Astana

Last updated

Astana
Астана
Capital city and city of republican significance
Central Downtown Astana 2.jpg
Astana DSC04362 (7711355642).jpg
Central Downtown Astana 1.jpg
Nazarbayev University.JPG
L.N.Gumilyov Eurasian National University.JPG
Astana SAM 0056 (15120213712).jpg
Left to right, from the top:
Downtown Astana with Baiterek tower, Ishim River, Nurjol Boulevard, Nazarbayev University, L. N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, and Astana Opera
Flag of Astana, Kazakhstan (latin).svg
Flag
Emblem of Astana (latin).svg
Coat of arms
Astana

Location of Astana in Kazakhstan
Astana in Kazakhstan.svg
Kazakhstan adm location map.svg
Red pog.svg
Astana
Asia laea location map.svg
Red pog.svg
Astana
Coordinates: 51°08′50″N71°25′20″E / 51.14722°N 71.42222°E / 51.14722; 71.42222
Country Flag of Kazakhstan.svg Kazakhstan
Founded8th century (as Bozok) [1]
1830 (modern settlement)
Government
 • Type Mayor–Council
 • Body City Mäslihat
 •  Äkim Zhenis Kassymbek [2]
Area
 • City proper
810.2 km2 (312.8 sq mi)
Elevation
347 m (1,138 ft)
Population
 (1 December 2023) [3]
 • City proper
1,423,726 [4]
 • Density1,760/km2 (4,550/sq mi)
 •  Metro
[5]
1,550,000
GDP
[6]
 • City proper KZT 10,672 billion
US$ 23.1 billion (2022)
 • Per capitaKZT 8,053,900
US$ 17,443 (2022)
Time zone UTC+05:00 (Kazakhstan Time)
 • Summer (DST)(Not Observed)
Postal code
010000–010015 [7]
Area code 7172 [8]
HDI (2024)0.820 [9]
high · 5th
License plate 01, Z
Website www.gov.kz/memleket/entities/astana OOjs UI icon edit-ltr-progressive.svg

Astana, [a] formerly known as Nur-Sultan, Akmolinsk, Tselinograd, and Akmola, [14] is the capital city of Kazakhstan.

Contents

The city lies on the banks of the Ishim River in the north-central part of Kazakhstan, within the Akmola Region, though administered as a city with special status separately from the rest of the region. A 2022 official estimate reported a population of 1,350,228 within the city limits, making it the second-largest city in the country, after Almaty, which had been the capital until 1997. [3] The city became the capital of Kazakhstan in 1997; since then it has grown and developed economically into one of the most modern cities in Central Asia. [15] [16] In 2021, the government selected Astana as one of the 10 priority destinations for tourist development. [17]

Modern Astana is a planned city, following the process of other planned capitals. [16] After it became the capital of Kazakhstan, the city dramatically changed shape with its master-plan designed by Japanese architect Kisho Kurokawa. [16] As the seat of the government of Kazakhstan, Astana is the site of the Parliament House, Supreme Court, Ak Orda Presidential Palace and numerous government departments and agencies. It is home to a range of futuristic buildings, including many skyscrapers. [18] [19] [20]

Names

The settlement of Akmoly was founded in 1830, possibly named after a local landmark—Ақ мола literally means white grave in Kazakh—although this theory is not universally accepted. [1] In 1832, it was granted town status and renamed Akmolinsk. [1] In 1961, under Nikita Khrushchev, it was renamed Tselinograd, Russian for "City of Virgin Lands". [21] In 1991, following Kazakhstan's independence, the name was changed to Akmola. [21]

