Urban exploration

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Abandoned Salbert fortifications Thomas Bresson - Fort du Salbert-8 (by).JPG
Abandoned Salbert fortifications

Urban exploration (often shortened as UE, urbex, and sometimes known as roof and tunnel hacking [1] ) is the exploration of manmade structures, usually abandoned ruins or hidden components of the manmade environment. Photography and historical interest/documentation are heavily featured in the hobby, sometimes involving trespassing onto private property. [2] Urban exploration is also called draining (a specific form of urban exploration where storm drains or sewers are explored), [3] urban spelunking, [4] urban rock climbing, [5] urban caving, [6] building hacking, or mousing.

Contents

The activity presents various risks, including physical danger, the possibility of arrest and punishment if done illegally and/or without permission, and the risk of encountering squatters. Some activities associated with urban exploration may violate local or regional laws, certain broadly interpreted anti-terrorism laws, or can be considered trespassing or invasion of privacy. Encountering squatters, who are unauthorized occupants in abandoned or unmonitored properties, can lead to unpredictable and potentially dangerous situations.

Exploration sites

Urban explorers at the entrance of a technical gallery under construction in Paris, France Urban Explorer in the entrance of technical gallery.jpg
Urban explorers at the entrance of a technical gallery under construction in Paris, France

Abandonments

Ventures into abandoned structures are perhaps the most common example of urban exploration. Many sites are entered first by locals and may have graffiti or other kinds of vandalism, while others are better preserved. Although targets of exploration vary from one country to another, high-profile abandonments include amusement parks, grain elevators, factories, power plants, missile silos, fallout shelters, hospitals, asylums, prisons, schools, outmoded and abandoned skyscrapers, poor houses, and sanatoriums.

In Japan, abandoned infrastructure is known as haikyo (廃墟) (literally "ruins"), and the term is synonymous with the practice of urban exploration. [7] Haikyo are particularly common in Japan because of its rapid industrialization (e.g., Hashima Island), damage during World War II, the 1980s real estate bubble, and the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami. [8]

Zeljava underground military airport Zeljava, Underground 5.jpg
Željava underground military airport

In Bosnia and Herzegovina, a large underground facility abandoned since 1992 is Željava Air Base, situated under the Gola Plješevica mountain, near the city of Bihać. It was the largest underground airport and military air base in the SFR Yugoslavia, and one of the largest in Europe. The complex contains tunnels in total length of 3.5 km (2.2 mi), and other large facilities. Nowadays, it is popular for urban exploration, although it is risky due to the possibility of anti-personnel landmines being located in unexplored areas, remnants from 1990s Bosnian War. [9] [10] [11]

Many explorers find the decay of uninhabited space profoundly beautiful, and some are also proficient freelance photographers who document what they see, such as those who document the infrastructure of the former USSR. [12]

Abandoned sites are also popular among historians, preservationists, architects, archaeologists, industrial archaeologists, and ghost hunters.

Active buildings

Light painting inside an abandoned limestone quarry in France. Light Painting Urbex.jpg
Light painting inside an abandoned limestone quarry in France.

Another aspect of urban exploration is the practice of exploring active or in use buildings, which includes gaining access to secured or "member-only" areas, mechanical rooms, roofs, elevator rooms, abandoned floors, and other normally unseen parts of working buildings. The term "infiltration" is often associated with exploring active structures. People entering restricted areas may be committing trespass, and civil prosecution may result.

Catacombs

Catacombs (France) Catacombes de Paris.jpg
Catacombs (France)

Catacombs such as those found in Paris, [13] Rome, Odessa, and Naples have been investigated by urban explorers. Some consider the Mines of Paris, comprising many of the tunnels that are not open to public tours, including the catacombs, the "Holy Grail" due to their extensive nature and history. Explorers of these spaces are known as cataphiles.

