintao as General Secretary and President,was largely an independent leader and took anti-corruption campaigns on both factions.[123]
Although every district has its own urban core,the city hall and major administrative units are located in Huangpu District,which also serves as a commercial area,including the famous Nanjing Road. Other major commercial areas include Xintiandi and Huaihai Road[i] in Huangpu District,and Xujiahui[j] in Xuhui District. Many universities in Shanghai are located in residential areas in Yangpu District and Putuo District.
Map of central Shanghai
Seven of the districts govern Puxi (lit."The West Bank," or "West of the River Pu"),the older part of urban Shanghai on the west bank of the Huangpu River. These seven districts are collectively referred to as Shanghai Proper (上海市区) or the core city (市中心),which comprise Huangpu,Xuhui,Changning,Jing'an,Putuo,Hongkou,and Yangpu.
Pudong (lit."The East Bank," or "East of the River Pu"),the newer part of urban and suburban Shanghai on the east bank of the Huangpu River,is governed by Pudong New Area (浦东新区).[k]
Seven of the districts govern suburbs,satellite towns,and rural areas farther away from the urban core:Baoshan,[l]Minhang,[m] Jiading,[n] Jinshan,[o] Songjiang,[p] Qingpu,[q] and Fengxian.[r]
Chongming District comprises the islands of Changxing and Hengsha and most—but not all[s]—of Chongming Island.
The former district of Nanhui was absorbed into Pudong District in 2009. In 2011,Luwan District merged with Huangpu District. As of 2015[update],these county-level divisions are further divided into the following 210 township-level divisions:109 towns,2 townships,and 99 subdistricts. Those are in turn divided into the following village-level divisions:3,661 neighborhood committees and 1,704 village committees.[130]
In 2023,the city's imports and exports reached CN¥7.73 trillion (US$1.07 trillion),accounting for 18.5% of the national total.[147]
According to Julius Baer's Global Wealth and Lifestyle Report,Shanghai was the most expensive city in the world for living a luxurious lifestyle in 2021.[148] Shanghai was the 5th wealthiest city in the world,with a total wealth amounts to $1.8 trillion,[149] and Shanghai was ranked fifth-highest in the number of billionaires by Forbes.[150] Shanghai's nominal GDP was projected to reach US$1.3 trillion in 2035 (ranking first in China),making it one of the world's Top 5 major cities in terms of GRP according to a study by Oxford Economics.[151] As of August 2024,Shanghai ranked 4th in the world and 2nd in China (after Beijing) by the largest number of the Fortune Global 500 companies in the world.[152]
Shanghai was the largest and most prosperous city in East Asia during the 1930s,and its rapid redevelopment began in the 1990s.[48] In the last two decades,Shanghai has been one of the fastest-developing cities in the world;it has recorded double-digit GDP growth in almost every year between 1992 and 2008,before the 2007–2008 financial crisis.[160]
Finance
The Shanghai Stock Exchange is one of the largest stock exchanges in the world by market capitalization.
Shanghai is a global financial center,ranking first in the whole of Asia &Oceania region and third globally (after New York and London) in the 28th edition of the Global Financial Centres Index,[161] published in September 2020 by Z/Yen and China Development Institute.[162] Shanghai is also a large hub of the Chinese and global technology industry and home to a large startup ecosystem. As of 2021,the city was ranked as the 2nd Fintech powerhouse in the world after New York City.[163]
In September 2013,with the backing of Chinese Premier Li Keqiang,the city launched the Shanghai Free-Trade Zone—the first free-trade zone in mainland China. The zone introduced a number of pilot reforms designed to incentivize foreign investment. In April 2014,The Banker reported that Shanghai "has attracted the highest volumes of financial sector foreign direct investment in the Asia-Pacific region in the 12 months to the end of January 2014."[167] In August 2014,fDi magazine named Shanghai the "Chinese Province of the Future 2014/15" due to "particularly impressive performances in the Business Friendliness and Connectivity categories,as well as placing second in the Economic Potential and Human Capital and Lifestyle categories."[168]
As one of the main industrial centers of China,Shanghai plays a key role in domestic manufacturing and heavy industry. Several industrial zones—including Shanghai Hongqiao Economic and Technological Development Zone,Jinqiao Export Economic Processing Zone,Minhang Economic and Technological Development Zone,and Shanghai Caohejing High-Tech Development Zone—are backbones of Shanghai's secondary sector. Shanghai is home to China's largest steelmaker Baosteel Group,China's largest shipbuilding base Hudong–Zhonghua Shipbuilding Group,and one of China's oldest shipbuilders,the Jiangnan Shipyard.[169][170] Auto manufacturing is another important industry. The Shanghai-based SAIC Motor is one of the three largest automotive corporations in China,and has strategic partnerships with Volkswagen and General Motors.[171] The company ranked 84 on the Fortune Global 500 list in 2023.[172]
Nanjing Road near The Bund at night. This is a popular commercial center in Shanghai.
