List of cities by GDP

As of 2025, the New York metropolitan area is the world’s principal fintech and financial center and the largest metropolitan economy in the world, with a nominal gross metropolitan product of over US$2.5 trillion.

This is a list of cities in the world by nominal gross domestic product (GDP). The United Nations uses three definitions for what constitutes a city, as not all cities may be classified using the same criteria. Cities may be defined as the cities proper, by the extent of their urban area, or their metropolitan regions. ^[4] The methodology of calculating GDP may differ between the studies and are widely based on projections and sometimes approximate estimations, notably for cities that are not within the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Refer to sources for more information. Click on the headers to reorganize columns.

List

Cities by GDP

City proper/metropolitan area	Country/region	Official est. GDP up to date (billion US$)	Metropolitan population
A Coruña metropolitan area	Spain	28.819 (2020) [5]	1,121,815 (2020) [6]
Aachen	Germany	24.296 (2020) [5]	249,070 (2021) [7]
Aalborg	Denmark	31.855 (2021) [5]	219,487 (2021) [8]
Aarhus	Denmark	54.927 (2021) [5]	352,751 (2021) [9]
Abbotsford, British Columbia	Canada	7.435 (2021) [10]	205,834 (2021) [11]
Aberdeen, Scotland	United Kingdom	23.0 (2020) [12]	489,840 (2020) [13]
Abidjan	Ivory Coast	27 (2017) [14]	5,600,000 (2020) [15]
Abilene, TX MSA	United States	10.306623 (2023) [16]	181,591 (2023) [17]
Abu Dhabi metropolitan area	United Arab Emirates	277.93 (2023) [18]	1,740,000 (2023) [19]
Addis Ababa	Ethiopia	61.2 (2023) [20]	5,400,000 (2023) [20]
Adelaide	Australia	64.461 (2018–19) [21]	1,344,368 (2018–19) [22]
Ahmedabad	India	136.1 (2023) [23]	9,300,000 (2023) [19]
Aix-Marseille-Provence Metropolis	France	135.038 (2021) [5]	1,680,000 (2021) [24]
Akron, OH MSA	United States	47.285487 (2023) [16]	698,398 (2023) [17]
Albany, GA MSA	United States	7.782093 (2023) [16]	145,508 (2023) [17]
Albany-Lebanon, OR MSA	United States	6.441520 (2023) [16]	130,467 (2022) [17]
Albany-Schenectady-Troy, NY MSA	United States	84.910398 (2023) [16]	904,682 (2023) [17]
Albuquerque, NM MSA	United States	59.382941 (2023) [16]	922,296 (2023) [17]
Alexandria	Egypt	36.000 (2021) [25]	5,950,000 (2021) [24]
Alexandria, LA MSA	United States	7.753574 (2023) [16]	148,171 (2023) [17]
Alicante metropolitan area	Spain	38.851 (2020) [5]	1,915,282 (2020) [26]
Allentown-Bethlehem-Easton, PA-NJ MSA	United States	59.890990 (2023) [16]	873,555 (2023) [17]
Almaty	Kazakhstan	41.485 (2022) [27]	2,250,000 (2022) [28]
Altoona, PA MSA	United States	7.681160 (2023) [16]	120,273 (2023) [17]
Alxa League	China	4.419 (2020) [29] [30]	262,361 (2020) [31]
Amarillo, TX MSA	United States	18.913682 (2023) [16]	272,395 (2023) [17]
Ames, IA MSA	United States	8.615031 (2023) [16]	125,156 (2023) [17]
Amiens	France	19.418 (2021) [5]	304,331 (2021) [32]
Amsterdam metropolitan area	Netherlands	237.841 (2022) [5]	2,500,000 (2022) [28]
Anápolis	Brazil	6.740 (2011) [33]	398,869 (2022) [34]
Anchorage, AK MSA	United States	34.065381 (2023) [16]	401,314 (2023) [17]
Angers Loire Métropole	France	29.379 (2021) [5]	394,256 (2021) [35]
Ankara	Turkey	74.83 (2021) [36]	5,150,000 (2021) [24]
Ann Arbor, MI MSA	United States	33.013856 (2023) [16]	365,536 (2023) [17]
Annecy	France	29.98 (2021) [5]	183,697 (2021) [37]
Anniston-Oxford, AL MSA	United States	5.891059 (2023) [16]	116,429 (2023) [17]
Anshan	China	80.968 (2020) [38]	2,625,000 (2020) [15]
Antwerp metropolitan area	Belgium	66.063 (2021) [5]	1,230,000 (2021) [24]
Appleton, Wisconsin metropolitan area	United States	18.532326 (2023) [16]	246,433 (2023) [17]
Arnhem–Nijmegen metropolitan area	Netherlands	34.621 (2021) [5]	774,506 (2022) [39]
Asheville, NC MSA	United States	29.014297 (2023) [16]	417,202 (2023) [17]
Astana	Kazakhstan	23.115 (2022) [27]	1,350,228 (2022) [40]
Asturias metropolitan area	Spain	27.152 (2022) [41] [42]	1,009,088 (2022) [43]
Athens Metropolitan Area	Greece	85.809 (2020) [5]	3,350,000 (2020) [15]
Athens-Clarke County, GA MSA	United States	13.768348 (2023) [16]	222,060 (2023) [17]
Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Roswell, GA (Metropolitan Statistical Area)	United States	570.662834 (2023) [16]	6,222,106 (2022) [17]
Atlantic City-Hammonton, NJ MSA	United States	18.726628 (2023) [16]	369,823 (2023) [17]
Auburn-Opelika, AL MSA	United States	8.799349 (2023) [16]	201,585 (2023) [17]
Auckland	New Zealand	139.50 (2022) [44]	1,531,400 (2022) [28]
Augusta-Richmond County, GA-SC MSA	United States	37.292712 (2023) [16]	629,429 (2023) [17]
Austin-Round Rock, TX (Metropolitan Statistical Area)	United States	248.109564 (2023) [16]	2,421,115 (2022) [17]
Bakersfield, CA MSA	United States	59.846810 (2023) [16]	916,108 (2022) [17]
Balikpapan-Samarinda Metropolitan	Indonesia	29.901 (2021) [45]	2,621,877 (2021) [45]
Ballarat	Australia	4.460 (2018–19) [21]	108,491 (2018–19) [46]
Baltimore-Columbia-Towson, MD (Metropolitan Statistical Area)	United States	259.690214 (2023) [16]	2,834,316 (2023) [17]
Bandung Metropolitan	Indonesia	38.290 (2021) [47]	7,050,000 (2021) [24]
Bangkok Metropolitan Region	Thailand	252.128 (2022) [48]	19,900,000 (2022) [28]
Bangor, ME MSA	United States	9.020616 (2023) [16]	155,312 (2023) [17]
Banjarmasin Metropolitan	Indonesia	6.017 (2021) [49]	2,164,485 (2021) [49]
Baotou	China	40.412 (2020) [29] [30]	2,225,000 (2020) [15]
Barcelona metropolitan area	Spain	182.524 (2020) [5]	4,775,000 (2020) [15]
Barnstable Town, MA MSA	United States	18.186673 (2023) [16]	231,735 (2023) [17]
Barrie	Canada	7.646 (2021) [10]	221,954 (2021) [11]
Batam Metropolitan	Indonesia	16.006 (2021) [50]	1,450,000 (2021) [24]
Baton Rouge, LA MSA	United States	68.827180 (2023) [16]	873,661 (2023) [17]
Battle Creek, MI MSA	United States	8.543282 (2023) [16]	133,366 (2023) [17]
Bay City, MI MSA	United States	4.507259 (2023) [16]	102,500 (2023) [17]
Beaumont-Port Arthur, TX MSA	United States	31.114626 (2023) [16]	395,479 (2023) [17]
Beckley, WV MSA	United States	5.541536 (2023) [16]	111,428 (2023) [17]
Belfast	United Kingdom	30.130 (2024) [51] [52]	623,624 (2024) [51]
Belgrade	Serbia	25.31 (2021) [53]	1,430,000 (2021) [24]
Belleville, Ontario	Canada	4.512 (2021) [10]	113,875 (2021) [11]
Bellingham, WA MSA	United States	21.489731 (2023) [16]	231,919 (2023) [17]
Belo Horizonte	Brazil	54.996 (2011) [33]	6,006,887 (2022) [54]
Bend, OR MSA	United States	15.445974 (2023) [16]	260,919 (2023) [17]
Bendigo	Australia	3.961 (2018–19) [21]	99,416 (2018–19) [55]
Bengaluru	India	359.9 (2023) [56]	13,700,000 (2023) [19]
Bergamo metropolitan area	Italy	40.539 (2020) [5]	1,102,286 (2020) [57]
Berlin/Brandenburg Metropolitan Region	Germany	271.818 (2021) [58]	4,750,000 (2021) [24]
Bhopal	India	5.35 (2023) [59]	2,600,000 (2023) [19]
Bielefeld	Germany	16.19 (2020) [5]	591,862 (2021) [60]
Bielsko-Biała	Poland	10.147 (2020) [5]	169,756 (2020) [61]
Bilbao metropolitan area	Spain	37.568 (2020) [5]	1,014,366 (2020) [62]
Billings, MT MSA	United States	14.407832 (2023) [16]	191,435 (2023) [17]
Binghamton, NY MSA	United States	12.927169 (2023) [16]	243,792 (2023) [17]
Birmingham (West Midlands)	United Kingdom	164.180 (2024) [51] [52]	3,027,872 (2024) [51]
Birmingham-Hoover, AL MSA	United States	84.566170 (2023) [16]	1,116,857 (2022) [17]
Bismarck, ND MSA	United States	9.430711 (2023) [16]	135,786 (2023) [17]
Blacksburg-Christiansburg, VA MSA	United States	10.166304 (2023) [16]	165,812 (2022) [17]
Bloomington, IL MSA	United States	15.005648 (2023) [16]	170,441 (2023) [17]
Bloomington, IN MSA	United States	9.641723 (2023) [16]	160,874 (2023) [17]
Bloomsburg-Berwick, PA MSA	United States	5.613010 (2023) [16]	83,017 (2022) [17]
Bocholt metropolitan area	Germany	16.488 (2020) [5]	71,074 (2021) [63]
Boise, ID MSA	United States	55.331136 (2023) [16]	824,657 (2023) [17]
Bologna metropolitan area	Italy	45.648 (2020) [5]	1,017,225 (2020)
Bordeaux	France	73.813 (2021) [5]	1,100,000 (2021) [24]
Boston-Cambridge-Newton, MA-NH (Metropolitan Statistical Area)	United States	610.486075 (2023) [16]	4,919,179 (2023) [17]
Boulder, CO MSA	United States	37.662897 (2023) [16]	326,831 (2023) [17]
Bournemouth and Poole	United Kingdom	16.864 (2022) [51] [52]	401,897 (2022) [51]
Bowling Green, KY MSA	United States	11.830435 (2023) [16]	188,840 (2023) [17]
Brantford	Canada	5.385 (2021) [10]	154,782 (2021) [11]
Brasília	Brazil	65.338 (2015)(8th)	4,627,771 (2019) [64]
Brașov	Romania	8.472 (2020) [5]	371,802 (2021) [65]
Bratislava metropolitan area	Slovakia	33.072 (2021) [5]	719,537 (2021) [66]
Breda	Netherlands	33.23 (2020) [5]	324,812 (2014) [67]
Bremen	Germany	56.517 (2020) [5]	1,000,000 (2020) [15]
Bremerton-Silverdale-Port Orchard, WA MSA	United States	17.319445 (2023) [16]	277,658 (2023) [17]
Brescia metropolitan area	Italy	46.603 (2020) [5]	1,250,527 (2020) [57]
Brest Métropole	France	32.956 (2021) [5]	381,226 (2021) [68]
Bridgeport-Stamford-Norwalk, CT (Metropolitan Statistical Area)	United States	116.030979 (2023) [16]	962,946 (2022) [17]
Brighton & Hove	United Kingdom	15.076 (2022) [51] [52]	277,963 (2022) [51]
Brisbane	Australia	177 (2018–19) [21]	2,388,038 (2018–19) [69]
Bristol	United Kingdom	33.621552 (2024) [51] [52]	700,449 (2024) [51]
Brno	Czech Republic	30.963 (2021) [5]	398,510 (2021) [70]
Brownsville-Harlingen, TX MSA	United States	15.602248 (2023) [16]	426,710 (2023) [17]
Brunswick, GA MSA	United States	6.444126 (2023) [16]	114,442 (2022) [17]
Brussels metropolitan area	Belgium	237.08 (2022) [5]	2,725,000 (2022) [28]
Bucharest Metropolitan Area	Romania	78.052 (2021) [71]	2,200,000 (2021) [24]
Budapest metropolitan area	Hungary	86.93 (2021) [5]	2,625,000 (2021) [24]
Buffalo-Niagara Falls, NY (Metropolitan Statistical Area)	United States	90.716457 (2023) [16]	1,155,604 (2023) [17]