Sewers and storm drains

Storm drain outfall in Saint Paul, Minnesota St Paul storm drain.jpg
Storm drain outfall in Saint Paul, Minnesota

Entry into storm drains, or "draining", is another common form of urban exploration. Groups devoted to the task have arisen, such as the Cave Clan and Darkside in Australia. Draining has a specialized set of guidelines, the foremost of which is "When it rains, no drains!", because the dangers of becoming entrapped, washed away, or killed increase dramatically during heavy rainfall.

A small subset of explorers enter sanitary sewers. Sometimes they are the only connection to caves or other subterranean features. Sewers are among the most dangerous locations to explore owing to the risk of poisoning by buildups of toxic gas (commonly methane, hydrogen sulfide, or carbon dioxide). Sewers can contain viruses, bacteria, protozoa, and parasitic worms. Protective equipment is recommended for people who enter sewers. [14]

Transit tunnels

Diesel trains in a tunnel of Metro-2 D6 line in Moscow, Russia DPS-01 and AS1A in D6 tunnel.jpg
Diesel trains in a tunnel of Metro-2 D6 line in Moscow, Russia

Exploring active and abandoned subway and railway tunnels, bores, and stations is often considered trespassing and can result in civil prosecution due to security concerns. As a result, this type of exploration is rarely publicized. An exception to this is the abandoned subway of Rochester, New York, the only American city with an abandoned subway system that was once operational. The Cincinnati subway is also abandoned but was never completed. London has a number of stations on the London Underground network that have been closed over the years, with Aldwych tube station a popular location for explorers.

Utility tunnels

Utility tunnel in the center of Zurich, Switzerland Schiffbau tunnel.jpg
Utility tunnel in the center of Zürich, Switzerland

Universities, and other large institutions, such as hospitals, often distribute hazardous superheated steam for heating or cooling buildings from a central heating plant. These pipes are generally run through utility tunnels, which are often intended to be accessible solely for the purposes of maintenance. Nevertheless, many of these steam tunnels, especially those on college campuses, have a tradition of exploration by students. This practice was once called "vadding" at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, but students there now call it roof and tunnel hacking.

Some steam tunnels have dirt floors, poor lighting and temperatures above 45 °C (113 °F). Others have concrete floors, bright light, and more moderate temperatures. Most steam tunnels have large intake fans to bring in the fresh air and push the hot air out the back, and these may start without warning. Most active steam tunnels do not contain airborne asbestos, but proper breathing protection may be required for other respiratory hazards. Experienced explorers are very cautious inside active utility tunnels since pipes can spew boiling hot water or steam from leaky valves or pressure relief blow-offs. Often there are puddles of muddy water on the floor, making slips and falls a special concern near hot pipes.

Steam tunnels have generally been secured more heavily in recent years due to their frequent use for carrying communications network backbone cables, increased safety and liability concerns, and perceived risk of use in terrorist activities.

Popularity

The rise in urban exploration's popularity can be attributed to increased media attention. Recent television shows such as Urban Explorers on the Discovery Channel, MTV's Fear , and the Ghost Hunting exploits of The Atlantic Paranormal Society have packaged the hobby for a popular audience. The fictional film After... (2006), a hallucinatory thriller set in Moscow's underground subways, features urban explorers caught up in extreme situations. Talks and exhibits on urban exploration have appeared at the fifth and sixth Hackers on Planet Earth Conference, complementing numerous newspaper articles and interviews.

Another source of popular information is Cities of the Underworld , a documentary series that ran for three seasons on the History Channel starting in 2007. This series roamed around the world, showing little-known underground structures in remote locales and right under the feet of densely packed city-dwellers. Websites for professional and hobby explorers have been developed to share tips and locations. [15]

With the rise in the hobby's popularity, there has been increasing discussion of whether the extra attention has been beneficial. [16]

Legality

A partially collapsed tunnel in the Kyminlinna fortress in Kotka, Finland Tunnel in Kyminlinna.JPG
A partially collapsed tunnel in the Kyminlinna fortress in Kotka, Finland
Hill 60 bunker. On the right is a corridor leading to the bunker complex, and on the left is the "mushroom tunnel". Hill 60 illowra battery port kembla.jpg
Hill 60 bunker. On the right is a corridor leading to the bunker complex, and on the left is the "mushroom tunnel".