Tourism is a major industry of Shanghai. In 2017,the number of domestic tourists increased by 7.5% to 318 million,while the number of overseas tourists increased by 2.2% to 8.73 million.[166] In 2017,Shanghai was the highest earning tourist city in the world.[173]As of 2023[update],Shanghai had 57 five-star hotels,52 four star hotels,1,942 travel agencies,144 rated tourist attractions,and 34 red tourist attractions.[154]
In 2023,Shanghai's tourism industry generated an added value of CN¥177.12 billion (US$24.53 billion),marking a remarkable 98.5% increase compared to the previous year. The city welcomed a total of 3.64 million tourists,a 4.8-fold growth compared to 2022. The number of foreign tourists reached 2.41 million with a 5.2-fold increase.[154]
Shanghai is home to China (Shanghai) Pilot Free-Trade Zone,the first free-trade zone in mainland China.[176]As of October 2019[update],it is also the second largest free-trade zone in mainland China in terms of land area (behind Hainan Free Trade Zone[zh],which covers the whole Hainan province[177]) by covering an area of 240.22km2 (92.75sqmi) and integrating four existing bonded zones—Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone,Waigaoqiao Free Trade Logistics Park,Yangshan Free Trade Port Area,and Pudong Airport Comprehensive Free Trade Zone.[178][179] The industrial chain of port logistics has shaped the future development direction of the free-trade zone in Shanghai. Currently,two port chain centers have been approved for construction in Waigaoqiao and Yangshan.[180] Several preferential policies have been implemented to attract foreign investment in various industries to the zone. Because the zone is not technically considered Chinese territory for tax purposes,commodities entering the zone are exempt from duty and customs clearance.[181]
As of 2023[update], Shanghai had a total population of 24,874,500, including 14,801,700 (59.5%) hukou holders (registered locally).[154]As of 2022[update], 89.3% of Shanghai's population live in urban areas, and 10.7% live in rural areas.[144] Based on the population of its total administrative area, Shanghai is the second largest of the four municipalities of China, behind Chongqing, but is generally considered the largest Chinese city because the urban population of Chongqing is much smaller.[183] According to the OECD, Shanghai's metropolitan area has an estimated population of 34 million.[184]
According to the Shanghai Municipal Statistics Bureau, about 157,900 residents in Shanghai are foreigners, including 28,900 Japanese, 21,900 Americans and 20,800 Koreans.[185] The actual number of foreign citizens in the city is probably much higher.[186] Shanghai is also a domestic immigration city—40.3% (9.8 million) of the city's residents are from other regions of China.[154]
Shanghai has a life expectancy of 83.18 years for the city's registered population,[187] the highest life expectancy of all cities in mainland China. This has also caused the city to experience population aging—in 2021, 17.4% (4.3 million) of the city's registered population was aged 65 or above.[154] In 2017, the Chinese government implemented population controls for Shanghai, resulting in a population decline of 10,000 people by the end of the year.[188]
Due to its cosmopolitan history, Shanghai has a blend of religious heritage; religious buildings and institutions are scattered around the city. According to a 2012 survey, only 13.1% of the city's population belongs to organized religions, including Buddhists with 10.4%, Protestants with 1.9%, Catholics with 0.7%, and other faiths with 0.1% while the remaining 86.9% of the population could be either atheists or involved in worship of nature deities and ancestors or folk religious sects.[189]
Although currently making up a fraction of the religious population in Shanghai, Jewish people have played an influential role in the city's history. After the Treaty of Nanking ended the First Opium War in 1842, the city was opened up to western populations and merchants traveled to Shanghai for its rich business potential, including many prominent Jewish families. The Sassoons amassed great wealth in the opium and textile trades, cementing their status by funding many of the buildings that have become iconic in Shanghai's skyline, such as the Cathay Hotel in 1929.[197] The Hardoons were another prominent Baghdadi Jewish family that used their business success to define Shanghai in the 20th century. The head of the family, Silas Hardoon, one of the richest people in the world during the 1800s, financed Nanjing Road, which then housed departmental stores in the International Settlement, that is now one of the busiest shopping centers in the world.[197]
During World War II, thousands of Jews emigrated to Shanghai in an effort to flee Nazi Germany. They lived in a designated area called the Shanghai Ghetto and formed a community centered on the Ohel Moishe Synagogue, which is now the Shanghai Jewish Refugees Museum.[198] In 1939, Horace Kadoorie, the head of the powerful philanthropic Sephardic Jewish family in Shanghai, founded the Shanghai Jewish Youth Association to support Jewish refugees through English education so they would be prepared to emigrate from Shanghai when the time came.[199]