Burlington, NC MSA	United States	8.624438 (2023) [16]	179,165 (2023) [17]
Burlington-South Burlington, VT MSA	United States	18.671208 (2023) [16]	227,942 (2023) [17]
Bursa	Turkey	33.641 (2021) [72]	2,125,000 (2021) [24]
Busan-Gyeongnam Area	South Korea	252.145 (2022) [48]	5,115,000 (2022) [28]
Bydgoszcz–Toruń metropolitan area	Poland	12.417 (2020) [5]	752,655 (2019) [73]
Cádiz-Jerez metropolitan area	Spain	22.971 (2020) [5]	639,560 (2022) INE
Caen	France	25.054 (2021) [5]	395,885 (2021) [74]
Cairns	Australia	10.709 (2018–19) [21]	153,951 (2019) [75]
Calgary Metropolitan Region	Canada	92.109 (2021) [10]	1,558,588 (2021) [11]
California-Lexington Park, MD MSA	United States	9.882630 (2023) [16]	114,877 (2022) [17]
Campinas	Brazil	40.525 (2011) [33]	3,264,915 (2019) [76]
Campo Grande	Brazil	9.59 (2013) [77]	898,100 (2022) [78]
Campos dos Goytacazes	Brazil	5.358 (2016) [79]	511,168 (2020) [80]
Canberra	Australia	30.909 (2018–19) [21]	465,118 (2018–19) [81]
Canton-Massillon, OH MSA	United States	24.599897 (2023) [16]	399,474 (2023) [17]
Cape Coral-Fort Myers, FL MSA	United States	50.645899 (2023) [16]	834,573 (2023) [17]
Cape Girardeau, MO-IL MSA	United States	5.797295 (2023) [16]	98,223 (2023) [17]
Cape Town	South Africa	56.300 (2022) [82]	4,375,000 (2022) [28]
Caracas	Venezuela	70 (2012) [83]	1,942,652 (2011) [84]
Carbondale-Marion, IL MSA	United States	7.263128 (2023) [16]	132,693 (2022) [17]
Cardiff and Vale of Glamorgan	United Kingdom	21.983 (2022) [51] [52]	505,569 (2022) [51]
Carson City, NV MSA	United States	4.777092 (2023) [16]	58,036 (2023) [17]
Casablanca	Morocco	47.000 (2022) [85]	4,625,000 (2022) [28]
Casper, WY MSA	United States	6.983637 (2023) [16]	79,941 (2023) [17]
Cedar Rapids, IA MSA	United States	22.962630 (2023) [16]	275,668 (2023) [17]
Central German Metropolitan Region	Germany	109.582 (2020) [58]	2,411,051 (2020) [86]
Chambersburg-Waynesboro, PA MSA	United States	8.148840 (2023) [16]	156,902 (2022) [17]
Champaign-Urbana, IL MSA	United States	15.512304 (2023) [16]	235,608 (2023) [17]
Chandigarh	India	6 (2023)| GDP_rank = 25th	2,575,000 (2023) [19]
Changchun	China	96.240 (2020) [29] [87]	3,700,000 (2020) [15]
Changde	China	54.355 (2020) [29]	1,160,000 (2020) [15]
Changji Prefecture	China	20.113 (2020) [29] [88]	1,613,585 (2020) [89]
Changsha	China	208 (2022) [90] [91] [92]	10,420,600 (2022) [93]
Charleroi	Belgium	16.93 (2021) [5]	396,820 (2021) [94]
Charleston-North Charleston, SC MSA	United States	63.973949 (2023) [16]	849,417 (2023) [17]
Charleston, WV MSA	United States	16.291494 (2023) [16]	203,164 (2023) [17]
Charlotte-Concord-Gastonia, NC-SC (Metropolitan Statistical Area)	United States	255.666417 (2023) [16]	2,805,115 (2023) [17]
Charlottesville, VA MSA	United States	18.817343 (2023) [16]	225,127 (2023) [17]
Chattanooga, TN-GA MSA	United States	42.381201 (2023) [16]	580,971 (2023) [17]
Chengdu	China	260.409 (2023)	16,600,000 (2023) [19]
Chennai	India	219 (2020) [95]	11,300,000 (2020) [15]
Cheyenne, WY MSA	United States	8.285241 (2023) [16]	100,984 (2023) [17]
Chicago-Naperville-Elgin, IL-IN-WI (Metropolitan Statistical Area)	United States	894.862364 (2023) [16]	9,441,957 (2022) [17]
Chico, CA MSA	United States	11.727399 (2023) [16]	207,172 (2023) [17]
Chilliwack	Canada	3.861 (2021) [10]	119,221 (2021) [11]
Chittagong	Bangladesh	25.5 (2019) [96]	4,925,000 (2020) [15]
Chongqing	China	407.562 (2022) [97]	10,100,000 (2022) [28]
Chuzhou	China	43.960 (2020) [29]	3,937,868 (2020) [98]
Cincinnati, OH-KY-IN (Metropolitan Statistical Area)	United States	198.888723 (2023) [16]	2,271,479 (2023) [17]
Clarksville, TN-KY MSA	United States	17.765745 (2023) [16]	340,495 (2023) [17]
Clermont-Ferrand	France	26.492 (2021) [5]	362,578 (2021) [99]
Cleveland-Elyria, OH (Metropolitan Statistical Area)	United States	173.135607 (2023) [16]	2,063,132 (2022) [17]
Cleveland, TN MSA	United States	6.807509 (2023) [16]	129,612 (2023) [17]
Cluj-Napoca	Romania	13.155 (2020) [5]	286,598 (2021) [100]
Cocos (Keeling) Islands	Cocos (Keeling) Islands	0.011 (2010) [101]	561 (2011) [102]
Coeur d'Alene, ID MSA	United States	10.583848 (2023) [16]	185,010 (2023) [17]
Coimbatore	India	45 (2021) [103]	2,775,000 (2021) [24]
Coimbra	Portugal	9.837 (2021) [5]	140,796 (2021) [104]
College Station-Bryan, TX MSA	United States	19.585335 (2023) [16]	281,445 (2023) [17]
Colorado Springs, CO MSA	United States	53.092641 (2023) [16]	768,832 (2023) [17]
Columbia, MO MSA	United States	13.572357 (2023) [16]	216,511 (2023) [17]
Columbia, SC MSA	United States	58.497422 (2023) [16]	858,302 (2023) [17]
Columbus, GA-AL MSA	United States	18.710583 (2023) [16]	323,768 (2023) [17]
Columbus, IN MSA	United States	8.668346 (2023) [16]	84,003 (2023) [17]
Columbus, OH (Metropolitan Statistical Area)	United States	182.087631 (2023) [16]	2,180,271 (2023) [17]
Communauté d'agglomération Nîmes Métropole	France	23.471 (2021) [5]	564,024 (2021) [105]
Communauté d'agglomération Pau Béarn Pyrénées	France	26.427 (2021) [5]	311,949 (2021) [106]
Constanța	Romania	9.159 (2020) [5]	263,688 (2021) [107]
Copenhagen metropolitan area	Denmark	179.846 (2021) [5]	1,690,000 (2021) [24]
Córdoba metropolitan area	Spain	14.929 (2020) [5]	326,039 (2020) [108]
Corpus Christi, TX MSA	United States	30.930920 (2023) [16]	448,323 (2023) [17]
Corvallis, OR MSA	United States	6.035305 (2023) [16]	97,713 (2023) [17]
Coventry	United Kingdom	13.9 (2020) [109] [42]	379,387 (2020) [110]
Crestview-Fort Walton Beach-Destin, FL MSA	United States	23.794720 (2023) [16]	304,818 (2023) [17]
Cumberland, MD-WV MSA	United States	4.359585 (2023) [16]	94,122 (2022) [17]
Curitiba	Brazil	58.082 (2011) [33]	3,654,960 (2010) [111]
Daegu	South Korea	50.400 (2022) [112]	2,750,000 (2022) [28]
Daejeon	South Korea	40.000 (2022) [112]	1,540,000 (2022) [28]
Dalian	China	125 (2022) [90] [91] [92]	5,050,000 (2022) [28]
Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington, TX (Metropolitan Statistical Area)	United States	744.653629 (2023) [16]	8,100,037 (2023) [17]
Dalton, GA MSA	United States	9.271266 (2023) [16]	144,722 (2023) [17]
Danville, IL MSA	United States	4.136523 (2023) [16]	72,337 (2022) [17]
Daphne-Fairhope-Foley, AL MSA	United States	12.071468 (2023) [16]	253,507 (2023) [17]
Daqing	China	33.362 (2020) [29] [113]	1,620,000 (2020) [15]
Dar es Salaam	Tanzania	10.4 (2019) [114]	6,450,000 (2020) [15]
Davenport-Moline-Rock Island, IA-IL MSA	United States	27.875132 (2023) [16]	379,441 (2023) [17]
Dayton, OH MSA	United States	41.111 (2017) [16]	812,595 (2022) [17]
Decatur, AL MSA	United States	8.841158 (2023) [16]	158,635 (2023) [17]
Decatur, IL MSA	United States	8.822934 (2023) [16]	100,591 (2023) [17]
Deltona-Daytona Beach-Ormond Beach, FL MSA	United States	32.539529 (2023) [16]	721,796 (2023) [17]
Denpasar Metropolitan	Indonesia	9.941 (2021) [115]	1,580,000 (2021) [24]
Denver-Aurora-Lakewood, CO (Metropolitan Statistical Area)	United States	311.876352 (2023) [16]	2,985,871 (2022) [17]
Derby	United Kingdom	11.511 (2022) [51] [52]	263,490 (2022) [51]
Des Moines-West Des Moines, IA MSA	United States	74.062506 (2023) [16]	737,164 (2023) [17]
Detroit-Warren-Dearborn, MI (Metropolitan Statistical Area)	United States	331.333163 (2023) [16]	4,342,304 (2023) [17]
Deyang	China	34.855 (2020) [29] [116]	3,456,161 (2020) [117]
Dijon Métropole	France	23.472 (2021) [5]	368,440 (2021) [118]
Dongying	China	43.222 (2020) [29] [119]	2,193,518 (2020) [120]
Dothan, AL MSA	United States	9.099360 (2023) [16]	153,349 (2023) [17]
Dover, DE MSA	United States	10.509748 (2023) [16]	189,789 (2023) [17]
Dresden	Germany	50.788 (2020) [5]	1,343,747 (2020) [62]
Drummondville	Canada	3.967 (2021) [10]	102,526 (2021) [11]
Dubai-Sharjah-Ajman metropolitan area	United Arab Emirates	202.800 (2022) [121]	6,050,000 (2022) [28]
Dubuque, IA MSA	United States	9.017369 (2023) [16]	98,887 (2023) [17]
Duluth, MN-WI MSA	United States	18.838611 (2023) [16]	281,603 (2023) [17]
Durban	South Africa	64.700 (2022) [82]	3,525,000 (2022) [28]
Durham-Chapel Hill, NC MSA	United States	70.305292 (2023) [16]	608,879 (2023) [17]
East Stroudsburg, PA MSA	United States	9.215416 (2023) [16]	167,198 (2022) [17]
Eau Claire, WI MSA	United States	11.674198 (2023) [16]	174,873 (2023) [17]
Edinburgh	United Kingdom	43.3872 (2024) [51] [52]	566,917 (2024) [51]
Edmonton Metropolitan Region	Canada	74.617 (2021) [10]	1,480,159 (2021) [11]
Eindhoven	Netherlands	48.257 (2020) [5]	300,751 (2020) [122]
El Centro, CA MSA	United States	13.483299 (2023) [16]	179,057 (2023) [17]
El Paso, TX MSA	United States	48.609163 (2023) [16]	873,331 (2023) [17]
Elizabethtown-Fort Knox, KY MSA	United States	8.182312 (2023) [16]	157,026 (2022) [17]
Elkhart-Goshen, IN MSA	United States	20.857760 (2023) [16]	206,409 (2023) [17]
Elmira, NY MSA	United States	4.544209 (2023) [16]	81,325 (2023) [17]
Enid, OK MSA	United States	3.804621 (2023) [16]	62,023 (2023) [17]
Enschede	Netherlands	27.337 (2020) [5]	315,807 (2014) [123]
Erfurt	Germany	20.347 (2020) [5]	213,227 (2021) [124]
Erie, PA MSA	United States	14.204975 (2023) [16]	267,571 (2023) [17]
Eugene-Springfield, OR MSA	United States	22.550913 (2023) [16]	381,181 (2023) [17]
European Metropolis of Lille	France	101.806 (2021) [5]	1,300,000 (2021) [24]
Evansville, IN-KY MSA	United States	27.437679 (2023) [16]	314,038 (2022) [17]
Ezhou	China	14.574 (2020) [29] [125]	1,079,353 (2020) [126]
Fairbanks, AK MSA	United States	7.198784 (2023) [16]	95,356 (2022) [17]
Faisalabad	Pakistan	43 (2013) [127]	3,204,704 (2017) [128]
Fangchenggang	China	10.624 (2020) [29] [129]	1,046,068 (2020) [130]
Fargo, ND-MN MSA	United States	20.535575 (2023) [16]	262,620 (2023) [17]
Farmington, NM MSA	United States	6.822347 (2023) [16]	120,675 (2023) [17]
Fayetteville, NC MSA	United States	28.205160 (2023) [16]	392,336 (2023) [17]