The activity's growing popularity has resulted in increased attention not just from explorers but also from vandals and law enforcement. The illicit aspects of urban exploring, which may include trespassing and breaking and entering, [17] [18] have had critical attention in mainstream newspapers. [19]

In Australia, lawyers for the Roads and Traffic Authority of New South Wales shut down the Sydney Cave Clan's website after they raised concerns that the portal could "risk human safety and threaten the security of its infrastructure". [19] Another website belonging to the Bangor Explorers Guild was criticized by the Maine State Police for encouraging behavior that "could get someone hurt or killed". [19] Toronto Police, called for an "end" to rooftop photography in 2016, citing similar concerns about the possibility of death or injury. [20] The Toronto Transit Commission has used the Internet to crimp subway tunnel explorations, going as far as to send investigators to various explorers' homes. [19]

Jeff Chapman, who authored Infiltration, writes that genuine urban explorers "never vandalize, steal or damage anything". The thrill comes from "discovery and a few nice pictures". [19] Some explorers also request permission for entry in advance. [21]

Hazards

Storm drains are not designed with human access as their primary use and can be subject to flash flooding and bad air.

Many abandoned structures have hazards such as unstable structures, unsafe floors, broken glass, stray voltage, entrapment hazards, or unknown chemicals and other harmful substances (most notably asbestos). Other risks include freely roaming guard dogs and hostile squatters. Some abandoned locations may be heavily guarded by motion detectors and active security patrols, while others are more easily accessible and carry less risk of discovery. [22]

Deaths from urban exploration

DateLocationDescription
June 2008 Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg Toronto, Canada A 26-year-old man died in hospital two days after falling off a catwalk at the abandoned Richard L. Hearn Thermal Generating Station in Toronto. The man entered the building with a friend intending to take "artistic photographs" of the building. [23]
26 April 2009 Flag of the United States.svg Saint Paul, United States A man was inside a tunnel along the Mississippi river when it began to rain heavily, and the rain swept him down the tunnel to the river. The man was found in the river and later died in hospital, having drowned. [24] [25]
June 2013 Flag of Russia.svg Neman, Russia It is thought that a 9-year-old boy fell 6 metres (20 ft) from a spiral staircase to the ground inside the ruins of Ragnit Castle and died from his injuries. [26] [27]
21 March 2015 Flag of Australia (converted).svg Brisbane, Australia A man was kayaking through a storm water drain when he became trapped by rising water from heavy rain and drowned. [28] [29]
12 January 2017 Flag of France.svg La Mulatière, France An 18-year-old boy was on Mulatière railway bridge taking photos, when he fell from the bridge and died. [30]
October 2017 Flag of the United States.svg Chicago, United States A Memphis photographer and urban explorer died after a 14-story fall off a hotel in Chicago while trespassing. [31]
June 2018 Flag of the United States.svg Philadelphia, United States A 30-year-old photographer and urban explorer died in Philadelphia after being swept away in a flash flood while exploring a storm drain. [32]
August 2019 Flag of Russia.svg Moscow, Russia A 16-year-old boy was walking on the roof of a one-story abandoned building and was killed when the edge of the building collapsed. [33] [34]
July 2020 Flag of the United Kingdom.svg Totnes, United Kingdom A 22-year-old man died after falling from the roof of an abandoned factory. [35]
September 2021 Flag of Russia.svg Moscow, Russia A 34-year-old YouTuber suffered a fatal fall while filming a YouTube video in an abandoned building in Moscow. [36]

Rooftopping

Rooftopping in Hong Kong Spidermanhk.jpg
Rooftopping in Hong Kong

Rooftopping and skywalking are the ascents of rooftops, cranes, antennas, smokestacks, etc., usually illegally, to get an adrenaline rush and take selfie photos or videos. Rooftopping differs from skywalking as the latter is mostly about taking panoramic photographs of the scene below, and safety is more important than the thrill. [37] Rooftopping has been especially popular in Russia. [38] Buildering has a similar goal as rooftopping and skywalking (to reach the roof), but involves climbing the building from the outside rather than infiltrating from the inside.