Islam came into Shanghai during the Yuan dynasty. The city's first mosque, Songjiang Mosque, was built during the Zhizheng (至正) era under Emperor Huizong (reigned 1333 – 1368). Shanghai's Muslim population increased in the 19th and early 20th centuries (when the city was a treaty port), during which time many mosques—including the Xiaotaoyuan Mosque, the Huxi Mosque, and the Pudong Mosque—were built. The Shanghai Islamic Association is located in the Xiaotaoyuan Mosque in Huangpu.[200] According to the sixth census of China in 2010, there are an estimated 85,000 Muslims in Shanghai, compared from 20,000 in 1949 and 7,000 in 1936.[201]
The vernacular language spoken in the city is Shanghainese, part of the Taihu Wu subgroup of the Wu Chinese language family. This is different from the national language, Mandarin, which is mutually unintelligible with Wu Chinese.[204] Modern Shanghainese derives from the indigenous Wu spoken in the former Songjiang prefecture but has been influenced by other dialects of Taihu Wu, most notably Suzhounese, and Ningbonese[205]
Prior to its expansion, the language spoken in Shanghai was not as prominent as those spoken around Jiaxing and later Suzhou,[205] and was known as "the local tongue" (本地閑話), a name which is now used in suburbs only.[206] In the late 19th century, downtown Shanghainese (市區閑話 or simply 上海閑話) appeared, undergoing rapid changes and quickly replacing Suzhounese as the prestige dialect of the Yangtze River Delta region. At the time, most of the immigration into the city came from the two adjacent provinces, Jiangsu and Zhejiang, the local dialects of which had the greatest influence on Shanghainese. After 1949, Putonghua (Standard Mandarin) has also had a great impact on Shanghainese as a result of being rigorously promoted by the government.[205] Since the 1990s, many migrants outside of the Wu-speaking region have come to Shanghai for education and jobs. They often cannot speak the local language and therefore use Putonghua (Mandarin) as a lingua franca. Because Putonghua and English were more favored, Shanghainese began to decline, and fluency among young speakers weakened. In recent years, there have been movements within the city to promote the local language and protect it from fading out.[207][208]
Shanghai is an international center of research and development and as of 2024, it was ranked second globally (after Beijing) by scientific research outputs, as tracked by the Nature Index.[209] It is also a major center of higher education in China. As of 2023, Shanghai had 68 universities and colleges, ranking first in East China region as a city with most higher education institutions.[210]
Shanghai has an extensive public transportation system comprising metros, buses, ferries, and taxis, all of which can be accessed using a Shanghai Public Transport Card.[237]
Shanghai's rapid transit system, the Shanghai Metro, incorporates both subway and light metro lines and extends to every core urban district as well as neighboring suburban districts. As of 2021[update], there are 19 metro lines (excluding the Shanghai maglev train and Jinshan railway), 515 stations, and 803km (499mi) of lines in operation, making it the longest network in the world.[154] On 8 March 2019, it set the city's daily metro ridership record with 13.3 million.[238] The average fare ranges from CN¥3 (US$0.48) to CN¥9 (US$1.28), depending on the travel distance.[239]
Opened in 2004, the Shanghai maglev train is the first and the fastest commercial high-speed maglev in the world, with a maximum operation speed of 430km/h (267mph).[240] The train can complete the 30-kilometer (19mi) journey between Longyang Road station and Pudong International Airport in 7 minutes 20 seconds,[241] comparing to 32 minutes by Metro Line 2[242] and 30 minutes by car.[243] A one-way ticket costs CN¥50 (US$8), or CN¥40 (US$6.40) for those with airline tickets or public transportation cards. A round-trip ticket costs CN¥80 (US$12.80), and VIP tickets cost double the standard fare.[244]
With the first tram line been in service in 1908, trams were once popular in Shanghai in the early 20th century. By 1925, there were 328 tramcars and 14 routes operated by Chinese, French, and British companies collaboratively,[245] all of which were nationalized after the PRC's victory in 1949. Since the 1960s, many tram lines were either dismantled or replaced by trolleybus or motorbus lines;[246] the last tram line was demolished in 1975.[247] Shanghai reintroduced trams in 2010, as a modern rubber-tire Translohr system in Zhangjiang area of East Shanghai as Zhangjiang Tram.[248] In 2018, the steel wheeled Songjiang Tram started operating in Songjiang District.[249] Additional tram lines are under planning in Hongqiao Subdistrict and Jiading District as of 2019[update].[250]
The Shanghai Trolleybus network is currently the oldest in the world.