Fayetteville-Springdale-Rogers, AR MSA	United States	40.776485 (2023) [16]	590,337 (2023) [17]
Flagstaff, AZ MSA	United States	9.967529 (2023) [16]	144,472 (2023) [17]
Flensburg	Germany	10.839 (2020) [5]	113,800 (2021) [131]
Flint, MI MSA	United States	19.151079 (2023) [16]	401,522 (2023) [17]
Florence, SC MSA	United States	12.505628 (2023) [16]	199,630 (2023) [17]
Florence-Muscle Shoals, AL MSA	United States	7.212666 (2023) [16]	155,175 (2023) [17]
Fond du Lac, WI MSA	United States	6.451530 (2023) [16]	103,948 (2023) [17]
Fort Collins, CO MSA	United States	26.974178 (2023) [16]	366,778 (2022) [17]
Fort Smith, AR-OK MSA	United States	12.729594 (2023) [16]	231,280 (2023) [17]
Fort Wayne, IN MSA	United States	30.231008 (2023) [16]	457,842 (2023) [17]
Fort-de-France	France	10.741 (2021) [5]	75,165 (2022) [132]
Fortaleza	Brazil	21.7 (2012) [133]	3,615,767 (2022) [134]
Fredericton	Canada	5.029 (2021) [10]	112,428 (2021) [11]
Freiburg im Breisgau	Germany	30.404 (2020) [5]	656,753 (2021)
Fresno, CA MSA	United States	60.151259 (2023) [16]	1,180,020 (2023) [17]
Fukuoka–Kitakyushu	Japan	182.952 (2019) [135]	4,750,000 (2020) [15]
Fuzhou	China	183 (2022) [90] [91] [92]	4,450,000 (2022) [28]
Gadsden, AL MSA	United States	3.776967 (2023) [16]	103,241 (2023) [17]
Gainesville, FL MSA	United States	21.823778 (2023) [16]	352,126 (2023) [17]
Gainesville, GA MSA	United States	16.640845 (2023) [16]	217,267 (2023) [17]
Gdansk metropolitan area	Poland	23.448 (2020) [5]	1,098,379 (2021) [136]
Geelong	Australia	8.725 (2018–19) [21]	271,848 (2018–19) [137]
Geneva	Switzerland	55.423 (2020) [138]	506,343 (2020) [139]
George Town	Malaysia	27.535 (2022) [140] [141]	2,050,000 (2022) [28]
Gettysburg, PA MSA	United States	4.739846 (2023) [16]	106,748 (2023) [17]
Ghent metropolitan area	Belgium	39.015 (2021) [5]	561,524 (2021) [142]
Gibraltar	Gibraltar	3.265 (2022) [143] [52]	32,688 (2022) [144]
Gladstone	Australia	4.464 (2018–19) [21]	45,130 (2018) [145]
Glasgow	United Kingdom	49.27295 (2024) [51] [52]	1,042,108 (2024) [51]
Glens Falls, NY MSA	United States	8.717091 (2023) [16]	125,427 (2023) [17]
Goiânia	Brazil	22.763 (2011) [33]	2,654,860 (2022) [146]
Gold Coast	Australia	26.669 (2018–19) [21]	679,127 (2018) [147]
Goldsboro, NC MSA	United States	6.339867 (2023) [16]	118,686 (2023) [17]
Gothenburg	Sweden	104.766 (2021) [5]	1,051,345 (2020) [62]
Granada metropolitan area	Spain	18.091 (2020) [5]	495,900 (2020) [148]
Grand Besançon Métropole	France	19.018 (2021) [5]	197,494 (2021) [149]
Grand Forks, ND-MN MSA	United States	6.878157 (2023) [16]	103,120 (2023) [17]
Grand Island, NE MSA	United States	5.979384 (2023) [16]	76,479 (2023) [17]
Grand Junction, CO MSA	United States	9.147468 (2023) [16]	159,681 (2023) [17]
Grand Poitiers communauté urbaine	France	15.217 (2021) [5]	266,160 (2021) [150]
Grand Rapids-Kentwood, MI MSA	United States	82.311400 (2023) [16]	1,094,198 (2022) [17]
Grand Reims	France	23.619 (2021) [5]	297,068 (2021) [151]
Grants Pass, OR MSA	United States	3.877152 (2023) [16]	87,821 (2023) [17]
Graz	Austria	32.416 (2020) [5]	351,369 (2021) [152]
Great Falls, MT MSA	United States	5.345805 (2023) [16]	84,900 (2023) [17]
Greater Buenos Aires	Argentina	235.600 (2023) [153]	16,700,000 (2023) [19]
Greater Cairo	Egypt	190.200 (2021) [25]	21,500,000 (2021) [24]
Dhaka	Bangladesh	285.1 (2023) [154]	20,900,000 (2022) [28]
Greater Dublin Area	Ireland	272.454 (2022) [5]	1,420,000 (2022) [28]
Greater Helsinki	Finland	125.166 (2022) [71]	1,500,000 (2022) [28]
Manchester (Greater Manchester)	United Kingdom	219.57110 (2024) [51] [52]	2,978,043 (2024) [51]
Greater Manila Area	Philippines	162.3 (2022) [155]	26,400,000 (2022) [28]
Greater Mexico City	Mexico	340.800 (2022) [156]	24,700,000 (2022) [28]
Greater Montreal	Canada	203.121 (2021) [10]	4,340,642 (2021) [11]
Greater São Paulo	Brazil	314.500 (2022) [157]	23,443,587 (2024) [28]
Greater Sudbury	Canada	8.259 (2021) [10]	172,832 (2021) [11]
Greater Tokyo Area	Japan	2,080.758 (2020) [158]	40,400,000 (2020) [15]
Greater Toronto and Hamilton Area	Canada	411.866 (2021) [10]	7,358,777 (2021) [11]
Greater Vancouver	Canada	146.512 (2021) [10]	2,764,932 (2021) [11]
Greeley, CO MSA	United States	28.181144 (2023) [16]	359,442 (2023) [17]
Green Bay, WI MSA	United States	26.276686 (2023) [16]	331,882 (2023) [17]
Greensboro-High Point, NC MSA	United States	52.925956 (2023) [16]	789,842 (2023) [17]
Greenville, NC MSA	United States	11.865912 (2023) [16]	175,119 (2023) [17]
Greenville-Anderson, SC MSA	United States	63.357431 (2023) [16]	958,958 (2022) [17]
Grenoble metropolitan area	France	53.606 (2021) [5]	760,823 (2021) [159]
Groningen	Netherlands	22.301 (2020) [5]	232,874 (2020) [160]
Guadalajara	Mexico	65.800 (2023) [161]	5,750,000 (2023) [19]
Shenzhen	China	455.694 (2022) [97]	14,678,000 (2022) [28]
Guangzhou	China	429 (2022) [90] [91] [92]	18,676,000 (2022) [76]
Tianjin	China	243 (2022) [90] [91] [92]	11,200,000 (2022) [28]
Suzhou	China	356 (2022) [90] [91] [92]	12,748,000 (2022) [76]
Ningbo	China	234 (2022) [90] [91] [92]	6,850,000 (2022) [28]
Foshan	China	189 (2022) [90] [91] [92]	9,499,000 (2022) [76]
Nantong	China	169 (2022) [90] [91] [92]	3,125,000 (2022) [28]
Dongguan	China	167 (2022) [90] [91] [92]	10,466,000 (2022) [76]
Changzhou	China	142 (2022) [90] [91] [92]	5,278,000 (2022) [76]
Guelph	Canada	9.471 (2021) [10]	169,363 (2021) [11]
Guiyang	China	62.511 (2020) [29] [162]	3,300,000 (2020) [15]
Gujranwala	Pakistan	15.681 (2016) [163]	5,011,066 (2017) [164]
Gulfport-Biloxi, MS MSA	United States	24.668587 (2023) [16]	421,916 (2023) [17]
Gwangju	South Korea	36.000 (2022) [112]	1,630,000 (2022) [28]
Hagerstown-Martinsburg, MD-WV MSA	United States	15.286099 (2023) [16]	305,902 (2023) [17]
Haifa	Israel	25.082 (2019) [165]	1,050,000 (2019) [166]
Haixi Prefecture	China	8.986 (2020) [29] [167]	468,216 (2020) [168]
Halifax, Nova Scotia	Canada	21.574 (2021) [10]	459,869 (2021) [11]
Hamamatsu	Japan	54.3 (2010) [169] [170]	800,866 (2010) [171]
Hamburg Metropolitan Region	Germany	261.306 (2020) [58]	2,875,000 (2020) [15]
Hami	China	8.814 (2020) [29] [88]	673,383 (2020) [89]
Hammond, LA MSA	United States	6.219912 (2023) [16]	138,064 (2023) [17]
Hanford-Corcoran, CA MSA	United States	8.873931 (2023) [16]	152,682 (2023) [17]
Hangzhou	China	279.000 (2022) [97]	11,936,010 (2020) [172]
Hannover–Braunschweig–Göttingen–Wolfsburg Metropolitan Region	Germany	186.167 (2020) [58]	3,845,271 (2015) [173]
Hanoi	Vietnam	42.04 (2019) [174]	8,053,663 (2019) [175]
Harbin	China	94.1 (2017) [176]	10,009,854 (2020) [177]
Harrisburg-Carlisle, PA MSA	United States	50.902418 (2023) [16]	606,055 (2023) [17]
Harrisonburg, VA MSA	United States	10.348301 (2023) [16]	137,650 (2023) [17]
Hartford-East Hartford-Middletown, CT (Metropolitan Statistical Area)	United States	122.805302 (2023) [16]	1,221,725 (2022) [17]
Hattiesburg, MS MSA	United States	8.700243 (2023) [16]	155,740 (2023) [17]
Hefei	China	179 (2022) [90] [91] [92]	7,150,000 (2022) [28]
Heidelberg	Germany	34.067 (2020) [5]	1,544,830 (2020) [178]
Hickory-Lenoir-Morganton, NC MSA	United States	19.612987 (2022) [16]	370,030 (2023) [17]
Hilton Head Island-Bluffton, SC MSA	United States	14.360798 (2023) [16]	228,410 (2022) [17]
Hinesville, GA MSA	United States	5.154740 (2023) [16]	88,804 (2023) [17]
Hiroshima	Japan	61.3 (2010) [169] [170]	2,860,750 (2010) [179]
Ho Chi Minh City metropolitan area	Vietnam	96.399 (2022) [180]	10,900,000 (2022) [28]
Hobart	Australia	11.388 (2018–19) [21]	218,874 (2018–19) [181]
Hohhot	China	40.605 (2020) [29] [30]	1,870,000 (2020) [15]
Homosassa Springs, FL MSA	United States	6.430594 (2023) [16]	166,696 (2023) [17]
Hong Kong	China	401.751 (2024) [182]	7,557,000 (2024) [182]
Hot Springs, AR MSA	United States	4.606197 (2023) [16]	99,784 (2023) [17]
Houma-Thibodaux, LA MSA	United States	12.215010 (2023) [16]	200,656 (2022) [17]
Houston-The Woodlands-Sugar Land, TX (Metropolitan Statistical Area)	United States	696.999366 (2023) [16]	7,340,118 (2022) [17]
Hsinchu	Taiwan	11.980 (2016) [183]	448,207 (2020) [184]
Huai'an	China	58.361 (2020) [29] [185]	1,980,000 (2020) [15]
Huntington-Ashland, WV-KY-OH MSA	United States	19.176990 (2023) [16]	368,261 (2023) [17]
Huntsville, AL MSA	United States	42.815938 (2023) [16]	527,254 (2023) [17]
Hyderabad	India	83.5 (2023) [186]	11,100,000 (2023) [19]
Iași	Romania	8.682 (2020) [5]	423,154 (2021) [65]
Idaho Falls, ID MSA	United States	11.962936 (2023) [16]	168,322 (2023) [17]
Indianapolis-Carmel-Anderson, IN (Metropolitan Statistical Area)	United States	199.197977 (2023) [16]	2,141,779 (2022) [17]
Indore	India	8.1 (2020–21) [187]	3,175,000 (2020) [15]
Innsbruck	Austria	15.921 (2020) [5]	228,866 (2021) [188]
Iowa City, IA MSA	United States	13.602212 (2023) [16]	180,088 (2023) [17]
Iserlohn	Germany	16.739 (2020) [5]	91,873 (2021) [189]
Istanbul metropolitan area	Turkey	275.365 (2022) [190]	16,500,000 (2022) [28]
Ithaca, NY MSA	United States	7.388818 (2023) [16]	103,558 (2023) [17]
İzmir	Turkey	51.460 (2021) [72]	3,050,000 (2021) [24]
Jackson, MI MSA	United States	8.588193 (2023) [16]	159,424 (2023) [17]
Jackson, MS MSA	United States	37.054502 (2023) [16]	610,257 (2023) [17]
Jackson, TN MSA	United States	11.474534 (2023) [16]	181,826 (2023) [17]
Jacksonville, FL (Metropolitan Statistical Area)	United States	129.094522 (2023) [16]	1,713,240 (2023) [17]
Jacksonville, NC MSA	United States	11.858614 (2023) [16]	213,676 (2023) [17]
Jaipur	India	15 (2021) [191]	4,050,000 (2021) [24]
Jakarta metropolitan area	Indonesia	323.030 (2022) [192] [193] [194]	28,600,000 (2022) [28]
Janesville-Beloit, WI MSA	United States	10.503232 (2023) [16]	164,278 (2023) [17]
Jeddah	Saudi Arabia	138.970 (2022) [195]	5,300,000 (2022) [28]
Jefferson City, MO MSA	United States	10.722699 (2023) [16]	150,733 (2023) [17]
Jerusalem	Israel	48.0 (2015) [196]	1,008,400 (2013) [197]