Methods and technology

See also

General

Organisations

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cobble Hill Tunnel</span> Disused tunnel in Brooklyn, New York

The Cobble Hill Tunnel is an abandoned Long Island Rail Road (LIRR) tunnel beneath Atlantic Avenue in Brooklyn, New York City, running through the neighborhoods of Downtown Brooklyn and Cobble Hill. When open, it ran for about 2,517 feet (767 m) between Columbia Street and Boerum Place. It is the oldest railway tunnel beneath a city street in North America that was fully devoted to rail. It is also deemed the oldest subway tunnel in the world by the Guinness Book of World Records.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">London Post Office Railway</span> Closed railway system in London

The Post Office Railway, known since 1987 as Mail Rail, is a 2 ft narrow gauge, driverless underground railway in London that was built by the Post Office with assistance from the Underground Electric Railways Company of London, to transport mail between sorting offices. Inspired by the Chicago Tunnel Company, it opened in 1927 and operated for 76 years until it closed in 2003. A museum within the former railway was opened in September 2017.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sanitary sewer</span> Underground pipe for transporting sewage

A sanitary sewer is an underground pipe or tunnel system for transporting sewage from houses and commercial buildings to a sewage treatment plant or disposal.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Storm drain</span> Infrastructure for draining excess rain and ground water from impervious surfaces

A storm drain, storm sewer, highway drain, surface water drain/sewer, or stormwater drain is infrastructure designed to drain excess rain and ground water from impervious surfaces such as paved streets, car parks, parking lots, footpaths, sidewalks, and roofs. Storm drains vary in design from small residential dry wells to large municipal systems.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cave Clan</span> Urban exploration group

The Cave Clan is a primarily Australian group dedicated to urban exploration.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mole people</span> People who live in tunnels underground

In the United States, the term mole people is sometimes used to describe homeless people living under large cities in abandoned subway, railroad, flood, sewage tunnels, and heating shafts.

The Suicide Club was a secret society in San Francisco, which lasted from 1977–82. It is credited as the first modern extreme urban exploration society, and also known for anarchic group pranks. Despite its name, the club was not actually about suicide. Rather the club focused on people facing their fears and engaging in daring experiences.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Roof and tunnel hacking</span> Unauthorized exploration of utility spaces

Roof and tunnel hacking is the unauthorized exploration of roof and utility tunnel spaces. The term carries a strong collegiate connotation, stemming from its use at MIT and at the U.S. Naval Academy, where the practice has a long history. It is a form of urban exploration.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Park Avenue Tunnel (roadway)</span> Tunnel in Manhattan, New York

The Park Avenue Tunnel, also called the Murray Hill Tunnel, is a 1,600-foot-long (488 m) tunnel that passes under seven blocks of Park Avenue in Murray Hill, in the New York City borough of Manhattan. Traffic used to travel northbound from 33rd Street toward the Park Avenue Viaduct. The tunnel is under the jurisdiction of the New York City Department of Transportation. It is designed to carry one lane of northbound car traffic from East 33rd Street to East 40th Street. From 40th Street north, traffic must follow the Park Avenue Viaduct around Grand Central Terminal to 46th Street. The vertical clearance is 8 ft 11 in (2.72 m).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sewer alligator</span> Urban legend

The sewer alligator is an urban legend centered around alligators that live in sewers outside alligators' native range. Some cities that sewer alligators have supposedly been found are New York City and Paris. Accounts of fully grown sewer alligators are unproven, but small alligators are sometimes rescued from sewers. Stories date back to the late 1920s and early 1930s; in most instances they are part of contemporary legend.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Combined sewer</span> Sewage collection system of pipes and tunnels designed to also collect surface runoff