In December 1997, the city replaced Almaty as the capital of Kazakhstan, and in May 1998, it was renamed Astana, which means "capital city" in Kazakh. [22] In March 2019, the capital was renamed to Nur-Sultan ( /ˌnʊərsʊlˈtɑːn/ ; [10] Kazakh : Нұр-Сұлтан / Nūr-Sūltan [ˌnʊrsʊɫˈtɑn] ) in honor of the long-ruling President Nursultan Nazarbayev, shortly after his resignation. [23] [24] In September 2022, President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev signed a constitutional amendment to revert to the name Astana. [25] [26] As of 2022, it holds the Guinness World Record for the capital city with the most name changes in modern times. [21]

History

Middle Ages (8th to 18th centuries)

Many centuries ago, the Bozok settlement was located on the territory of modern Astana. It was a military fortress of the Steppe section of the Great Silk Road. The etymology of the Turkic word "Boz" carries several meanings such as 'untouched earth', 'virgin soil' and 'feather grass'. It was a large settlement of the 12-14th centuries. At present, Astana is expanding to the territory of ancient Bozok. [27]

Early years (1830–1918)

The settlement of Akmoly was established on the Ishim River in 1830 [28] : 19  as the seat of an okrug. In 1832, the settlement was granted town status and named Akmolinsk. [1] The advantages of the position of the town were clear as early as 1863. It describes how picket roads and lines[ definition needed ] connected this geographic center to Kargaly in the East, Aktau Fort in the South and through Atbasar to Kokshetau in the West. In 1838, at the height of the great national and liberation movement headed by Kenesary Khan, the Akmolinsk Fortress was burned. [29] After the repression of the liberation movement, the fortress was rebuilt. On 16 July 1863, Akmolinsk was officially declared an uyezd town. [30]

In 1869, Akmolinsk's external district and department were cancelled, and Akmolinsk became the center of the newly established Akmolinsk Oblast.[ citation needed ] In 1879, Major General Dubelt proposed to build a railway between Tyumen and Akmolinsk to the Ministry of Communications of Russia. [ citation needed ] In the course of the first 30 years of its existence, the population of Akmola numbered a trifle more than 2,000 people. However, over the next 30 years the city's population increased by three times according to volosts and settlements of the Akmolinsk Oblast. In 1893, Akmolinsk was an uyezd with a 6,428 strong population, 3 churches, 5 schools and colleges and 3 factories.[ citation needed ]

Soviet era (1918–1991)

During World War II, Akmolinsk served as a route for the transport of engineering tools and equipment from evacuated plants in the Ukrainian SSR, Byelorussian SSR, and Russian SFSR located in the oblasts of the Kazakh SSR. Local industries were appointed to respond to war needs, assisting the country to provide the battle and home fronts with all materials needed. In the post-war years, Akmolinsk became a beacon of economic revival in the west of the Soviet Union ruined by the war. Additionally, many Russian-Germans were resettled here after being deported under Joseph Stalin's rule. [31]

In 1954, Northern Kazakh SSR oblasts became a territory of the Virgin Lands Campaign, in order to turn the region into a second grain producer for the Soviet Union. [32] [33] In December 1960, Central Committee made a resolution to create the Tselinniy Krai, which comprised five regions of the Northern Kazakh SSR oblasts. [34] Akmolinsk Oblast was ceased to exist as a separate administrative entity. [34] Its districts were directly subordinated to the new krai administration, and Akmolinsk became the krai capital, as well as the administrative seat of the new Virgin Lands economic region. [34] On 14 March 1961, Khrushchev suggested the city should have a name corresponding to its role in the Virgin Lands Campaign. [35] On 20 March 1961, the Supreme Soviet of the Kazakh SSR renamed Akmolinsk to Tselinograd. [35] On 24 April 1961, the region was reconstituted as Tselinograd Oblast. [34] In the 1960s, Tselinograd was completely transformed. In 1963, work on the first three new high-rise housing districts began. [36] In addition, the city received a number of new monumental public buildings, including the Virgin Lands Palace, a Palace of Youth, a House of Soviets, a new airport, and several sports venues. [37] In 1971, the Tselinniy Krai was abolished and Tselinograd became the oblast's new capital.[ citation needed ]

Contemporary era (1991–present)