Shanghai also has the world's most extensive bus network, including the world's oldest continuously operating trolleybus system, with 1,575 lines covering a total length of 8,997km (5,590mi) by 2019.[154] The system is operated by multiple companies.[251] Bus fares generally cost CN¥2 (US$0.32).[252] Shanghai also has three bus rapid transit systems, namely the Yan'an Road Medium Capacity Bus Transit System, Fengpu Express and Nantuan Express.
As of 2019[update], a total of 40,000 taxis were in operation in Shanghai.[154] The base fare for taxis is CN¥14 (US$2.24), which covers the first 3km (2mi) and includes a CN¥1 (US$0.14) fuel surcharge. The base fare is CN¥18 (US$2.55) between 11:00pm and 5:00am. Each additional kilometer costs CN¥2.7 (US$0.45), or CN¥4.05 (US$0.67) between 11:00pm and 5:00am.[253]Taxicabs and DiDi play major roles in urban transportation and DiDi is often cheaper than taxis.[254]
As of January 2021, Shanghai Metro has 459 stations and 772km. The scale of operation is the first in the world. in 2017, the average daily passenger traffic of the Shanghai metro was 9.693 million, and the total passenger traffic reached 3.538 billion. It is one of the busiest metro cities in the world. The metro lines cover the central city densely and connect most districts and counties.[255]
Bicycle-sharing systems, such as Mobike (yellow), Hello (blue), and DiDi Bike (lime), are common in Shanghai.
Bicycle lanes are common in Shanghai, separating non-motorized traffic from car traffic on most surface streets. However, on some main roads, including all expressways, bicycles and motorcycles are banned. In recent years, cycling has seen a resurgence in popularity due to the emergence of a large number of dockless app-based bicycle-sharing systems, such as Mobike, Hello, and DiDi Bike[zh] .[259][260]As of December2018[update], bicycle-sharing systems had an average of 1.15 million daily riders within the city.[261]
Private car ownership in Shanghai is rapidly increasing: in 2019, there were 3.40 million private cars in the city, a 12.5% increase from 2018.[154] New private cars cannot be driven without a license plate, which are sold in monthly license plate auctions. Around 9,500 license plates are auctioned each month, and the average price is about CN¥89,600 (US$12,739) in 2019.[262] According to the city's vehicle regulations introduced in June 2016, only locally registered residents and those who have paid social insurance or individual income taxes for over three years are eligible to be in the auction. The purpose of this policy is to limit the growth of automobile traffic and alleviate congestion.[263] Public transport, biking infrastructure, walkability, generally permits to live in the city without a car.[264][265][266]
License plates for fully electric cars or plug-in hybrid vehicles are free.[267]:168
Inside Shanghai Pudong International Airport Terminal 1
Shanghai is one of the largest air transportation hubs in Asia.[278] The city has two commercial airports: Shanghai Pudong International Airport and Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport.[279] Pudong International Airport is the primary international airport, while Hongqiao International Airport mainly operates domestic flights with limited short-haul international flights. In 2018, Pudong International Airport served 74.0 million passengers and handled 3.8 million tons of cargo, making it the ninth-busiest airport by passenger volume and third-busiest airport by cargo volume.[280][281] The same year, Hongqiao International Airport served 43.6 million passengers, making it the 19th-busiest airport by passenger volume.[280]
Due to Yangshan Port, Shanghai has become the world's busiest container port.
Since its opening, the Port of Shanghai has rapidly grown to become the largest port in China.[282] Yangshan Port was built in 2005 because the river was unsuitable for docking large container ships. The port is connected with the mainland through the 32-kilometer (20mi) long Donghai Bridge. Although the port is run by the Shanghai International Port Group under the government of Shanghai, it administratively belongs to Shengsi County, Zhejiang.[283]
Overtaking the Port of Singapore in 2010,[284] the Port of Shanghai has become world's busiest container port with an annual TEU transportation of 42 million in 2018.[285] Besides cargo, the Port of Shanghai handled 259 cruises and 1.89 million passengers in 2019.[154]
Shanghai Citi Bank Building operates a light show, shining the phrase "I love Shanghai."