A combined sewer is a type of gravity sewer with a system of pipes, tunnels, pump stations etc. to transport sewage and urban runoff together to a sewage treatment plant or disposal site. This means that during rain events, the sewage gets diluted, resulting in higher flowrates at the treatment site. Uncontaminated stormwater simply dilutes sewage, but runoff may dissolve or suspend virtually anything it contacts on roofs, streets, and storage yards. As rainfall travels over roofs and the ground, it may pick up various contaminants including soil particles and other sediment, heavy metals, organic compounds, animal waste, and oil and grease. Combined sewers may also receive dry weather drainage from landscape irrigation, construction dewatering, and washing buildings and sidewalks.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mine exploration</span> Hobby of visiting abandoned mines

Mine exploration is a hobby in which people visit abandoned mines, quarries, and sometimes operational mines. Enthusiasts usually engage in such activities for the purpose of exploration and documentation, sometimes through the use of surveying and photography. In this respect, mine exploration might be considered a type of amateur industrial archaeology. In many ways, however, it is closer to caving, with many participants actively interested in exploring both mines and caves. Mine exploration typically requires equipment such as helmets, head lamps, Wellington boots, and climbing gear.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Freedom Tunnel</span> Railroad tunnel in Manhattan, New York

The Freedom Tunnel is a railroad tunnel carrying the West Side Line under Riverside Park in Manhattan, New York City. Used by Amtrak trains to and from Pennsylvania Station, it got its name because the graffiti artist Chris "Freedom" Pape used the tunnel walls to create some of his most notable artwork. The name may also be a reference to the former shantytowns built within the tunnel by homeless populations seeking shelter and freedom to live rent-free and unsupervised by law enforcement. The tunnel runs approximately 2.6 miles (4.2 km), from 72nd Street to 124th Street.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Joseph Konopka</span> American terrorist

Joseph Konopka, better known by his self-invented alias Dr. Ch@os, is an American citizen who served 16 years of a 20-year prison sentence for arson, vandalism, and possessing chemical weapons. In 2003 in Illinois, he pleaded guilty to chemical weapons possession for storing cyanide in a disused Chicago subway storage room and was sentenced to 13 years.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bradley Garrett</span> American social and cultural geographer

Bradley Garrett is an American researcher of social geography and cultural geography, writer, and photographer. Garrett lives in Morongo Valley, California, on a 5-acre ranch once owned by western movie star Rory Calhoun. He also has a "bug out" cabin in Big Bear Lake, California that was featured in an episode of 60 Minutes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rooftopping</span> Climbing of rooftops and other high objects

Rooftopping, sometimes called roofing, refers to the unsecured ascent of rooftops, cranes, antennas, bell towers, smokestacks, or other tall structures, usually illegally. Rooftoppers usually take photos or videos of their climbs.

Steve Duncan is an urban explorer based in New York City. He has extensively explored the New York City sewer system and other tunnels in the New York City area such as the New York City Subway System and Amtrak tunnels that run through the city. Steve has also explored sewers and underground infrastructure around the world. He has explored sewers and tunnels beneath Paris, London, Milan, Rome, Naples, Stockholm, Berlin, Moscow, Montreal, Toronto, Chicago and Los Angeles. He also hosted a television show on The Discovery Channel in 2005. The show aired for five episodes and has since occasionally been aired in syndication.

URBEX – Enter At Your Own Risk is an eight-part original series that launched globally on Red Bull TV on August 1, 2016. Urbex is a documentary series that chronicles the motivations, mindsets and adventures of today's new type of explorers, Urban Explorers, who explore areas above, around and below the world's most famous cities, climbing cranes and bridges, descending into subway networks, infiltrating monuments to industry and commerce old and new. Urbex stands for Urban Exploration. The series was filmed in locations across the world including Moscow, Melbourne, Malaysia, Mumbai, Copenhagen, Kazakhstan, Dubai, Toronto, Marseille and Bulgaria with some of the world's most famous urban explorers like Oleg Cricket and Ontheroofs' Vitaliy Raskalov and Vadim Makhorov. The series was promoted with digital enhancement 360-degree videos.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Underground construction</span> Field of engineering for the design and construction of structures below the ground

Underground construction refers to the construction of underground tunnels, shafts, chambers, and passageways, it is also sometimes used to describe the portion of traditional construction that takes place below grade.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Subterranean New York City</span> Area beneath the surface level of New York City

Subterranean New York City relates to the area beneath the surface level of New York City; the natural features, man-made structures, spaces, objects, and cultural creation and experience. Like other subterranea, the underground world of New York City has been the basis of TV series, documentaries, artwork, and books.