Jiayuguan	China	4.083 (2020) [29] [198]	312,663 (2020) [199]
Jinan	China	179 (2022) [90] [91] [92]	6,200,000 (2022) [28]
Jinchang	China	5.199 (2020) [29] [198]	438,026 (2020) [199]
Beijing	China	618.648 (2022) [200]	20,500,000 (2022) [28]
Jingmen	China	27.640 (2020) [29] [125]	2,596,927 (2020) [126]
Jiujiang	China	46.981 (2020) [29] [201]	4,600,276 (2020) [202]
Johannesburg	South Africa	134.682 (2022) [82]	8,400,042 (2022) [76]
Johnson City, TN MSA	United States	10.758069 (2022) [16]	213,198 (2023) [17]
Johnstown, PA MSA	United States	6.068733 (2023) [16]	130,668 (2023) [17]
Jonesboro, AR MSA	United States	7.875673 (2023) [16]	136,390 (2023) [17]
Joplin, MO MSA	United States	9.860195 (2023) [16]	184,086 (2022) [17]
Jundiaí	Brazil	20.081 (2011) [33]	706,000 (2023) [203]
Kabul	Afghanistan	6.000	4,800,000 (2023) [19]
Kagoshima	Japan	53.0 (2019) [158]	1,588,256 (2020) [204]
Kahului-Wailuku-Lahaina, HI MSA	United States	12.299263 (2023) [16]	164,351 (2022) [17]
Kaiserslautern	Germany	9.577 (2020) [5]	124,300 (2021) [205]
Kalamazoo-Portage, MI MSA	United States	20.316132 (2023) [16]	262,215 (2023) [17]
Kamloops	Canada	5.533 (2021) [10]	117,137 (2021) [11]
Kankakee, IL MSA	United States	8.725053 (2023) [16]	105,940 (2023) [17]
Kansas City, MO-KS (Metropolitan Statistical Area)	United States	185.746211 (2023) [16]	2,221,343 (2023) [17]
Kaohsiung	Taiwan	58.071 (2016) [206]	2,775,000 (2020) [15]
Karachi	Pakistan	176.2 (2022) [207]	18,600,000 (2022) [28]
Karamay	China	12.858 (2020) [29] [88]	490,348 (2020) [89]
Karlsruhe	Germany	43.054 (2020) [5]	504,030 (2020) [208]
Kassel	Germany	19.433 (2020) [5]	340,200 (2021) [209]
Katowice metropolitan area	Poland	52.713 (2021) [5]	2,325,000 (2021) [24]
Kaunas urban area	Lithuania	14.406 (2022) [210] [42]	298,753 (2021) [211]
Kelowna	Canada	9.822 (2021) [10]	229,003 (2021) [11]
Kennewick-Richland, WA MSA	United States	21.082419 (2023) [16]	314,253 (2023) [17]
Kiel	Germany	26.831 (2020) [5]	325,300 (2021) [212]
Kielce	Poland	9.144 (2020) [5]	192,468 (2021)(18th) [213]
Killeen-Temple, TX MSA	United States	26.667324 (2023) [16]	501,333 (2023) [17]
Kingston upon Hull	United Kingdom	9.687 (2022) [51] [52]	268,844 (2022) [51]
Kingsport-Bristol, TN-VA MSA	United States	18.326336 (2023) [16]	313,025 (2023) [17]
Kingston, NY MSA	United States	9.905383 (2023) [16]	182,333 (2023) [17]
Kingston, Ontario	Canada	8.106 (2021) [10]	176,738 (2021) [11]
Kitchener, Ontario	Canada	29.715 (2021) [10]	599,816 (2021) [11]
Knoxville, TN MSA	United States	64.382649 (2023) [16]	946,264 (2023) [17]
Koblenz	Germany	17.01 (2020) [5]	113,638 (2021) [214]
Kokomo, IN MSA	United States	5.473566 (2023) [16]	83,831 (2023) [17]
Kolkata	India	220 (2024) [215]	17,200,000 (2022) [28]
Konstanz, metropolitan area	Germany	12.212 (2020) [5]	288,097 (2021)
Košice	Slovakia	14.243 (2021) [5]	228,249 (2021) [216]
Kraków metropolitan area	Poland	29.165 (2020) [5]	1,498,499 (2020)
Kuala Lumpur	Malaysia	59.831 (2019) [217]	8,900,000 (2020) [15]
Kumamoto	Japan	39.8 (2010) [169] [218]	1,817,426 (2010) [219]
Kunming	China	97.628 (2020) [29] [220]	4,250,000 (2020) [15]
Kuwait City	Kuwait	118.000 (2020) [221]	4,750,000 (2020) [15]
Kyiv	Ukraine	27.5 (2020) [222]	3,475,000 (2020) [15]
Kyoto–Osaka–Kobe	Japan	699.474 (2022) [48]	17,700,000 (2022) [28]
La Crosse-Onalaska, WI-MN MSA	United States	10.146203 (2023) [16]	170,238 (2023) [17]
Lafayette, LA MSA	United States	27.687065 (2023) [16]	414,288 (2023) [17]
Lafayette-West Lafayette, IN MSA	United States	14.979052 (2023) [16]	226,564 (2023) [17]
Lagos metropolitan area	Nigeria	102.010 (2021) [223]	20,100,000 (2021) [24]
Lahore	Pakistan	40.000 (2022) [224]	13,900,000 (2022) [28]
Lake Charles, LA MSA	United States	19.707364 (2022) [16]	240,082 (2023) [17]
Lake Havasu City-Kingman, AZ MSA	United States	8.845478 (2023) [16]	223,682 (2023) [17]
Lakeland-Winter Haven, FL MSA	United States	41.081699 (2023) [16]	818,330 (2023) [17]
Lancaster, PA MSA	United States	38.970487 (2023) [16]	558,589 (2023) [17]
Lansing-East Lansing, MI MSA	United States	35.439859 (2023) [16]	473,177 (2023) [17]
Laredo, TX MSA	United States	16.186701 (2023) [16]	269,148 (2023) [17]
Las Cruces, NM MSA	United States	10.565364 (2023) [16]	225,210 (2023) [17]
Las Palmas metropolitan area	Spain	16.93 (2020) [5]	556,159 (2020) [225]
Las Vegas-Henderson-Paradise, NV (Metropolitan Statistical Area)	United States	178.388313 (2023) [16]	2,322,985 (2022) [17]
Launceston	Australia	3.961 (2018–19) [21]	89,532 (2018–19) [226]
Lawrence, KS MSA	United States	6.741959 (2023) [16]	120,553 (2023) [17]
Lawton, OK MSA	United States	6.838293 (2023) [16]	127,001 (2023) [17]
Le Mans Métropole	France	18.533 (2021) [5]	267,560 (2021) [227]
Lebanon, PA MSA	United States	7.912272 (2023) [16]	144,252 (2023) [17]
Leeds (West Yorkshire)	United Kingdom	115.292696 (2024) [51] [52]	2,449,284 (2024) [51]
Leeuwarden metropolitan area	Netherlands	11.749 (2020) [5]	124,084 (2020) [228]
Leicester	United Kingdom	18.220 (2022) [51] [52]	525,293 (2024) [51]
Leiden	Netherlands	18.472 (2020) [5]	270,225 (2018) [229]
Les Abymes	France	10.807 (2020) [5]	52,118 (2021) [230]
Lethbridge	Canada	5.657 (2021) [10]	130,088 (2021) [11]
Lewiston, ID-WA MSA	United States	3.915782 (2023) [16]	65,536 (2023) [17]
Lewiston-Auburn, ME MSA	United States	6.750171 (2023) [16]	113,765 (2023) [17]
Lexington-Fayette, KY MSA	United States	38.612656 (2023) [16]	520,045 (2023) [17]
Lhasa	China	9.832 (2020) [29] [231]	867,891 (2020) [232]
Lianyungang	China	47.512 (2020) [29] [185]	1,150,000 (2020) [15]
Liège	Belgium	31.085 (2021) [5]	500,903 (2021) [233]
Lima	Peru	114.400 (2023) [234]	11,600,000 (2023) [19]
Lima, OH MSA	United States	11.599931 (2023) [16]	100,838 (2023) [17]
Limoges metropolitan area	France	12.558 (2021) [5]	296,099 (2021) [235]
Lincoln, NE MSA	United States	27.995268 (2023) [16]	344,387 (2023) [17]
Linz	Austria	43.918 (2020) [5]	271,234 (2020) [236]
Lisbon metropolitan area	Portugal	103.33 (2021) [5]	2,500,000 (2021) [24]
Little Rock-North Little Rock-Conway, AR MSA	United States	51.199275 (2023) [16]	764,045 (2023) [17]
Liuzhou	China	46.060 (2020) [29] [129]	2,000,000 (2020) [15]
Liverpool (Merseyside)	United Kingdom	73.349335 (2024) [51] [52]	1,571,058 (2022) [51]
Ljubljana	Slovenia	23.937 (2021) [5]	294,464 (2021) [237]
Łódź metropolitan area	Poland	21.779 (2021) [5]	1,112,069 (2011) [238]
Logan, UT-ID MSA	United States	8.907030 (2023) [16]	157,887 (2023) [17]
London (Metropolitan area)	United Kingdom	1,178.130484 (2024) [51] [52]	14,900,000 (2024) [51]
London, Ontario	Canada	24.508 (2021) [10]	557,394 (2021) [11]
Longview, TX MSA	United States	20.024488 (2023) [16]	293,498 (2023) [17]
Longview, WA MSA	United States	7.096628 (2023) [16]	111,956 (2022) [17]
Longyan	China	41.623 (2020) [29] [239]	2,723,637 (2020) [240]
Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim, CA (Metropolitan Statistical Area)	United States	1,295.361403 (2023) [16]	12,799,100 (2023) [17]
Louisville/Jefferson County, KY-IN (Metropolitan Statistical Area)	United States	97.751023 (2023) [16]	1,365,557 (2023) [17]
Lubbock, TX MSA	United States	19.655310 (2023) [16]	360,104 (2023) [17]
Lublin	Poland	10.065 (2020) [5]	664,000 (2021)
Lucknow	India	3.83 (2023) [241]	4,000,000 (2023) [19]
Luton	United Kingdom	9.405 (2022) [51] [52]	226,981 (2022) [51]
Luoyang	China	74.352 (2020) [29]	2,550,000 (2020) [15]
Luxembourg metropolitan area	Luxembourg	85.503 (2021) [5]	643,941 (2021) [242]
Lynchburg, VA MSA	United States	13.511861 (2023) [16]	264,590 (2023) [17]
Maanshan	China	31.706 (2020) [29]	2,159,930 (2020) [243]
Macao	China	53.447 (2024) [182]	692,000 (2024) [182]
Mackay	Australia	6.540 (2018–19) [21]	80,148 (2018) [244]
Macon-Bibb County, GA MSA	United States	13.337109 (2023) [16]	236,074 (2023) [17]
Madera, CA MSA	United States	8.025001 (2023) [16]	160,256 (2022) [17]
Madison, WI MSA	United States	66.115608 (2023) [16]	694,345 (2023) [17]
Madrid Metropolitan Area	Spain	277.508 (2021) [71]	6,700,000 (2021) [24]
Magdeburg	Germany	18.25 (2020) [5]	295,200 (2021) [245]
Makassar Metropolitan	Indonesia	17.052 (2021) [246]	1,920,000 (2021) [24]
Málaga metropolitan area	Spain	32.26 (2020) [5]	1,030,000 (2020) [15]
Malmö	Sweden	64.427 (2020) [5]	748,433 (2020) [247]
Manado Metropolitan	Indonesia	5.487 (2021) [248]	1,008,126 (2021) [248]
Manaus	Brazil	30.375 (2014) [249]	2,676,936 (2022) [250]
Manchester-Nashua, NH MSA	United States	36.596890 (2023) [16]	427,354 (2023) [17]
Manhattan, KS MSA	United States	8.802533 (2023) [16]	132,831 (2023) [17]
Mankato, MN MSA	United States	7.182368 (2023) [16]	104,248 (2023) [17]
Mansfield, OH MSA	United States	5.920097 (2023) [16]	125,064 (2023) [17]
Mataram Metropolitan	Indonesia	5.491 (2021) [251]	3,808,908 (2021) [251]
McAllen-Edinburg-Mission, TX MSA	United States	30.225234 (2023) [16]	898,471 (2023) [17]
Medan Metropolitan	Indonesia	28.248 (2021) [252]	4,075,000 (2021) [24]
Medellín	Colombia	35.000 (2023) [253]	4,225,000 (2023) [19]
Medford, OR MSA	United States	12.853288 (2023) [16]	220,768 (2023) [17]
Melbourne	Australia	318.677 (2021) [48]	5,050,000 (2021) [24]
Memphis, TN-MS-AR (Metropolitan Statistical Area)	United States	102.934012 (2023) [16]	1,335,674 (2023) [17]
Merced, CA MSA	United States	12.214481 (2023) [16]	291,920 (2023) [17]
Métropole du Grand Nancy	France	24.59 (2021) [5]	427,697 (2021) [254]
Métropole Nice Côte d'Azur	France	47.361 (2021) [5]	1,101,039 (2021) [255]
Métropole Rouen Normandie	France	49.637 (2021) [5]	499,830 (2021) [256]
Metropolis of Lyon	France	116.412 (2021) [257]	1,990,000 (2021) [24]
Metropolitan Area of Bogotá	Colombia	121.800 (2023) [253]	10,200,000 (2023) [19]
Metropolitan City of Bari	Italy	30.011 (2020) [5]	1,223,102 (2023) [258]
Metropolitan City of Cagliari	Italy	12.645 (2020) [5]	419,553 (2023) [259]