The culture of Shanghai was formed by a combination of the nearby Wuyue culture and the "East Meets West" Haipai culture. Wuyue culture's influence is manifested in Shanghainese language—which comprises dialectal elements from nearby Jiaxing, Suzhou, and Ningbo—and Shanghai cuisine, which was influenced by Jiangsu cuisine and Zhejiang cuisine.[291] Haipai culture emerged after Shanghai became a prosperous port in the early 20th century, with numerous foreigners from Europe, America, Japan, and India moving into the city.[292] The culture fuses elements of Western cultures with the local Wuyue culture, and its influence extends to the city's literature, fashion, architecture, music, and cuisine.[293] The term Haipai—originally referring to a painting school in Shanghai—was coined by a group of Beijing writers in 1920 to criticize some Shanghai scholars for admiring capitalism and Western culture.[293][294] In the early 21st century, Shanghai has been recognized as a new influence and inspiration for cyberpunk culture.[295]
Benbang cuisine (本帮菜)[305] is cooking style that originated in the 1600s, with influences from surrounding provinces. It emphasizes the use of condiments while retaining the original flavors of the raw ingredients. Sugar is an important ingredient in Benbang cuisine, especially when used in combination with soy sauce. Signature dishes of Benbang cuisine include Xiaolongbao, Red braised pork belly, and Shanghai hairy crab.[306]Haipai cuisine, on the other hand, is a Western-influenced cooking style that originated in Shanghai. It absorbed elements from French, British, Russian, German, and Italian cuisines and adapted them to suit the local taste according to the features of local ingredients.[307] Famous dishes of Haipai cuisine include Shanghai-style borscht (罗宋汤, "Russian soup"), crispy pork cutlets, and Shanghai salad derived from Olivier salad.[308] Both Benbang and Haipai cuisine make use of a variety of seafood, including freshwater fish, shrimps, and crabs.[309]
Nanxiang xiaolongbao（南翔小笼包）: Xiaolongbao refers to Chinese soup dumplings. Nanxiang xiaolongbao is a traditional specialty of Nanxiang town in Jiading district, renowned for its thin skin, tender meat, abundant soup, and fresh flavor. The dumplings are usually served piping hot in xiaolong, or bamboo baskets. The craft of making xiaolongbao was designated as a municipal intangible cultural heritage in April 2007.[310]
Shanghai shengjian （上海生煎）: Shanghai shengjian, or Shanghai pan-fried buns, a renowned Shanghai delicacy, involves pan-frying the buns without prior steaming. The filling consists of savory pork and green onions, creating a soupy texture. After frying, water is added to the pan before covering it. The buns are then cooked for approximately 8–10 minutes until the bottoms turn golden brown and crispy.[311]
Congyou banmian（葱油拌面）: Congyou banmian, or scallion oil noodles, is a popular noodle dish in Shanghai and can be found in many local restaurants and food stalls. The scallion oil is made by crisping and browning chopped scallions in hot oil. The dish is then coated in scallion oil, soy sauce, and spices, offering a blend of savory, sweet, and mildly spicy flavors.[312]
Paigu niangao（排骨年糕）: Paigu niangao, or stir-fried pork ribs and rice cakes, is a traditional dish in Shanghai. This dish uses fresh pork ribs paired with small and thin rice cakes, which are cooked through oil blanching and simmering. The pork ribs have a golden color, a crispy surface, and tender meat while the rice cakes are soft and chewy.[313]
Shuijing xiaren（水晶虾仁）: Shuijing xiaren, or crystal shrimp, is a favorite among Shanghai locals. This dish features shrimp and eggs, with no additional ingredients to distract from its simplicity. The shrimp is cooked until just translucent, earning its "crystal" name. Well-prepared crystal shrimp is tender yet crispy, with a robust shrimp flavor and a reddish hue tinged with milky white.[314]
Arts
十万图之四 (No. 4 of a Hundred Thousand Scenes) by Ren Xiong, a pioneer of the Shanghai School of Chinese art, c.1850
The Songjiang School (淞江派), containing the Huating School (华亭派) founded by Gu Zhengyi,[315] was a small painting school in Shanghai during the Ming and Qing Dynasties.[316] It was represented by Dong Qichang.[317] The school was considered an expansion of the Wu School in Suzhou, the cultural center of the Jiangnan region at the time.[318] In the mid 19th century, the Shanghai School movement commenced, focusing less on the symbolism emphasized by the Literati style but more on the visual content of painting through the use of bright colors. Secular objects like flowers and birds were often selected as themes.[319]Western art was introduced to Shanghai in 1847 by Spanish missionary Joannes Ferrer (范廷佐), and the city's first Western atelier was established in 1864 inside the Tushanwan orphanage (土山湾孤儿院).[320] During the Republic of China, many famous artists including Zhang Daqian, Liu Haisu, Xu Beihong, Feng Zikai, and Yan Wenliang settled in Shanghai, allowing it to gradually become the art center of China. Various art forms—including photography, wood carving, sculpture, comics (Manhua), and Lianhuanhua—thrived. Sanmao was created to dramatize the chaos created by the Second Sino-Japanese War.[321] Today, the most comprehensive art and cultural facility in Shanghai is the China Art Museum. In addition, the Chinese Painting Academy features traditional Chinese painting,[322] while the Power Station of Art displays contemporary art.[323] The city also has many art galleries, many of which are located in the M50 Art District and Tianzifang. First held in 1996, the Shanghai Biennale has become an important place for Chinese and foreign arts to interact.[324]