After the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the consequent independence of Kazakhstan, the city's original name was restored in the modified form Akmola. [1] On 6 July 1994, the Supreme Council of Kazakhstan adopted the decree "On the transfer of the capital of Kazakhstan". [38] After the capital of Kazakhstan was moved from Almaty to Akmola on 10 December 1997, the city was consequently renamed Astana in 1998. [39] On 10 June 1998, Astana was presented as the capital internationally. [40] Due to several determined advantages, Astana was chosen as the capital: large urban areas, favorable geographical position, proximity to the major economic centers of the region, considerable demographic capacity, good transportation facilities, and a relatively favorable climate. [41] On 16 July 1999, Astana was awarded the medal and title of the City of Peace by UNESCO. [38]

In March 2019, the Kazakhstani government renamed the city Nur-Sultan to honour the country's outgoing long-term authoritarian president, Nursultan Nazarbayev. [42] In September 2022, after a number of controversies and unrest resulting in Nazarbayev's resignation from the Security Council of Kazakhstan, the name of the capital was changed back to Astana. [43]

Geography

Satellite image of Astana and vicinities Astana (Kazakhstan), satellite image 2017-07-24.jpg
Satellite image of Astana and vicinities

Astana is almost 1,000 km (620 mi) from the country's largest city and former capital, Almaty. The nearest big cities are Karaganda (200 km [120 mi]) and Omsk in Russia (450 km [280 mi]).[ citation needed ]

Topography

Astana is located in central Kazakhstan on the Ishim River in a very flat, semi-arid steppe region which covers most of the country's territory. It is at 51° 10' north latitude and 71° 26' east longitude. The city encompasses 722.0 square kilometres (278.8 sq mi). The elevation of Astana is 347 metres (1,138 ft) above sea level. Astana is in a spacious steppe landscape, in the transitional area between the north of Kazakhstan and the extremely thinly settled national centre, because of the Ishim River. The older boroughs lie north of the river, whilst the new boroughs are located south of the Ishim.[ citation needed ]

Time

The time offset from the UTC used by Astana is 5 hours ahead of UTC, or UTC+5:00.

Climate

Astana is the second-coldest national capital in the world after Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, a position formerly held by Canada's capital, Ottawa, until Astana attained capital city status in 1997. [44] [45] Astana has an extreme continental climate with warm summers (featuring occasional brief rain showers) and long, very cold, dry winters. Summer temperatures occasionally reach 35 °C (95 °F) while −30 to −35 °C (−22 to −31 °F) is not unusual between mid-December and early March. Typically, the city's river is frozen over between the second week of November and the beginning of April. Astana has a well-deserved reputation among Kazakhs for its frequent high winds, the effects of which are felt particularly strongly on the fast-developing but relatively exposed Left Bank area of the city.

Overall, Astana has a humid continental climate classification in Köppen scheme (Dfb). [46] The average annual temperature in Astana is 3.9 °C (39.0 °F). January is the coldest month with an average temperature of −14.5 °C (5.9 °F) and record lowest is in January 1893's cold wave reaching temperatures down to −51.6 °C (−60.9 °F). [47] July is the hottest month with an average temperature of 20.6 °C (69.1 °F). [47]