Metropolitan City of Catania	Italy	22.017 (2020) [5]	1,068,482 (2023) [260]
Metropolitan City of Florence	Italy	39.496 (2020) [5]	1,010,000 (2020) [15]
Metropolitan City of Genoa	Italy	30.556 (2020) [5]	564,981 (2021) [261]
Metropolitan City of Messina	Italy	12.441 (2020) [5]	598,811 (2023) [262]
Metropolitan City of Palermo	Italy	25.53 (2020) [5]	647,160 (2021) [263]
Metropolitan Cork	Ireland	117.882 (2020) [5]	270,000 (2020) [264]
Miami-Fort Lauderdale-West Palm Beach, FL (Metropolitan Statistical Area)	United States	533.673895 (2023) [16]	6,139,340 (2022) [17]
Michigan City-La Porte, IN MSA	United States	5.676096 (2023) [16]	111,706 (2023) [17]
Midland, MI MSA	United States	7.636137 (2023) [16]	84,039 (2023) [17]
Midland, TX MSA	United States	53.664570 (2023) [16]	182,324 (2023) [17]
Milan metropolitan area	Italy	233.596 (2020) [5]	6,200,000 (2020) [15]
Milton Keynes	United Kingdom	19.972 (2022) [51] [52]	292,176 (2022) [51]
Milwaukee-Waukesha-West Allis, WI (Metropolitan Statistical Area)	United States	130.856689 (2023) [16]	1,560,424 (2023) [17]
Minneapolis-St. Paul-Bloomington, MN-WI (Metropolitan Statistical Area)	United States	350.710432 (2023) [16]	3,712,020 (2023) [17]
Minsk	Belarus	19.913 (2023) [265] [42]	2,050,000 (2023) [19]
Missoula, MT MSA	United States	8.201713 (2023) [16]	126,939 (2023) [17]
Mobile, AL MSA	United States	29.553574 (2023) [16]	411,640 (2023) [17]
Modesto, CA MSA	United States	30.597632 (2023) [16]	551,430 (2023) [17]
Monaco	Monaco	6.816 (2020) [266]	39,150 (2021) [267]
Moncton	Canada	7.114 (2021) [10]	162,824 (2021) [11]
Monroe, LA MSA	United States	10.276428 (2023) [16]	221,885 (2023) [17]
Monroe, MI MSA	United States	7.956412 (2023) [16]	155,045 (2023) [17]
Monterrey	Mexico	140 (2015) [268]	5,324,281 (2020) [269]
Montevideo	Uruguay	53.9 (2022) [270]	1,870,000 (2022) [28]
Montgomery, AL MSA	United States	24.065840 (2023) [16]	385,480 (2023) [17]
Montpellier Méditerranée Métropole	France	45.031 (2021) [5]	487,519 (2021) [256]
Morgantown, WV MSA	United States	10.070965 (2023) [16]	141,817 (2023) [17]
Morristown, TN MSA	United States	7.387094 (2023) [16]	124,054 (2023) [17]
Moscow metropolitan area	Russia	504.808 (2022) [48]	17,400,000 (2022) [28]
Mount Vernon-Anacortes, WA MSA	United States	8.858346 (2023) [16]	131,417 (2023) [17]
Mulhouse Alsace Agglomération	France	27.213 (2021) [5]	356,125 (2021) [271]
Multan	Pakistan	12.000 (2022) [272]	2,225,000 (2022) [28]
Mumbai	India	368 (2024) [273]	26,600,000 (2023) [19]
Muncie, IN MSA	United States	5.333469 (2023) [16]	112,321 (2023) [17]
Munich Metropolitan Region	Germany	384.582 (2020) [5]	2,250,000 (2020) [15]
Murcia metropolitan area	Spain	33.946 (2020) [5]	1,528,828 (2020) [274]
Muskegon, MI MSA	United States	8.004713 (2023) [16]	176,565 (2022) [17]
Myrtle Beach-Conway-North Myrtle Beach, SC-NC MSA	United States	27.945154 (2023) [16]	536,165 (2022) [17]
Nagoya	Japan	379.301 (2021) [48]	10,500,000 (2021) [24]
Nagpur	India	19 (2021–22) [275]	3,325,000 (2021) [24]
Nairobi	Kenya	30 (2023) [276]	6,550,000 (2023) [19]
Namur metropolitan area	Belgium	12.559 (2021) [5]	319,355 (2021) [277]
Nanaimo	Canada	4.631 (2021) [10]	117,935 (2021) [11]
Nanchang	China	83.300 (2020) [29] [201]	3,875,000 (2020) [15]
Nanjing	China	251.000 (2022) [97]	7,519,814 (2020) [278]
Nanning	China	54.299 (2015) [279] [280]	7,765,411 (2015) [281]
Nanping	China	29.104 (2020) [29] [239]	2,680,645 (2020) [240]
Nantes	France	65.457 (2021) [5]	859,972 (2021) [282]
Napa, CA MSA	United States	14.227116 (2023) [16]	133,216 (2023) [17]
Naples metropolitan area	Italy	64.296 (2020) [5]	4,225,000 (2020) [15]
Naples-Marco Island, FL MSA	United States	31.526854 (2023) [16]	404,310 (2023) [17]
Nashville-Davidson—Murfreesboro—Franklin, TN (Metropolitan Statistical Area)	United States	204.861124 (2023) [16]	2,102,573 (2023) [17]
National Capital Region (Delhi)	India	521.5 (2023) [283]	33,400,000 (2023) [19]
Neubrandenburg	Germany	8.714 (2020) [5]	63,043 (2021) [284]
New Bern, NC MSA	United States	7.196683 (2023) [16]	122,488 (2022) [285]
New Haven-Milford, CT MSA	United States	65.232142 (2023) [16]	869,527 (2022) [17]
New Orleans-Metairie, LA (Metropolitan Statistical Area)	United States	102.436589 (2023) [16]	962,165 (2023) [17]
New York-Newark-Jersey City, NY-NJ-PA (Metropolitan Statistical Area)	United States	2,298.868394 (2023) [16]	19,617,869 (2022) [17]
Newcastle	Australia	11.554 (2018–19) [21]	492,805 (2018–19) [286]
Nicosia	Cyprus	28.407 (2021) [5]	350,824 (2021) [287]
Niigata	Japan	43.3 (2010) [288] [218]	2,374,450 (2010) [289]
Niles, MI MSA	United States	9.484269 (2023) [16]	152,261 (2023) [17]
Ningde	China	37.971 (2020) [29] [239]	3,146,789 (2020) [240]
North Port-Sarasota-Bradenton, FL MSA	United States	56.607597 (2023) [16]	891,411 (2022) [17]
Northwest Metropolitan Region	Germany	115.73 (2020) [58]	2,797,706 (2020) [58]
Norwich-New London, CT MSA	United States	23.909840 (2023) [16]	268,681 (2022) [17]
Nottingham	United Kingdom	15.639 (2024) [51] [52]	789,258 (2024) [51]
Nuremberg Metropolitan Region	Germany	169.195 (2020) [58]	1,200,000 (2020) [15]
Nyingchi	China	2.774 (2020) [29] [290]	238,936 (2020) [291]
Ocala, FL MSA	United States	15.982712 (2023) [16]	409,959 (2023) [17]
Ocean City, NJ MSA	United States	7.772540 (2023) [16]	95,634 (2022) [17]
Odense	Denmark	25.361 (2021) [5]	205,509 (2021) [292]
Odessa, TX MSA	United States	15.658079 (2023) [16]	164,494 (2023) [17]
Offenburg	Germany	20.259 (2020) [5]	88,600 (2021) [293]
Ogden-Clearfield, UT MSA	United States	43.646961 (2023) [16]	713,839 (2022) [17]
Okayama	Japan	63.1 (2010) [169] [218]	1,945,276 (2010) [294]
Oklahoma City, OK (Metropolitan Statistical Area)	United States	100.054101 (2023) [16]	1,477,926 (2023) [17]
Olympia-Lacey-Tumwater, WA MSA	United States	19.969972 (2023) [16]	299,003 (2023) [17]
Omaha-Council Bluffs, NE-IA MSA	United States	92.356612 (2023) [16]	976,671 (2022) [17]
Opole	Poland	8.559 (2020) [5]	146,522 (2021)
Orange	Australia	3.204 (2018–19) [21]	40,493 (2018) [147]
Ordos	China	51.232 (2020) [29] [30]	2,153,638 (2020) [31]
Orlando-Kissimmee-Sanford, FL (Metropolitan Statistical Area)	United States	217.038119 (2023) [16]	2,817,933 (2023) [17]
Orléans	France	27.499 (2021) [5]	453,067 (2021) [295]
Oshawa	Canada	11.851 (2021) [10]	434,673 (2021) [11]
Oshkosh-Neenah, WI MSA	United States	13.408456 (2023) [16]	171,735 (2023) [17]
Oslo	Norway	73.715 (2020) [296]	1,190,000 (2020) [15]
Osnabrück	Germany	23.005 (2020) [5]	272,674 (2021) [297]
Ostrava metropolitan area	Czech Republic	25.054 (2021) [5]	949,291 (2021) [298]
Ottawa–Gatineau	Canada	78.954 (2021) [10]	1,474,077 (2021) [11]
Owensboro, KY MSA	United States	7.142735 (2023) [16]	112,512 (2023) [17]
Oxnard-Thousand Oaks-Ventura, CA MSA	United States	65.991334 (2023) [16]	829,590 (2023) [17]
Padang Metropolitan	Indonesia	6.213 (2021) [299]	1,441,760 (2021) [299]
Paderborn	Germany	12.659 (2020) [5]	309,380 (2021) [300]
Padua–Treviso–Venice metropolitan area	Italy	34.796 (2020) [5]	2,748,420 (2020) [301]
Palembang Metropolitan	Indonesia	16.561 (2021) [302]	1,740,000 (2021) [24]
Palm Bay-Melbourne-Titusville, FL MSA	United States	39.591386 (2023) [16]	643,979 (2023) [17]
Palma de Mallorca metropolitan area	Spain	24.507 (2020) [5]	422,587 (2020) [303]
Pamplona metropolitan area	Spain	21.636 (2020) [5]	359,435 (2020) [304]
Panama City, FL MSA	United States	12.731669 (2023) [16]	185,134 (2022) [17]
Panjin	China	18.900 (2020) [29]	1,030,000 (2020) [15]
Panzhihua	China	15.090 (2020) [29] [116]	1,212,203 (2020) [117]
Paris metropolitan area	France	934.168 (2022) [305] [306] [307] [308]	11,400,000 (2022) [28]
Parkersburg-Vienna, WV MSA	United States	4.711556 (2023) [16]	88,052 (2023) [17]
Parma	Italy	19.202 (2020) [5]	450,854 (2023) [309]
Patna	India	30 (2022) [310]	2,800,000 (2022) [28]
Pekanbaru Metropolitan	Indonesia	25.279 (2021) [311]	1,250,000 (2021) [24]
Pensacola-Ferry Pass-Brent, FL MSA	United States	29.977030 (2023) [16]	530,090 (2023) [17]
Peoria, IL MSA	United States	27.879142 (2023) [16]	362,240 (2023) [17]
Perpignan Méditerranée Métropole	France	14.43 (2021) [5]	292,142 (2021) [312]
Perth	Australia	111.056 (2018–19) [21]	2,087,086 (2018–19) [313]
Perugia metropolitan area	Italy	18.509 (2020) [5]	637,598 (2023) [314]
Peterborough	United Kingdom	9.863 (2022) [51] [52]	217,713 (2022) [51]
Peterborough, Ontario	Canada	4.305 (2021) [10]	132,355 (2021) [11]
Pforzheim	Germany	12.932 (2020) [5]	215,100 (2021) [315]
Philadelphia-Camden-Wilmington, PA-NJ-DE-MD (Metropolitan Statistical Area)	United States	557.600681 (2023) [16]	6,246,160 (2023) [17]
Phoenix-Mesa-Scottsdale, AZ (Metropolitan Statistical Area)	United States	398.129452 (2023) [16]	5,070,110 (2023) [17]
Pine Bluff, AR MSA	United States	4.146574 (2023) [16]	84,629 (2022) [17]
Pittsburgh, PA (Metropolitan Statistical Area)	United States	194.229253 (2023) [16]	2,422,725 (2023) [17]
Pittsfield, MA MSA	United States	8.955924 (2023) [16]	126,818 (2023) [17]
Ploiești	Romania	8.827 (2020) [5]	180,540 (2021) [65]
Plymouth	United Kingdom	9.762 (2022) [51] [52]	266,860 (2022) [51]
Plzeň	Czech Republic	13.742 (2021) [5]	174,007 (2021) [316]
Pocatello, ID MSA	United States	4.569769 (2023) [16]	90,400 (2023) [17]
Port St. Lucie, FL MSA	United States	27.153067 (2023) [16]	536,901 (2023) [17]
Portland-South Portland, ME MSA	United States	48.037136 (2023) [16]	566,329 (2023) [17]
Portland-Vancouver-Hillsboro, OR-WA (Metropolitan Statistical Area)	United States	218.894399 (2023) [16]	2,508,050 (2023) [17]
Porto Alegre	Brazil	45.506 (2011) [33]	4,405,769 (2022) [317]
Porto metropolitan area	Portugal	40.868 (2021) [5]	1,550,000 (2021) [24]
Portsmouth-Southampton Metropolitan area	United Kingdom	47.294365 (2022) [51] [52]	905,363 (2024) [51]
Poznań metropolitan area	Poland	33.829 (2022) [5]	546,859 (2021) [318]