Traditional Chinese opera (Xiqu) became a popular source of public entertainment in the late 19th century. In the early 20th century, monologue and burlesque in Shanghainese appeared, absorbing elements from traditional dramas. The Great World opened in 1912 and was a significant stage at the time.[325] In the 1920s, Pingtan expanded from Suzhou to Shanghai.[326] Pingtan art developed rapidly to 103 programs every day by the 1930s because of the abundant commercial radio stations in the city. Around the same time, a Shanghai-style Beijing Opera was formed. Led by Zhou Xinfang and Gai Jiaotian[zh], it attracted many Xiqu masters, like Mei Lanfang, to the city.[327] A small troupe from Shengxian (now Shengzhou) also began to promote Yue opera on the Shanghainese stage.[328] A unique style of opera, Shanghai opera, was formed when local folksongs were fused with modern operas.[329] As of 2012, prominent troupes in Shanghai include Shanghai Jingju Theatre Company, Shanghai Kunqu Opera Troupe[zh], Shanghai Yue Opera House, and Shanghai Huju Opera House.[330]
In this Shanghainese soap advertisement from the 1930s, two women are wearing Shanghai-styled qipao while playing golf.
Shanghai is considered to be the birthplace of Chinese cinema.[333] China's first short film, The Difficult Couple (1913), and the country's first fictional feature film, An Orphan Rescues His Grandfather (孤儿救祖记, 1923)[334] were both produced in Shanghai. Shanghai's film industry grew during the early 1930s, generating stars such as Hu Die, Ruan Lingyu, Zhou Xuan, Jin Yan, and Zhao Dan. Another film star, Jiang Qing, went on to become Madame Mao Zedong. The exile of Shanghainese filmmakers and actors as a result of the Second Sino-Japanese War and the Communist revolution contributed enormously to the development of the Hong Kong film industry.[335] The movie In the Mood for Love directed by Wong Kar-wai, a Shanghai native, depicts a slice of the displaced Shanghainese community in Hong Kong and the nostalgia for that era, featuring 1940s music by Zhou Xuan.[336]
Shanghai's cultural festivals include Shanghai International Television Festival, Shanghai International Film Festival, Shanghai International Art Festival, Shanghai International Tourism Festival, Shanghai Spring International Music Festival, etc. Shanghai TV Festival is the earliest international TV festival founded in China. It was founded in 1986. The Shanghai International Film Festival was founded in 1993 and is one of the nine major international film festivals in the A category. The highest award is the "Golden Goblet Award"[337]
Fashion
Since 2001, Shanghai has held its own fashion week called Shanghai Fashion Week twice every year in April and October. The main venue is in Fuxing Park, and the opening and closing ceremonies are held in the Shanghai Fashion Center. The April session is also part of the one-month Shanghai International Fashion Culture Festival.[338] Shanghai Fashion Week is considered to be an event of national significance featuring both international and Chinese designers. The international presence has included many promising young British fashion designers.[339] The event is hosted by the Shanghai Municipal Government and supported by the People's Republic Ministry of Commerce.[340]
The Shanghai Cricket Club dates back to 1858 when the first recorded cricket match was played between a team of British Naval officers and a Shanghai 11. Following a 45-year dormancy after the founding of the PRC in 1949, the club was re-established in 1994 by expatriates living in the city and has since grown to over 300 members. The Shanghai cricket team played various international matches between 1866 and 1948. With cricket in the rest of China almost non-existent, for that period they were the de facto China national cricket team.[346]
Yao Ming was born in Shanghai. He started his career with the Shanghai Sharks.
In 2023, athletes from Shanghai collectively won 19 gold medals at world championships and 38 gold medals at the highest-level national competitions.[350]
Shanghai is solidifying its status as a global hub for premier professional sports events. In 2023, Shanghai hosted a total of 118 sports events, with 190,000 participants and 1.29 million spectators, driving a consumption of CN¥3.713 billion (US$510.83 million).[354]
In 2024, the city is set to host nearly 175 domestic and international tournaments.[355] Notable events on the calendar include the Olympic Qualifier Series, the Formula 1 Chinese Grand Prix, the 2024 FIA Formula E World Championship (Shanghai), the 2024 Archery World Cup, the WDSF Grand Slam Final, and the ISU Four Continents Figure Skating Championships 2024, among others.[356]
Environment
Parks and resorts
Shanghai has an extensive public park system; by 2022, the city had 670 parks, of which 281 had free admission, and the per capita park area was 9m2 (97sqft).[357] Some of the parks also have become popular tourist attractions due to their unique location, history, or architecture.