Climate data for Astana (1991–2020, extremes 1881–present)
MonthJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecYear
Record high °C (°F)5.0
(41.0)		8.2
(46.8)		22.1
(71.8)		29.7
(85.5)		36.1
(97.0)		40.1
(104.2)		41.6
(106.9)		38.7
(101.7)		36.2
(97.2)		26.7
(80.1)		18.5
(65.3)		5.2
(41.4)		41.6
(106.9)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)−10.3
(13.5)		−8.8
(16.2)		−1.5
(29.3)		12.2
(54.0)		20.9
(69.6)		25.8
(78.4)		26.6
(79.9)		25.5
(77.9)		18.9
(66.0)		10.4
(50.7)		−1.3
(29.7)		−8.0
(17.6)		9.2
(48.6)
Daily mean °C (°F)−14.5
(5.9)		−13.6
(7.5)		−6.0
(21.2)		6.5
(43.7)		14.5
(58.1)		19.6
(67.3)		20.6
(69.1)		19.1
(66.4)		12.6
(54.7)		5.0
(41.0)		−5.2
(22.6)		−12.0
(10.4)		3.9
(39.0)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)−18.7
(−1.7)		−18.0
(−0.4)		−10.4
(13.3)		1.2
(34.2)		8.2
(46.8)		13.4
(56.1)		14.9
(58.8)		13.0
(55.4)		6.8
(44.2)		0.5
(32.9)		−8.7
(16.3)		−16.0
(3.2)		−1.2
(29.8)
Record low °C (°F)−51.6
(−60.9)		−48.9
(−56.0)		−37.2
(−35.0)		−27.8
(−18.0)		−10.8
(12.6)		−1.5
(29.3)		2.3
(36.1)		−2.2
(28.0)		−8.2
(17.2)		−25.3
(−13.5)		−39.2
(−38.6)		−43.5
(−46.3)		−51.6
(−60.9)
Average precipitation mm (inches)18
(0.7)		17
(0.7)		20
(0.8)		22
(0.9)		33
(1.3)		40
(1.6)		56
(2.2)		31
(1.2)		21
(0.8)		26
(1.0)		29
(1.1)		25
(1.0)		338
(13.3)
Average extreme snow depth cm (inches)19
(7.5)		23
(9.1)		19
(7.5)		1
(0.4)		0
(0)		0
(0)		0
(0)		0
(0)		0
(0)		0
(0)		4
(1.6)		13
(5.1)		23
(9.1)
Average rainy days225915131513121073106
Average snowy days252319610.100171824124
Average relative humidity (%)78777964545359575968807967
Mean monthly sunshine hours 103147192238301336336294230136100942,507
Mean daily sunshine hours 3.35.26.27.99.711.210.89.57.74.43.33.06.9
Source 1: Pogoda.ru.net [47]
Source 2: NOAA (sun, 1961–1990), [48] Deutscher Wetterdienst (daily sun 1961-1990) [49]

Demographics

Historical population
YearPop.±%
1989281,252—    
1999326,900+16.2%
2002493,100+50.8%
2010649,139+31.6%
2016872,655+34.4%
20201,136,008+30.2%

Population

As of January 2020, the population of Astana is 1,136,008; [3] more than double the 2002 population of 493,000. [50]

As of 2018, ethnic Kazakhs made up 80.6% of the city population, representing a significant increase from only 17% at the time of the country's independence. [51]

Ethnic groups (2020): [52]

In 1989, Tselinograd had a population of 281,000. The ethnic mix was about 17.7% Kazakh, 54.1% Russian and 28.2% other ethnic groups. [53]

By 2007, Astana's population had more than doubled since becoming the capital, to over 600,000, and it topped 1 million in 2017. Migrant workers—legal and illegal—have been attracted from across Kazakhstan and neighbouring states such as Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan, and Astana is a magnet for young professionals seeking to build a career. [54]

Religion

Religion in Astana (2021) [55]
ReligionPercent
Islam
 
78.48%
Christianity
 
10.99%
Other religions
 
0.30%
Atheism
 
2.31%
Undeclared
 
7.92%

Islam and Christianity (primarily Russian Orthodoxy, Roman Catholicism, and Protestantism) are the predominant religions of the city. Other religions practiced are Judaism, Lutheranism, and Buddhism. [56]

Astana Grand Mosque is the largest mosque in Central Asia Grand Mosque in Astana, Kazakhstan.jpg
Astana Grand Mosque is the largest mosque in Central Asia

The Palace of Peace and Reconciliation was specially constructed in 2006 to host the Congress of Leaders of World and Traditional Religions. It contains accommodations for different religions: Judaism, Islam, Christianity, Buddhism, Hinduism, Taoism and other faiths.