References

  1. ↑ Ninjalicious (2005). Access All Areas: A User's Guide to the Art of Urban Exploration. Infilpress. p. 223. ISBN   9780973778700 . Retrieved 29 August 2022.
  2. ↑ Nestor, James (19 August 2007). "The Art of Urban Exploration". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 20 June 2008.
  3. ↑ Stevenson, Seth (15 October 2000). "Forgive us our tresspasses". The Independent . London. p. 105. Retrieved 31 August 2022.
  4. ↑ Lyons, Sheridan (6 July 1981). "Storm drains vital for a rainy day, but at times they're overwhelmed". The Baltimore Sun . p. 32. Retrieved 29 August 2022.
  5. ↑ Scott, Michael (1 March 1993). "Hacking the Material World". Wired . Vol. 1, no. 3. Retrieved 29 August 2022.
  6. ↑ Lipin, David (January 1997). "Circling the Drain". Los Angeles . Vol. 42, no. 1. p. 18. Retrieved 29 August 2022.
  7. ↑ Gakuran, Michael (23 March 2010). "The Hazards of Haikyo and Urban Exploration" . Retrieved 21 June 2011.
  8. ↑ "Haikyo: Abandoned Treasure". Weekender. May 2010. Retrieved 18 November 2010.
  9. ↑ "Zeljava Airbase". Atlas Obscura . Retrieved 27 April 2017.
  10. ↑ "Underground Aircraft Dispersal Bihac Airfield, Yugoslavia 44-50N 015-47E" (PDF). National Photographic Interpretation Center . 17 June 1968. Retrieved 28 July 2022– via nsarchive2.gwu.edu.
  11. ↑ "Zeljava-jna_jedinice" . Retrieved 27 April 2017.
  12. ↑ Shevchenko, Vitaly (11 February 2014). "The urban explorers of the ex-USSR". BBC. Retrieved 12 February 2014.
  13. ↑ Paris Underground Map (Map). Michel-Eugène Lefébure de Fourcy. 1841.
  14. ↑ Water, Municipal Sewer and (22 June 2020). "How to Keep Sewer Workers Safe". Municipal Sewer and Water. Retrieved 9 December 2022.
  15. ↑ Mele, Christopher (27 July 2020). "Urban Explorers Give Modern Ruins a Second Life". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved 16 August 2020.
  16. ↑ "Urban explorers risking lives and arrest for social media glory, say experts". the Guardian. 18 March 2016. Retrieved 9 December 2022.
  17. ↑ "Urban exploration - Richard Shepherd photographs derelict buildings in the North East and further afield". BBC Tyne, Broadcasting Centre. 20 August 2008. Retrieved 23 April 2014.
  18. ↑ "Urban exploration: the threat to business". City Security Magazine. 17 April 2020. Retrieved 9 December 2022.
  19. 1 2 3 4 5 Batz, Bob Jr. (7 September 2003). "Urban explorers dare to investigate seldom-seen Pittsburgh sites". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved 20 June 2008.
  20. ↑ "Edge walkers: police call for end to 'rooftopping' before it's too late | Globalnews.ca". Global News. 7 November 2015. Retrieved 10 December 2022.
  21. ↑ Owen, Mary (5 December 2004). "Abandoned beauties: Urban explorers find adventure in ruins of old buildings". U-T San Diego . Retrieved 27 July 2009.
  22. ↑ Reinhart, Anthony. "Urban explorer pays for his hobby with his life" . Retrieved 1 December 2022.
  23. ↑ "Woodbury man dies after being swept into river while exploring". RiverTown News. 26 April 2009. Archived from the original on 8 July 2021. Retrieved 27 September 2020.
  24. ↑ Heron Marquez Estrada (26 April 2009). "Man dies, another rescued in drama along Mississippi River". Star Tribune. Archived from the original on 8 July 2021. Retrieved 27 September 2020.