The People's Square park, located in the heart of downtown Shanghai, is especially well known for its proximity to other major landmarks in the city. Fuxing Park, located in the former French Concession, features formal French-style gardens and is surrounded by high-end bars and cafes.[358]
Zhongshan Park, in western central Shanghai, is famous for its monument of Chopin, the tallest statue dedicated to the composer in the world.[359] Built in 1914 as Jessfield Park, it once contained the campus of St. John's University, Shanghai's first international college; today, the park features sakura and peony gardens and a 150-year-old platanus,[360] and it also serves as an interchange hub in the metro system.[361]
One of Shanghai's newer parks is the Xujiahui Park, which was built in 1999, on the former grounds of the Great Chinese Rubber Works Factory and the EMI Recording Studio (now La Villa Rouge restaurant). The park has an artificial lake with a sky bridge running across the park.[362]Shanghai Botanical Garden is located 12km (7mi) southwest of the city center and was established in 1978. In 2011, the largest botanical garden in Shanghai—Shanghai Chen Shan Botanical Garden—opened in Songjiang District.[363]
The Shanghai Disney Resort Project was approved by the government on 4 November 2009[364] and opened in 2016.[365] The $4.4billion theme park and resort in Pudong features a castle that is the biggest among Disney's resorts.[366] More than 11 million people visited the resort in its first year of operation.[367]
Air pollution in Shanghai is not as severe as in many other Chinese cities, but is still considered substantial by world standards.[368] During the December 2013 Eastern China smog, air pollution rates reached between 23 and 31 times the international standard.[369][370] On 6 December 2013, levels of PM2.5particulate matter in Shanghai rose above 600 micrograms per cubic meter and in the surrounding area, above 700 micrograms per cubic meter.[370] Levels of PM2.5 in Putuo District reached 726 micrograms per cubic meter.[371][372] As a result, the Shanghai Municipal Education Commission received orders to suspend students' outdoor activities. Authorities pulled nearly one-third of government vehicles from the roads, while much construction work was halted. Most inbound flights were canceled, and more than 50 flights at Pudong International Airport were diverted.[373]
On 23 January 2014, Yang Xiong, the mayor of Shanghai, announced that three main measures would be taken to manage the air pollution in Shanghai, along with surrounding Anhui, Jiangsu, and Zhejiang provinces.[374] The measures involved implementing the 2013 air-cleaning program, establishing a linkage mechanism with the three surrounding provinces, and improving the city's early-warning systems.[374] On 12 February 2014, China's cabinet announced that a CN¥10 billion (US$1.7 billion) fund will be set up to help companies meet the new environmental standards.[375] The effect of the policy was significant. From 2013 to 2018, more than 3,000 treatment facilities for industrial waste gases were installed, and the city's annual smoke, nitrogen oxide, and sulfur dioxide emission decreased by 65%, 54%, and 95%, respectively.[376][377]
In 2023, the Air Quality Index (AQI) of Shanghai reached a rate of 87.7%, a 0.6% increase compared to the previous year. The annual average concentration of inhalable particulate matter (PM10) was 48 microgrammes per cubic meter, while the annual average concentration of fine particulate matter was 28 microgrammes per cubic meter.[378]
Environmental protection
A residual waste truck and a kitchen waste truck on Zhonghua Road
Public awareness of the environment is growing, and the city is investing in a number of environmental protection projects. A 16-year rehabilitation of Suzhou Creek, which runs through the city, was finished in 2012, clearing the creek of barges and factories and removing 1.3 million cubic meters of sludge.[379][380] Additionally, the government has moved almost all the factories within the city center to either the outskirts or other provinces,[381] and provided incentives for transportation companies to invest in LPG buses and taxis.
On 1 July 2019, Shanghai adopted a new garbage-classification system that sorts out waste into residual waste, kitchen waste, recyclable waste, and hazardous waste.[382] The wastes are collected by separate vehicles and sent to incineration plants, landfills, recycling centers, and hazardous-waste-disposal facilities, respectively.[383]
Media
Media in Shanghai[zh] covers newspapers, publisher, broadcast, television, and Internet, with some media having influence over the country. In regard to foreign publications in Shanghai, Hartmut Walravens of the IFLA Newspapers Section said that when the Japanese controlled Shanghai in the 1940s "it was very difficult to publish good papers – one either had to concentrate on emigration problems, or cooperate like the Chronicle."[384]
As of March2020[update], newspapers publishing in Shanghai include:
↑ The first Chinese character "魔" has three meanings according to The Standard Dictionary of Contemporary Chinese: (1) Devil. (2) Metaphor for something that harms people or evil forces. (3) Magical; unpredictable.