Central Asia's largest mosque, as well as Central Asia's largest synagogue are found in Astana. [57]

Metropolitan area

The metropolitan area centered upon Astana includes the Arshaly, Shortandy, Tselinograd and (partially) Akkol districts of Akmola Region. The area contains 1.2 million people. [5]

Economy

KazMunayGas headquarters KazMunayGaz in Astana Kazakhstan.jpg
KazMunayGas headquarters

Astana's economy is based on trade, industrial production, transport, communication and construction. The city's industrial production is mainly focused on producing building materials, foodstuff and mechanical engineering.

Astana is a major hub of the Belt and Road Initiative, including for financial services and legal services connected to BRI projects. [58] : 44 

Astana is the leader in the CIS region on Global Financial Centers Index rank in 2022. [59]

The Astana International Financial Center (AIFC) opened in July 2018 to become a hub for financial services in Central Asia. [60]

Astana is the headquarters of state-owned corporations such as Samruk-Kazyna, Kazakhstan Temir Zholy, KazMunayGas, KazTransOil, Kazatomprom, KEGOC, Kazpost and Kazakhtelecom.

The shift of the capital has given it a powerful boost to Astana's economic development. The city's high economic growth rate has attracted numerous investors. In the 16 years since Astana became the capital, the volume of investments has increased by almost 30 times, the gross regional product has increased by 90 times, [61] and industrial output has increased by 11 times. The city's Gross Regional Product makes up about 8.5 per cent of the republic's Gross domestic product. [62]

The Astana – New City special economic zone was established in 2001 to help develop industry and increase the attractiveness of the city to investors. [63] The SEZ plans to commission five projects worth 20 billion KZT (around $108 million) in the Industrial Park No. 1 in 2015. [63] The projects include construction of a plant for production of diesel engines, a fast food complex, temporary storage warehouses and a business center, a furniture factory, and production of military and civil engineering machinery. [63] The new Astana International Financial Centre opened in July 2018.

Astana's administration is promoting the development of small and medium-sized businesses through the cooperation of the Sovereign Welfare Fund Samruk-Kazyna and National Economic Chamber. Support is provided by a special programme of crediting. [64] As a result, the number of small and medium-sized businesses increased by 13.7% to over 96,000 compared to the previous year as of 1 July 2015. [65] In addition, the number of people employed in small and medium-sized business increased by 17.8% to over 234,000 people as of 1 April 2015. [65]

Astana was included in the list of top 21 intelligent communities of the world, according to the report released by the Intelligent Community Forum in October 2016. The rating list includes the cities, regions and communities which use digital instruments for the construction of local economy and society. [66]

In 2018, Astana attracted more than three trillion tenge (US$7.91 billion) in foreign direct investment, a record amount for the city. The growth was achieved due to a large number of construction projects. [67]

Tourism becomes one of the factors that drive economic growth in the city. Astana is among the top ten most attractive tourist cities in the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). [68]

Diplomacy platform

Astana has become a platform for high-profile diplomatic talks and summits on critical global issues. Astana has hosted multiple rounds of talks between the Syrian Arab Republic government led by Bashar al-Assad and Syrian opposition. [69] The 12th Ministerial Conference of the World Trade Organization (WTO) was originally scheduled to take place in June 2020 in then Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan, but was postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. In May 2020, WTO members discussed Kazakhstan's offer to reschedule the conference to June 2021 but postponed taking a decision due to the ongoing pandemic. In April 2021, members agreed that MC12 would take place in Geneva from 30 November to 3 December. [70] Since 2003, Astana has hosted the Congress on World and Traditional Religions, which is a diverse gathering of religious leaders to discuss religious harmony and ending terrorism and extremism. [71]

Cityscape

The National Concert hall Downtown Astana With The National Concert Hall (6246435844).jpg
The National Concert hall