  25. ↑ "In Neman, a 9-year-old boy fell from the stairs of a destroyed fortress and died". klops. 17 June 2013. Archived from the original on 25 November 2020. Retrieved 25 September 2020.
  26. ↑ "In Neman, the police found the corpse of a 9-year-old boy". new Kaliningrad. 17 June 2020. Archived from the original on 30 July 2013. Retrieved 12 September 2020.
  27. ↑ "Man exploring Brisbane city tunnels dies in heavy storm". Byron Shire News. 23 March 2015. Archived from the original on 24 November 2020. Retrieved 27 September 2020.
  28. ↑ "Man exploring Brisbane city tunnels dies in heavy storm". The Courier Mail. 23 March 2015. Archived from the original on 7 July 2021. Retrieved 7 July 2021.
  29. ↑ Noble-Werner, Baptiste (15 January 2017). "Lyon: Since the disappearance of Maxime, tributes have multiplied on the networks". 20minutes. Archived from the original on 12 November 2020. Retrieved 27 September 2020.
  30. ↑ "Man taking photos falls 14 stories to his death at Chicago hotel" . Retrieved 1 December 2022.
  31. ↑ Scotti, Ariel. "Urban explorer who died while photographing Philadelphia storm drain remembered as 'bando queen'" . Retrieved 1 December 2022.
  32. ↑ Zabailovich, Julia (5 August 2019). ""One brick collapsed": details of the death of a teenager who crashed at Moscow". e1.ru. Archived from the original on 7 March 2021. Retrieved 9 June 2020.
  33. ↑ "In Yekaterinburg, a teenager crashed to death by falling from the roof of a one-story building". e1.ru. 3 August 2019. Archived from the original on 8 July 2021. Retrieved 9 June 2020.
  34. ↑ Smith, Daniel (2 August 2020). "'I cannot let him die in vain' Mum pays tribute to 'urban explorer' son who died after falling from roof". WalesOnline . Archived from the original on 7 August 2020. Retrieved 13 September 2020.
  35. ↑ Ningthoujam, Natalia. "34-Year-Old Russian YouTuber Falls To Death From Fire Escape While Shooting Video" . Retrieved 1 December 2022.
  36. ↑ "Meet the rooftoppers: the urban outlaws who risk everything to summit our cities". The Guardian . 17 February 2015.
  37. ↑ Lucy Ash, Article in "BBC News" March 23, 2017
  38. ↑ "Afraid of heights? You'll still want to watch this". Red Bull. Retrieved 11 February 2017.
  39. 1 2 "The Hong Kong urban adventurers for whom nothing is too tall, or deep, or spooky". South China Morning Post. 14 April 2016. Retrieved 11 February 2017.
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  41. ↑ Ives, Mike (7 February 2017). "Using Stealth, and Drones, to Document a Fading Hong Kong". The New York Times. Retrieved 11 February 2017.
  42. ↑ Harris, Jesse (30 January 2015). The Practical Guide to Ingress: What you really need to know without the extraneous junk. Jesse Harris. Retrieved 11 February 2017.
  43. ↑ "Why Pokémon Go will surprise you in your own city". Newsweek. 19 July 2016. Retrieved 11 February 2017.
  44. ↑ "Pokémon Go - A New Avenue for Urban Exploration » CSBE". Center for the Study of the Built Environment. Archived from the original on 12 February 2017. Retrieved 11 February 2017.
  45. ↑ Walker, Alissa (13 November 2014). "5 Apps That Help You Find Your City's Hidden Gems". Gizmodo. Retrieved 12 February 2017.
  46. ↑ "Abandoned App Leads You to Local Urban Exploration Sites". WebUrbanist. 26 February 2013. Retrieved 12 February 2017.

Further reading

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