Pudong is a district of Shanghai located east of the Huangpu,the river which flows through central Shanghai. The name Pudong was originally applied to the Huangpu's east bank,directly across from the west bank or Puxi,the historic city center. It now refers to the broader Pudong New Area,a state-level new area which extends all the way to the East China Sea.
Pudong—literally "The East Bank of the Huangpu River"—originally referred only to the less-developed land across from Shanghai's Old City and foreign concessions. The area was mainly farmland and only slowly developed,with warehouses and wharfs near the shore administered by the districts of Puxi on the west bank:Huangpu,Yangpu,and Nanshi. Pudong was originally established as a county in 1958 until 1961 when the county was split among Huangpu,Yangpu,Nanshi,Wusong and Chuansha County.
Premier Li Peng announced the policy of Pudong's opening and development on April 18,1990. Speaking at a celebration for the fifth anniversary of the Shanghai Volkswagen Corporation,Li stated that "some policies of the economic and technological zones and Special Economic Zones can be implemented in the Pudong area".[2]:23 Li stated that future investors from Hong Kong,Macau,and Taiwan were welcomed and that China would provide preferential conditions for cooperation and improve the investment environment.[2]:23 The occasion is often described as Pudong's "birthday".[2]:23 Nonetheless,development in the area was slow for the rest of 1990.[2]:23
On October 1,1992,the original area of Pudong County and Chuansha County merged and established Pudong New Area.
In 1993,the Chinese government set up a Special Economic Zone in Chuansha,creating the Pudong New Area. Deng Xiaoping had initiated its development three years earlier to build further confidence in Reform and Opening Up.[3]:158 Pudong's description as a New Area served to distinguish it from existing SEZs.[3]:158 It had even more open policies than existing SEZs,in terms of attracting foreign direct investment and developing the local economy.[3]:158
The western tip of the Pudong district was designated as the Lujiazui Finance and Trade Zone and has become a financial hub of modern China. Several landmark buildings were constructed,including the Oriental Pearl Tower,and the supertall Jin Mao Building (420.5m or 1,380ft),Shanghai World Financial Center (494m or 1,621ft) and Shanghai Tower (632m or 2,073ft),the world's first trio of adjacent supertall skyscrapers. These buildings—all along Century Avenue and visible from the historic Bund—now form the most common skyline of Shanghai.
In official discourses on urbanization in China,Pudong is considered the paradigmatic example of the 1990s approach to urbanization.[3]:157
On May 6,2009,it was disclosed that the State Council had approved the proposal to merge Nanhui District with Pudong and comprise the majority of eastern Shanghai. In 2010,Pudong was host to the main venues of the Shanghai Expo,whose grounds now form a public park.
Pudong New Area consists of the original Pudong County (northeastern portion of Shanghai County),Chuansha County,and Nanhui County.
Climate
Pudong has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classificationCfa),influenced by monsoons and Siberian winds as well as rains and typhoons from the Pacific. The average annual temperature in Pudong is 17.2°C (63.0°F). The temperatures are highest on average in July and August,at around 28.6°C (83.5°F),and lowest in January,at around 5.1°C (41.2°F).
Climate data for Pudong,elevation 4m (13ft),(1991–2020 normals,extremes 1981–present)
Districts of the Direct-Controlled Municipality of Shanghai are administratively on the same level as prefecture-level cities. However,the government of Pudong has a status equivalent to that of a sub-provincial city,which is a half-level above a prefecture-level city. This is due to Pudong's size and importance as the financial hub of China. The Pudong Communist Party Secretary is the top office of the district,followed by the district governor of Pudong. The Pudong party chief is customarily also a member of the Shanghai Party Standing Committee.[citation needed]
On April 27,2015,the People's Government of Pudong New Area is working with China (Shanghai) Pilot Free-Trade Zone Administrative Committee.[7]
Demographics
Pudong is bounded by the Huangpu River in the west and the East China Sea in the east. Pudong is distinguished from Puxi ("West Bank"),the older part of Shanghai. It has an area of 1,210.4 square kilometres (467.3sqmi) and,according to the 2020 census,a population of 5,681,512 inhabitants,accounting for around 22.8 percent of Shanghai and 1.85 million more than in 2010. Pudong's resident population growth is well above national average because it is a popular immigration destination. The 2020 census shows an 8% increase in the last decade,or an annual pace of 0.8%.[8]
Excluding immigrants,the birth rate in 2010 was 0.806% while the death rate is 0.729,resulting a net growth of 0.077%. The total fertility rate is 1.03,well below the replacement level.[9] The district actually has a negative registered household population growth if immigrants are excluded,thus the growth is purely driven by immigration.
The 2020 census shows a population density of 3,006/km2.[8] About 3/4 of the population live in the northern part and part of city center called "Northern Territory". 1/4 live in the "Southern Territory" that was the Nanhui District. The Northern Territory has a 6,667 population density,while the Southern Territory has 1,732/km2. Suburbs saw a greater increase in population during 2000–2010 with the help of the city's suburb expansion policy. Some counties in the traditional city center saw a population decrease.