Prague metropolitan area	Czech Republic	130.085 (2022) [5]	1,470,000 (2022) [28]
Prato	Italy	8.564 (2020) [5]	195,213 (2023) [319]
Prescott Valley–Prescott, AZ MSA	United States	6.111 (2017) [16]	249,081 (2023) [17]
Pretoria	South Africa	56.286 (2022) [82]	7,426,673 (2022)
Providence-Warwick, RI-MA (Metropolitan Statistical Area)	United States	111.839552 (2023) [16]	1,677,803 (2023) [17]
Provo-Orem, UT MSA	United States	45.033143 (2023) [16]	715,001 (2022) [17]
Puebla	Mexico	31.102 (2019) [320]	3,903,485 (2020) [321]
Pueblo, CO MSA	United States	8.576776 (2023) [16]	169,422 (2023) [17]
Pune	India	69 (2016) [322] [323] [324]	9,429,408 (2011) [325]
Punta Gorda, FL MSA	United States	8.701074 (2023) [16]	206,134 (2023) [17]
Putian	China	38.333 (2020) [29] [239]	1,380,000 (2020) [15]
Qingdao	China	222 (2022) [90] [91] [92]	7,050,000 (2022) [28]
Quanzhou	China	180 (2022) [90] [91] [92]	8,782,285 (2022) [326]
Quebec City	Canada	42.044 (2021) [10]	836,615 (2021) [11]
Quito	Ecuador	33.900 (2023) [327]	2,875,000 (2023) [19]
Quzhou	China	23.764 (2020) [29] [328]	2,276,184 (2020) [329]
Racine, WI MSA	United States	10.914885 (2023) [16]	195,846 (2022) [17]
Raleigh, NC (Metropolitan Statistical Area)	United States	133.081325 (2023) [16]	1,509,231 (2023) [17]
Rapid City, SD MSA	United States	9.425612 (2023) [16]	155,974 (2023) [17]
Reading, PA MSA	United States	25.974930 (2023) [16]	432,821 (2023) [17]
Recife	Brazil	22.81 (2014) [330]	3,743,854 (2022) [331]
Red Deer, Alberta	Canada	4.625 (2021) [10]	105,604 (2021) [11]
Redding, CA MSA	United States	11.047068 (2023) [16]	180,366 (2023) [17]
Regensburg	Germany	25.618 (2020) [5]	243,200 (2021) [332]
Reggio Emilia metropolitan area	Italy	21.133 (2020) [5]	525,366 (2023) [333]
Regina, Saskatchewan	Canada	15.71 (2021) [10]	264,375 (2021) [11]
Rennes Métropole	France	48.287 (2021) [5]	624,744 (2021) [334]
Reno, NV MSA	United States	43.148385 (2023) [16]	564,782 (2023) [17]
Frankfurt Rhine-Main Metropolitan Region	Germany	197.259 (2020) [58]	3,250,000 (2020) [15]
Rhine-Neckar Metropolitan Region	Germany	113.354 (2020) [58]	2,362,000 (2020) [58]
Rhine-Ruhr Metropolitan Region	Germany	634.437 (2021) [58]	13,000,000 (2021) [24]
Richmond, VA (Metropolitan Statistical Area)	United States	116.959541 (2023) [16]	1,349,732 (2023) [17]
Riga metropolitan area	Latvia	25.207 (2021) [5]	663,012 (2021) [335]
Rio de Janeiro metropolitan area	Brazil	195.095 (2021) [336]	13,300,000 (2021) [24]
Riverside-San Bernardino-Ontario, CA (Metropolitan Statistical Area)	United States	256.859082 (2023) [16]	4,688,053 (2023) [17]
Riyadh	Saudi Arabia	243.793 (2022) [195]	8,800,000 (2022) [28]
Roanoke, VA MSA	United States	21.742564 (2023) [16]	314,314 (2023) [17]
Rochester, MN MSA	United States	17.948981 (2023) [16]	229,077 (2023) [17]
Rochester, NY MSA	United States	78.469076 (2023) [16]	1,052,087 (2023) [17]
Rockford, IL MSA	United States	19.712066 (2023) [16]	334,124 (2023) [17]
Rockhampton	Australia	5.342 (2018–19) [21]	78,592 (2018) [337]
Rocky Mount, NC MSA	United States	8.732690 (2023) [16]	145,383 (2023) [17]
Rome metropolitan area	Italy	175.336 (2020) [5]	3,575,000 (2020) [15]
Rome, GA MSA	United States	5.449843 (2023) [16]	100,113 (2023) [17]
Rostock	Germany	15.661 (2020) [5]	243,000 (2021) [338]
Rotterdam	Netherlands	112.578 (2021) [5]	1,876,165 (2020) [62]
Rzeszów	Poland	8.547 (2020) [5]	195,871 (2021) [339]
Saarbrücken	Germany	33.295 (2020) [5]	700,000 (2021) [340]
Sacramento—Roseville—Arden-Arcade, CA (Metropolitan Statistical Area)	United States	189.624282 (2023) [16]	2,420,608 (2023) [17]
Saginaw, MI MSA	United States	10.801688 (2023) [16]	187,782 (2023) [17]
Saguenay, Quebec	Canada	8.114 (2021) [10]	163,630 (2021) [11]
Saint John, New Brunswick	Canada	5.44 (2021) [10]	132,761 (2021) [11]
Saint Petersburg	Russia	128.000 (2021) [341]	5,650,000 (2021) [24]
Saint-Étienne Métropole	France	26.675 (2021) [5]	425,495 (2021) [342]
Salem, OR MSA	United States	25.733543 (2023) [16]	436,546 (2023) [17]
Salinas, CA MSA	United States	36.861463 (2023) [16]	430,723 (2023) [17]
Salisbury, MD-DE MSA	United States	30.830418 (2023) [16]	439,032 (2022) [17]
Salt Lake City, UT (Metropolitan Statistical Area)	United States	147.519150 (2023) [16]	1,266,191 (2022) [17]
Salvador	Brazil	17.98 (2016) [343] [344]	3,600,000 (2020) [15]
Salzburg	Austria	23.287 (2020) [5]	157,245 (2020) [345]
San Angelo, TX MSA	United States	9.613209 (2023) [16]	120,606 (2023) [17]
San Antonio-New Braunfels, TX (Metropolitan Statistical Area)	United States	182.139043 (2023) [16]	2,703,999 (2023) [17]
San Diego-Carlsbad, CA (Metropolitan Statistical Area)	United States	314.943175 (2023) [16]	3,269,973 (2023) [17]
San Francisco-Oakland-Berkeley, CA (Metropolitan Statistical Area)	United States	778.877804 (2023) [16]	4,579,599 (2022) [17]
San Juan	Puerto Rico	45.461 (2021) [346]	1,920,000 (2021) [24]
San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara, CA (Metropolitan Statistical Area)	United States	422.817456 (2023) [16]	1,945,767 (2023) [17]
San Luis Obispo-Paso Robles, CA MSA	United States	22.753294 (2023) [16]	281,639 (2023) [17]
San Marino	San Marino	2.049 (2024) [182]	34,000 (2024) [182]
San Sebastián metropolitan area	Spain	24.897 (2020) [5]	428,187 (2020) [347]
Sanmenxia	China	21.033 (2020) [29]	2,034,872 (2020) [348]
Sanming	China	39.177 (2020) [29] [239]	2,486,450 (2020) [240]
Santa Cruz de Tenerife metropolitan area	Spain	19.575 (2020) [5]	434,083 (2020) [349]
Santa Cruz-Watsonville, CA MSA	United States	20.186709 (2023) [16]	261,547 (2023) [17]
Santa Fe, NM MSA	United States	9.278913 (2023) [16]	155,956 (2023) [17]
Santa Maria-Santa Barbara, CA MSA	United States	38.512465 (2023) [16]	441,257 (2023) [17]
Santa Rosa-Petaluma, CA MSA	United States	38.453328 (2023) [16]	481,812 (2023) [17]
Santander metropolitan area	Spain	14.665 (2020) [5]	256,025 (2020) [350]
Santiago Metropolitan Region	Chile	128.800 (2023) [351]	8,050,000 (2023) [19]
Santiago de Cali	Colombia	22.100 (2023) [253]	2,925,000 (2023) [19]
Santiago de los Caballeros	Dominican Republic	8.1 (2023) [352]	698,000 (2024) [353]
Santo Domingo	Dominican Republic	37.5 (2023) [352]	4,175,000 (2023) [19]
Santos	Brazil	28.609 (2011) [33]	1,556,718 (2010) [354]
São José dos Campos	Brazil	30.148 (2011) [33]	2,528,354 (2022) [355]
São José dos Pinhais	Brazil	14.726 (2011) [33]	329,058 (2022) [356]
Sapporo	Japan	84.7 (2010) [169] [218]	1,913,545 (2010) [357]
Saskatoon	Canada	17.487 (2021) [10]	339,870 (2021) [11]
Savannah, GA MSA	United States	32.395522 (2023) [16]	424,935 (2023) [17]
Schweinfurt	Germany	12.847 (2020) [5]	100,500 (2021) [358]
Scranton–Wilkes-Barre, PA MSA	United States	34.511287 (2023) [16]	569,413 (2023) [17]
Seattle-Tacoma-Bellevue, WA (Metropolitan Statistical Area)	United States	566.741523 (2023) [16]	4,044,837 (2023) [17]
Sebastian-Vero Beach, FL MSA	United States	10.207144 (2023) [16]	167,352 (2022) [17]
Sebring-Avon Park, FL MSA	United States	3.583095 (2023) [16]	105,618 (2022) [17]
Semarang Metropolitan	Indonesia	26.057 (2021) [359]	2,275,000 (2021) [24]
Sendai	Japan	50 (2015) [360]	1,082,159 (2015) [361]
Seoul Metropolitan Area	South Korea	878.535 (2022) [112]	24,800,000 (2022) [28]
Seville metropolitan area	Spain	42.016 (2020) [5]	1,290,000 (2020) [15]
Shanghai	China	663.874 (2022) [97]	24,890,106 (2020)
Shantou	China	34.8 (2017) [362]	5,502,031 (2020) [363]
Shaoxing	China	86.999 (2020) [29] [328]	5,270,977 (2020) [172]
Sheboygan, WI MSA	United States	8.738603 (2023) [16]	117,752 (2023) [17]
Sheffield	United Kingdom	22.594467 (2024) [51] [52]	733,473 (2024) [51]
Shenyang	China	95.276 (2020) [29]	8,000,000 (2020) [15]
Sherbrooke	Canada	8.261 (2021) [10]	227,448 (2021) [11]
Sherman-Denison, TX MSA	United States	7.289716 (2023) [16]	146,907 (2023) [17]
Shijiazhuang	China	81.252 (2018) [362]	11,235,086 (2020) [364]
Shizuishan	China	7.853 (2020) [29] [365]	751,389 (2020) [366]
Shizuoka	Japan	45.8 (2010) [169] [218]	3,765,007 (2010) [367]
Shreveport-Bossier City, LA MSA	United States	27.913122 (2022) [16]	383,295 (2023) [17]
Shuozhou	China	15.955 (2020) [29] [368]	1,593,444 (2020) [369]
Siegen	Germany	16.336 (2020) [5]	101,516 (2021) [370]
Sierra Vista-Douglas, AZ MSA	United States	6.080882 (2023) [16]	124,640 (2023) [17]
Singapore	Singapore	530.708 (2024) [182]	5,938,000 (2024) [182]
Sioux City, IA-NE-SD MSA	United States	11.978474 (2023) [16]	144,402 (2023) [17]
Sioux Falls, SD MSA	United States	30.084975 (2023) [16]	289,592 (2022) [17]
Sofia metropolitan area	Bulgaria	33.042 (2020) [5]	1,300,000 (2020) [15]
Sorocaba	Brazil	21.313 (2011) [33]	779,704 (2010) [371]
South Bend-Mishawaka, IN-MI MSA	United States	20.547790 (2023) [16]	324,490 (2023) [17]
Spartanburg, SC MSA	United States	21.159577 (2023) [16]	383,327 (2023) [17]
Spokane-Spokane Valley, WA MSA	United States	39.735793 (2023) [16]	600,292 (2023) [17]
Springfield, IL MSA	United States	14.899178 (2023) [16]	205,445 (2023) [17]
Springfield, MA MSA	United States	42.356150 (2023) [16]	460,291 (2023) [17]
Springfield, MO MSA	United States	28.577385 (2023) [16]	491,053 (2023) [17]
Springfield, OH MSA	United States	5.909466 (2023) [16]	134,610 (2023) [17]
St. Catharines–Niagara Falls	Canada	14.973 (2021) [10]	441,452 (2021) [11]
St. Cloud, MN MSA	United States	14.190740 (2023) [16]	202,577 (2023) [17]
St. George, UT MSA	United States	10.742891 (2022) [16]	202,452 (2023) [17]
St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador	Canada	10.995 (2021) [10]	214,267 (2021) [11]
St. Joseph, MO-KS MSA	United States	7.528526 (2023) [16]	118,475 (2023) [17]
St. Louis, MO-IL (Metropolitan Statistical Area)	United States	226.548910 (2023) [16]	2,796,999 (2023) [17]
State College, PA MSA	United States	10.952214 (2023) [16]	157,795 (2023) [17]
Staunton, VA MSA	United States	6.760948 (2023) [16]	126,776 (2022) [17]