↑ The absorption of the separate island of Yonglongsha by Chongming in the 1970s has produced a narrow pene-enclave of Jiangsu along about 20 kilometers (12mi) of the northern shore of the island, separately administered as Nantong's Haiyong and Qilongtownships.[129]
Related Research Articles
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Pudong Avenue is the name of a station on Line 4 and Line 14 of the Shanghai Metro. It is the first station on Line 4 in Pudong travelling clockwise after crossing the Huangpu River from Puxi. Service began at this station on 31 December 2005. It later became an interchange station on 30 December 2021 after the opening of Line 14.
Yangshupu Road is a station on Shanghai Metro Line 4. It is located along Dalian Road (大连路) at its intersection with Yangshupu Road, in the Yangpu District of Shanghai, and is the first station on Line 4 in Puxi travelling counter-clockwise after crossing the Huangpu River from Pudong. Service began at this station on 31 December 2005.
Shanghai Library is a municipal public library in Shanghai, China. It is owned by the Shanghai Municipal Committee of the Chinese Communist Party. The library is one of the largest libraries in the world. Its main building is in Xuhui, with a branch hall in Pudong. As of 2024, it has a collection of 58 million volumes.
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Pudong Airport Terminal 1&2, formerly Pudong International Airport is a metro and maglev station located within Shanghai Pudong International Airport in Shanghai. It serves as both the eastern terminus of both the Shanghai maglev train, having opened to trial operations on 31 December 2002, and, since an eastern extension from Guanglan Road opened on 8 April 2010, the eastern terminus of Line 2 of the Shanghai Metro. Although the metro and maglev stations are in the same property, they have distinct fare-paid zones, as their fare systems are separate.
Shanghai County was a Chinese county in modern-day Shanghai Municipality. Shanghai County was first established in 1292 and finally abolished in 1992. Shanghai County was for most of its existence a part of Songjiang Prefecture, in Jiangsu Province, but later became a county under Shanghai Municipality. Shanghai County was historically the governing authority of the Shanghai's urban area and neighbouring areas. Its extent reduced with the establishment of the Shanghai Special Municipality and, later, Shanghai Municipality. Immediately before abolition, the county extended over a crescent-shaped area adjacent to, and surrounding, the southwest of Shanghai's city centre.
The 2010 census put Shanghai's total population at 23,019,148, a growth of 37.53% from 16,737,734 in 2000. 20.6 million of the total population, or 89.3%, are urban, and 2.5 million (10.7％) are rural. Based on population of total administrative area, Shanghai is the second largest of the four direct-controlled municipalities of China, behind Chongqing, but is generally considered the largest Chinese city because Chongqing's urban population is much smaller.
Songpu Bridge, first known as Huangpu River Bridge, Cheting Bridge, is the first bridge built across the Huangpu River in Shanghai, China. It is a double-layer steel truss bridge for highway and railway across the Huangpu River in Songjiang District. The Songpu Bridge Railway Bridge and Highway Bridge were opened to traffic on September 11, 1975 and June 29, 1976, respectively. For a long time after its completion, it was also the only bridge on the upper reaches of the Huangpu River until the opening of the Huangpu River Bridge on the G15 Shenhai Expressway in 2006.
The culture of Shanghai or Shanghainese culture is based on the Wuyue culture from the nearby Jiangsu and Zhejiang province, with a unique "East Meets West" Haipai culture generated through the influx of Western influences since the mid-19th century. Mass migration from all across China and the rest of the world has made Shanghai a melting pot of different cultures. It was in Shanghai, for example, that the first motor car was driven and (technically) the first train tracks and modern sewers were laid. It was also the intellectual battleground between socialist writers who concentrated on critical realism, which was pioneered by Lu Xun, Mao Dun, Nien Cheng and the famous French novel by André Malraux, Man's Fate, and the more "bourgeois", more romantic and aesthetically inclined writers, such as Shi Zhecun, Shao Xunmei, Ye Lingfeng and Eileen Chang.
Shanghai Rail Transit includes all rail transit lines operating in Shanghai, mainly composed of High-volume railway system, Low-to-medium-volume railway system and Maglev system. The system was established on May 28, 1993, when Shanghai Metro Line 1 opened.
Airport link line of Shanghai Suburban Railway is a commuter rail line currently under construction in Shanghai. It runs from Hongqiao Airport Terminal 2 in Minhang District to Shanghai East railway station in Pudong. The 68.6-kilometer (42.6 mi) express line is expected to shorten the travel time between the airports of Hongqiao and Pudong from 90 minutes to under 40 minutes. Construction started in June 2019. The line is expected to open at the end of 2024.
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