With the Nanhui District merger in May 2009, the size of Pudong's economy grew. The district's 2022 gross domestic product amounts to an estimated CN¥1.601 trillion (US$238 billion), with services comprising 74.7% of economic output. Its GDP per capita was CN¥281,180, corresponding to around US$41,755 by nominal values and US$68,647 by purchasing power parity values.[1]
The area is divided into four distinct economic districts. Apart from Lujiazui Trade and Finance Zone, there is Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, the largest free trade zone in mainland China covering approximately 10 square kilometres (3.9sqmi) in north-east Pudong. The Jinqiao Export Processing Zone is another major industrial area in Pudong covering 19 square kilometres (7.3sqmi). Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park is a special area for technology-oriented businesses.[19]
The Pudong area continues to experience rapid development, especially in the commercial sector, with 1.3 million square meters of prime office space reaching completion in 2008, more than the previous two years combined.[20] Pudong has also attracted considerable fixed asset and real estate investment, reporting 87.268 billion RMB in fixed asset investment and 27.997 billion RMB in real estate investment in 2008.[21]
Pudong area of Shanghai, at night
The newest Disney resort, with a Disneyland included, is located in Pudong, which opened to tourists in June 2016.[22]
In the same year, Line 2 of the Shanghai Metro commenced services. An extension brought the line further east, where it serves the airport. Other lines, namely Lines 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 16, and 18 also have sections that serve parts of Pudong. A magnetic levitation train began operating in 2004, moving passengers between the airport and Longyang Road Metro station.
Ships on the Huangpu River with Pudong in view
Pudong is connected to downtown Puxi by fourteen tunnels (out of eighteen cross-Huangpu tunnels in total) and four major bridges (out of eleven in total). The first of these bridges were the Nanpu Bridge (1991) and the Yangpu Bridge (1993). The Xupu Bridge opened in 1996. The latest of these is Lupu Bridge, which is the world's second longest arch bridge and was completed in 2002. Currently, there are fourteen tunnels that link Pudong and downtown Puxi. Dapu Rd. Tunnel is the first tunnel across the Huangpu River, followed by Yan'an Rd. Tunnel (running east–west), Waihuan Tunnel[29] (one part of the Shanghai Outer Ring Expressway), Dalian Rd. Tunnel (running north–south), and Fuxing Rd. Tunnel (complementing the Yan'an Rd. Tunnel). Many new tunnels have been constructed since then, especially around the Lujiazui area.
Roads in Pudong have no particular longitudinal or latitudinal orientation. Major thoroughfares Pudong Avenue, Zhangyang Road and Yanggao Road run east–west until Yangpu Bridge before turning gradually to become north–south. Century Avenue crosses all three major roads and extends from Lujiazui to Century Park. Yanggao Road extends south to the S20 Shanghai Outer Ring Expressway, which runs east–west from Xupu Bridge and then north–south beginning at the interchange near Renxi Village, when the east–west expressway turns into Yingbin Avenue, headed for Pudong International Airport.
↑ Census Office of the State Council of the People's Republic of China; Population and Employment Statistics Division of the National Bureau of Statistics of the People's Republic of China (2012). 中国2010人口普查分乡、镇、街道资料 (1ed.). Beijing: China Statistics Print. ISBN978-7-5037-6660-2.
↑ "Contact Us." Dulwich College Shanghai. Retrieved on October 12, 2013. "DCS MAIN CAMPUS 266 LanAn Rd, JinQiao, PuDong, 201206 地址：上海市浦东金桥蓝桉路266号，201206" and "DUCKS 425 LanAn Rd, Jin Qiao, PuDong 201206 地址：上海市浦东金桥蓝桉路425号，201206"
↑ "Kontakte." German School of Shanghai Pudong. Retrieved on 23 May 2014. "DS Shanghai Pudong 1100 Jufeng Lu 201206 Shanghai - VR China" - Chinese address: "上海德国学校浦东校园201206上海市巨峰路1100号综合楼"
↑ Home page. Shanghai American School. Retrieved on February 19, 2014. "Puxi Campus 258 Jinfeng Road Huacao Town, Minhang Dist. Shanghai, China 201107 6221-1445" and "Pudong Campus Shanghai Links Executive Community 1600 Lingbai Road Sanjiagang, Pudong Shanghai, China 201201 6221-1445"
↑ "HomeArchived 2014-02-22 at the Wayback Machine ." SJS Senior High School. Retrieved on February 18, 2014. "〒200127 上海市浦東新区錦康路277号"
↑ "Contact Us." Wellington College International Shanghai. Retrieved on September 30, 2015. "Wellington College No. 1500 Yao Long Road (near the Oriental Sports Center) Pudong, Shanghai 200126 上海惠灵顿国际学校 上海市浦东新区 耀龙路1500号 (靠东方体育中心) 邮编：200126"
↑ Knight Frank China Knight Frank China, Shanghai Commercial Market Quarterly Report, Q4 2009
↑ Knight Frank China Knight Frank China, Shanghai Commercial Market Quarterly Report, Q1 2009
↑ "." THE WALT DISNEY COMPANY REACHES ANOTHER MAJOR MILESTONE ON SHANGHAI THEME PARK PROJECT. Retrieved on July 7, 2010.
↑ "Contact Us." Baosteel. Retrieved on November 10, 2012. "ADD:Baosteel Tower, Pu Dian Road 370, Pudong New District, Shanghai, 200122, P.R. China Postal Code:200122" - Chinese: "上海市浦东新区浦电路370号宝钢大厦"
↑ "Mainland Service Network." Hang Seng Bank. Retrieved on 11 September 2011. "Hang Seng Bank（China）Limited Address: 34/F & 36/F, Hang Seng Bank Tower, 1000 Lujiazui Ring Road, Pudong, Shanghai, China"
↑ "Office locationsArchived 2011-08-10 at the Wayback Machine ." Kroll Inc. Retrieved on 14 August 2011. "Shanghai Room 3031, 30F 1000 Lujiazui Ring Road, Hang Seng Bank Tower Pudong New Area Shanghai 200120 China"
↑ "Google locations." Google. Retrieved on May 25, 2016. "Google Shanghai 60F, Shanghai World Financial Center 100 Century Avenue, Pudong New Area Shanghai 200120, China"
↑ This tunnel links Pudong to Baoshan district in suburban Puxi, not to downtown Puxi.
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