Stockholm metropolitan area	Sweden	203.899 (2021) [71]	2,250,000 (2021) [24]
Stockton, CA MSA	United States	42.836031 (2023) [16]	793,229 (2022) [17]
Stoke-on-Trent	United Kingdom	9.517 (2022) [51] [52]	259,955 (2022) [51]
Strasbourg	France	49.09 (2021) [5]	1,150,899 (2021) [372]
Stuttgart Metropolitan Region	Germany	294.957 (2020) [58]	2,400,000 (2020) [15]
Sumter, SC MSA	United States	6.599335 (2023) [16]	104,165 (2023) [17]
Sunderland	United Kingdom	10.124 (2022) [51] [52]	277,352 (2022) [51]
Sunshine Coast	Australia	13.813 (2018–19) [21]	333,436 (2018) [373]
Surabaya Metropolitan	Indonesia	88.821 (2021) [374]	6,150,000 (2021) [24]
Surat	India	59.8 (2017) [375]	6,600,000 (2020) [15]
Swansea	United Kingdom	8.184 (2022) [51] [52]	241,272 (2022) [51]
Sydney	Australia	398.037 (2021) [48]	5,400,000 (2021) [24]
Syracuse, NY MSA	United States	51.191017 (2023) [16]	652,956 (2023) [17]
Szczecin metropolitan area	Poland	13.822 (2020) [376]	750,000 (2020)
Taichung	Taiwan	63.910 (2016) [377]	3,033,840 (2020) [378]
Tainan	Taiwan	37.038 (2016) [379]	1,875,076 (2020) [380]
Taipei–Keelung metropolitan area	Taiwan	407.838 (2021) [48]	9,150,000 (2021) [24]
Taiyuan	China	60.215 (2020) [29] [381]	4,125,000 (2020) [15]
Taizhou, Jiangsu	China	77.015 (2020) [29] [185]	2,300,000 (2020) [15]
Taizhou, Zhejiang	China	76.300 (2020) [29] [328]	6,622,888 (2020) [329]
Tallahassee, FL MSA	United States	24.529748 (2023) [16]	392,645 (2023) [17]
Tallinn metropolitan area	Estonia	22.797 (2022) [382] [42]	638,076 (2023) [383]
Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater, FL (Metropolitan Statistical Area)	United States	243.268344 (2023) [16]	3,342,963 (2023) [17]
Tampere	Finland	23.987 (2020) [5]	241,009 (2020) [384]
Tangshan	China	132 (2022) [90] [91] [92]	2,600,000 (2022) [28]
Taoyuan	Taiwan	52.010 (2016) [385]	2,254,363 (2020) [184]
Taranto metropolitan area	Italy	11.518 (2020) [5]	555,999 (2023) [386]
Tbilisi	Georgia	8.0 (2017) [387]	1,184,818 (2020) [388]
Tel Aviv metropolitan area	Israel	310.00 (2022) [389] [390]	4,156,900 (2022) [391]
Terre Haute, IN MSA	United States	10.300542 (2023) [16]	168,787 (2023) [17]
Texarkana, TX-AR MSA	United States	7.215096 (2023) [16]	145,907 (2023) [17]
The Hague	Netherlands	60.105 (2020) [5]	1,116,798 (2020) [62]
The Villages, FL MSA	United States	7.137460 (2023) [16]	144,970 (2022) [17]
Thessaloniki	Greece	16.452 (2020) [5]	1,104,023 (2020) [392]
Thunder Bay	Canada	5.805 (2021) [10]	125,070 (2021) [11]
Tilburg	Netherlands	21.869 (2020) [5]	221,947 (2021) [393]
Timișoara metropolitan area	Romania	11.526 (2020) [5]	430,071 (2021) [394]
Tokelau	Tokelau	0.009 (2015–16) [395]	1,499 (2016) [396]
Toledo, OH MSA	United States	49.254628 (2023) [16]	600,141 (2023) [17]
Toowoomba	Australia	7.118 (2018–19) [21]	136,861 (2018) [337]
Topeka, KS MSA	United States	15.156457 (2023) [16]	232,322 (2023) [17]
Toulouse Métropole	France	65.456 (2020) [5]	1,040,000 (2020) [15]
Tours Métropole Val de Loire	France	23.795 (2021) [5]	392,030 (2021) [397]
Townsville	Australia	9.075 (2018–19) [21]	180,820 (2018) [398]
Trenton-Princeton, NJ MSA	United States	53.002639 (2023) [16]	381,671 (2023) [17]
Trois-Rivières	Canada	6.119 (2021) [10]	165,037 (2021) [11]
Tucson, AZ MSA	United States	62.169929 (2023) [16]	1,063,162 (2023) [17]
Tulsa, OK MSA	United States	67.510846 (2023) [16]	1,044,757 (2023) [17]
Turin metropolitan area	Italy	78.268 (2020) [5]	1,640,000 (2020) [15]
Turku metropolitan area	Finland	21.939 (2020) [5]	346,662 (2020)
Tuscaloosa, AL MSA	United States	14.767427 (2023) [16]	278,290 (2023) [17]
Twin Falls, Idaho	United States	5.878 (2021) [16]	116,645 (2021) [399]
Tyler, TX MSA	United States	15.683898 (2023) [16]	245,209 (2023) [17]
Tyneside [note 1]	United Kingdom	32.182 (2022) [51] [52]	864,453 (2022) [51]
Uberlandia	Brazil	14.728 (2011) [33]	604,013 (2010) [400]
Ulm	Germany	26.464 (2020) [5]	126,949 (2021) [401]
Uppsala	Sweden	19.237 (2020) [5]	699,097 (2020) [402]
Urban Honolulu, HI MSA	United States	81.675550 (2023) [16]	989,408 (2023) [17]
Ürümqi	China	48.385 (2020) [29] [88]	4,050,000 (2020) [15]
Utica-Rome, NY MSA	United States	16.282294 (2023) [16]	287,039 (2023) [17]
Utrecht	Netherlands	88.005 (2020) [5]	1,356,430 (2020) [403]
Valdosta, GA MSA	United States	7.679252 (2023) [16]	151,118 (2023) [17]
Valencia metropolitan area	Spain	64.435 (2020) [5]	2,000,000 (2020) [15]
Valladolid	Spain	15.309 (2020) [5]	371,861 (2020) [404]
Vallejo, CA MSA	United States	37.156243 (2023) [16]	449,218 (2023) [17]
Valletta	Malta	17.72 (2021) [5]	480,134 (2020) [405]
Verona metropolitan area	Italy	34.169 (2020) [5]	915,975 (2020) [406]
Victoria, British Columbia	Canada	19.428 (2021) [10]	413,859 (2021) [11]
Victoria, TX MSA	United States	6.323208 (2023) [16]	98,808 (2023) [17]
Vienna	Austria	165.968 (2022) [5]	2,250,000 (2022) [28]
Vigo metropolitan area	Spain	22.987 (2020) [5]	321,748 (2020) [407]
Vilnius urban area	Lithuania	30.915 (2022) [408] [42]	868,341 (2022) [409]
Vineland-Bridgeton, NJ MSA	United States	8.208721 (2023) [16]	151,356 (2022) [17]
Virginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport News, VA-NC (Metropolitan Statistical Area)	United States	127.459149 (2023) [16]	1,806,840 (2022) [17]
Visalia, CA MSA	United States	24.256732 (2022) [16]	479,468 (2023) [17]
Vishakhapatnam	India	43.5 (2017) [375]	2,200,000 (2020) [15]
Vitória	Brazil	28.357 (2011) [33]	1,857,616 (2022) [410]
Vitoria-Gasteiz	Spain	13.403 (2020) [5]	253,996 (2020) [411]
Waco, TX MSA	United States	18.135219 (2023) [16]	304,865 (2023) [17]
Wagga Wagga	Australia	4.392 (2018–19) [21]	56,442 (2018) [147]
Walla Walla, WA MSA	United States	4.362362 (2023) [16]	61,568 (2023) [17]
Warner Robins, GA MSA	United States	10.549159 (2023) [16]	200,779 (2023) [17]
Warsaw metropolitan area	Poland	135.343 (2022) [71]	3,269,510 (2023) [412]
Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV (Metropolitan Statistical Area)	United States	714.685087 (2023) [16]	6,304,975 (2023) [17]
Waterloo-Cedar Falls, IA MSA	United States	12.521946 (2023) [16]	168,162 (2023) [17]
Watertown-Fort Drum, NY MSA	United States	8.037177 (2023) [16]	114,787 (2023) [17]
Wausau-Weston, WI MSA	United States	12.711703 (2023) [16]	166,334 (2022) [17]
Weihai	China	43.753 (2020) [29] [119]	1,200,000 (2020) [15]
Weirton-Steubenville, WV-OH MSA	United States	7.568043 (2023) [16]	113,544 (2023) [17]
Wellington	New Zealand	26.607 (2022) [413]	440,900 (2022) [76]
Wenatchee, WA MSA	United States	9.343442 (2023) [16]	124,118 (2022) [17]
Wenzhou	China	119.2 (2022) [414]	5,050,000 (2022) [28]
Wetzlar	Germany	9.957 (2020) [5]	278,200 (2021) [415]
Wheeling, WV-OH MSA	United States	12.658006 (2023) [16]	135,517 (2023) [17]
Wichita Falls, TX MSA	United States	8.256094 (2023) [16]	149,947 (2023) [17]
Wichita, KS MSA	United States	46.468045 (2023) [16]	652,939 (2023) [17]
Williamsport, PA MSA	United States	7.486729 (2023) [16]	112,724 (2023) [17]
Wilmington, NC MSA	United States	21.996036 (2023) [16]	467,337 (2023) [17]
Winchester, VA-WV MSA	United States	9.988848 (2023) [16]	147,260 (2023) [17]
Windsor, Ontario	Canada	14.421 (2021) [10]	351,213 (2021) [11]
Winnipeg Metropolitan Region	Canada	38.71 (2021) [10]	858,848 (2021) [11]
Winston-Salem, NC MSA	United States	44.750605 (2023) [16]	695,630 (2023) [17]
Wollongong	Australia	5.624 (2018–19) [21]	300,332 (2018–19) [416]
Worcester, MA-CT MSA	United States	64.135380 (2023) [16]	980,137 (2022) [17]
Wrocław metropolitan area	Poland	17.387 (2020) [5]	672,929 (2021) [417]
Wuhai	China	8.165 (2020) [29] [30]	556,621 (2020) [31]
Wuhan	China	281.000 (2022) [97]	10,800,000 (2022) [28]
Wuhu	China	54.412 (2020) [29]	1,480,000 (2020) [15]
Xi'an	China	171 (2022) [90] [91] [92]	11,600,000 (2022) [28]
Xiamen	China	92.557 (2020) [29] [239]	10,000,000 (2020) [15]
Xiangtan	China	33.971 (2020) [29]	1,400,000 (2020) [15]
Xiangyang	China	66.720 (2020) [29] [125]	1,880,000 (2020) [15]
Xilingol League	China	12.176 (2020) [29] [30]	1,107,075 (2020) [31]
Xinyu	China	14.517 (2020) [29] [201]	1,202,499 (2020) [202]
Xuchang	China	50.008 (2020) [29]	4,379,998 (2020) [418]
Xuzhou	China	126 (2022) [90] [91] [92]	3,050,000 (2022) [28]
Yakima, WA MSA	United States	13.357488 (2023) [16]	256,643 (2023) [17]
Yan'an	China	23.219 (2020) [29]	2,282,581 (2020) [419]
Yancheng	China	86.314 (2020) [29] [185]	1,420,000 (2020) [15]
Yangzhou	China	87.690 (2020) [29] [185]	1,950,000 (2020) [15]
Yantai	China	142 (2022) [90] [91] [92]	2,450,000 (2022) [28]
Yerevan	Armenia	5.23 (2018) [420]	1,500,000 (2020) [15]
Yichang	China	61.783 (2020) [29] [125]	1,380,000 (2020) [15]
Yingtan	China	14.290 (2020) [29] [201]	1,154,223 (2020) [202]
York	United Kingdom	10.291 (2022) [51] [52]	204,541 (2022) [51]
York-Hanover, PA MSA	United States	27.867147 (2023) [16]	464,640 (2023) [17]
Youngstown-Warren-Boardman, OH-PA MSA	United States	26.178157 (2023) [16]	535,499 (2022) [17]
Yuba City, CA MSA	United States	9.225272 (2023) [16]	183,670 (2023) [17]
Yueyang	China	58.015 (2020) [29]	1,150,000 (2020) [15]
Yulin, Shaanxi	China	59.293 (2020) [29]	3,624,750 (2020) [421]
Yuma, AZ MSA	United States	9.883 (2022) [16]	213,221 (2023) [17]
Yuxi	China	29.840 (2020) [29] [220]	2,249,502 (2020) [422]
Zagreb metropolitan area	Croatia	29.63 (2021) [5]	1,189,279 (2021) [423]
Zaragoza metropolitan area	Spain	29.702 (2020) [5]	681,877 (2020) [424]
Zhangzhou	China	65.903 (2020) [29] [239]	5,054,328 (2020) [240]
Zhengzhou	China	192 (2022) [90] [91] [92]	8,950,000 (2022) [28]
Zhenjiang	China	61.182 (2020) [29] [185]	1,150,000 (2020) [15]
Zhuzhou	China	45.029 (2020) [29]	1,330,000 (2020) [15]
Zibo	China	53.260 (2020) [29] [119]	3,525,000 (2020) [15]
Zürich Metropolitan Area	Switzerland	158.913 (2020) [138]	1,430,000 (2020) [15]
Zwolle	Netherlands	17.936 (2020) [5]	129,840 (2021) [425]

Cities (metropolitan areas) by percentage of national GDP

This table contains only the first metropolitan area from a given country by GDP. Data for metropolitan areas is as in the previous section of this article. Data for countries is from List of countries by GDP (nominal) (IMF). Luxembourg City-Trier is partially in France but only Luxembourg's national GDP is considered.

Metropolitan area	GDP (billion USD)	Country	National GDP (billion USD)	% of national GDP
City of San Marino	1.54	San Marino	1.70	90.872
Luxembourg City-Trier	69.45	Luxembourg	86.90	79.925
Montevideo	53.9	Uruguay	70.165	76.819
Dhaka	285.1	Bangladesh	451.534	63.140
Tallinn	22.797	Estonia	38.401	59.366
Tel Aviv	310.00	Israel	527.694	58.746
Auckland	139.50	New Zealand	242.575	57.508
Abu Dhabi	277.93	United Arab Emirates	514.130	54.058
Taipei	407.838	Taiwan	773.038	52.758
Abidjan	27	Ivory Coast	52.512	51.417
Bangkok	252.128	Thailand	495.622	50.871
Riga	25.207	Latvia	39.469	50.749
Dublin	272.454	Ireland	549.003	49.627
Seoul	878.535	South Korea	1799.363	48.825
Tbilisi	8.0	Georgia	16.472	48.567
Budapest	86.93	Hungary	182.110	47.735
Karachi	176.2	Pakistan	374.850	47.005
Sofia	33.042	Bulgaria	70.311	46.994
Athens	85.809	Greece	188.329	45.563
Cairo	190.200	Egypt	423.300	44.933
Helsinki	125.166	Finland	280.462	44.629
Copenhagen	179.846	Denmark	408.378	44.039
Prague	130.085	Czech Republic	301.831	43.099
Lima	114.400	Peru	266.912	42.861
Yerevan	5.23	Armenia	12.458	41.981
Tokyo	2080.758	Japan	5054.094	41.170
Brussels	237.08	Belgium	584.073	40.591
Lisbon	103.33	Portugal	255.705	40.410
Belgrade	25.31	Serbia	62.787	40.311
Manila	162.3	Philippines	404.353	40.099
Buenos Aires	235.600	Argentina	645.511	36.498
Vienna	165.968	Austria	471.374	35.209
Kabul	6.00	Afghanistan	17.329	34.624
Paris	934.168	France	2798.502	33.381
Johannesburg	134.682	South Africa	406.755	33.111
Stockholm	203.899	Sweden	637.187	32.000
Istanbul	275.365	Turkey	905.800	30.400
London	1178.130484	United Kingdom	3730.260	31.583
Minsk	19.913	Belarus	71.792	27.737
Nairobi	30	Kenya	108.747	27.587
Bucharest	78.052	Romania	286.015	27.289
Jakarta	323.030	Indonesia	1319.076	24.489
Sydney	398.037	Australia	1658.439	24.001
Ho Chi Minh City	96.399	Vietnam	407.965	23.629
Mexico City	340.800	Mexico	1463.324	23.289
Lagos	102.010	Nigeria	441.632	23.098
Amsterdam	237.841	Netherlands	1047.364	22.709
Moscow	504.808	Russia	2269.899	22.239
Toronto	411.866	Canada	2007.472	20.517
Kaunas	14.406	Lithuania	71.134	20.252
Oslo	73.715	Norway	367.633	20.051
Warsaw	135.343	Poland	689.888	19.618
Madrid	277.508	Spain	1462.216	18.979
Almaty	41.485	Kazakhstan	225.529	18.395
Dar es Salaam	10.4	Tanzania	58.797	17.688
Kyiv	27.5	Ukraine	156.579	17.563
Kuala Lumpur	59.831	Malaysia	365.178	16.384
São Paulo	314.500	Brazil	1951.849	16.113
Delhi	521.5	India	3567.552	14.618
Rhine-Ruhr	634.437	Germany	4351.188	14.581
Milan	233.596	Italy	1905.954	12.256
New York	2298.868394	United States	27720.725	8.293
Shanghai	663.874	China	17848.540	3.719

Cities by wealth

World's 15 richest cities in 2017 ^[426]

City	Wealth	Country
New York City	$3 trillion	United States
London	$2.7 trillion	United Kingdom
Tokyo	$2.5 trillion	Japan
San Francisco	$2.3 trillion	United States
Beijing	$2.2 trillion	China
Shanghai	$2 trillion	China
Los Angeles	$1.4 trillion	United States
Hong Kong	$1.3 trillion	Hong Kong
Sydney	$1 trillion	Australia
Singapore	$1 trillion	Singapore
Chicago	$0.98 trillion	United States
Mumbai	$0.94 trillion	India
Toronto	$0.94 trillion	Canada
Frankfurt	$0.91 trillion	Germany
Paris	$0.86 trillion	France

See also

• List of metropolitan areas by GDP over US$100 billion
• List of cheapest cities
• List of EU metropolitan areas by GDP
• List of U.S. metropolitan areas by GDP
• List of most expensive cities for expatriate employees
• Largest country subdivisions by GDP
• Citiesportal

Notes

1. Tyneside includes Newcastle upon Tyne and the metropolitan boroughs of Gateshead, North Tyneside and South Tyneside.

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