Astana is subdivided into four districts. Almaty District was created on 6 May 1998 by presidential decree. The district's territory encompasses an area of 21,054 hectares (52,030 acres; 81.29 square miles) with a population of 375,938 people. The district has five villages. Yesil District, which is also called left bank of the city, was created on 5 August 2008 by presidential decree. The district's territory encompasses an area of 31,179 ha (77,040 acres; 120.38 sq mi) with a population of 119,929 people. Saryarka District was created on 6 May 1998 by presidential decree. The district's territory encompasses an area of 19,202 ha (47,450 acres; 74.14 sq mi) with a population of 339,286 people. Baykonyr District was created on 16 March 2018 by presidential decree. The district's territory encompasses an area of 18,129 ha (44,800 acres; 70.00 sq mi) with a population of 233 351 people.

In April 1998, the Government of Kazakhstan asked architects and urban planners of international renown to participate in a design competition for the new capital. On 6 October 1998, Japanese architect Kisho Kurokawa was awarded the First Prize. [72] Kurokawa's proposal aimed to preserve and redevelop the existing city, and create a new city at the south and the east sides of the Ishim River, enabling the Symbiosis of the History and the Future. [72]

North of the railway line, which crosses Astana in an east–west direction, are industrial and poorer residential areas. Between the railway line and the Ishim river is the city centre, where at present intense building activity is occurring. To the west and east are more elevated residential areas with parks and the new area of government administration to the south of the Ishim River. Here many large building projects are under way; for example, the construction of a diplomatic quarter, and government buildings. By 2030, these quarters are to be completed. Astana's chief planner, Vladimir Laptev, wants to build a Berlin in a Eurasian style. He has stated that a purely administrative capital such as Canberra is not one of his goals.

Two of the most significant structures in Asatana's developing urban landscape are the Palace of Peace and Reconciliation and the Khan Shatyr Entertainment Center. [28] : 20  Their architectural styles are intended to echo features of the nomadic empires that shaped the history of the Eurasian steppes. [28] : 20 

Central Downtown Astana pamorama.jpg
Panoramic view of the governmental headquarters

Sport

Astana Arena, opened in 2009 Astana Arena (inside interior).JPG
Astana Arena, opened in 2009
Barys Arena in 2015 Barys Arena.jpg
Barys Arena in 2015

The city has a variety of sports teams. The major association football team is the FC Astana of the Kazakhstan Premier League. Founded in 2009, the FC Astana won six league titles, three Kazakh Cups and five Kazakh Super Cups. [73] Their home stadium is the Astana Arena, which also serves as a home for the Kazakhstan national football team and the FC Bayterek. The FC Bayterek is a member of the Kazakhstan First Division. They were founded in 2012, to develop youth football. [74] The FC Astana-1964 is based in the Kazhymukan Munaitpasov Stadium and plays in the Astana Municipal Football League. The club's most successful years were 2000s, when they won 3 league titles.

Astana is home to several professional ice hockey teams. The Barys Astana, a founding member of the Kontinental Hockey League in 2008 and based in the Barys Arena. [75] The Nomad Astana and HC Astana play in the Kazakhstan Hockey Championship. The Snezhnye Barsy of the Junior Hockey League is a junior team of the Barys Astana. [76] Astana annually hosts the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan's Cup ice hockey tournament. [77]

The Astana Pro Team, founded in 2007, participates in the UCI World Tour. [78] The team is one of the most successful road cycling teams of recent years, winning several grand tours. The BC Astana of the VTB United League and the Kazakhstan Basketball League is the only professional basketball team in Astana. [79] It is the most successful basketball team in Kazakhstan with three Kazakhstan Basketball League titles and four Kazakhstan Basketball Cups. [79] Its home arena is the Saryarka Velodrome, which is mainly used for track cycling events. [79] The Saryarka Velodrome hosted the UCI Track Cycling World Cup stage in 2011. [80] The Astana Presidential Sports Club was founded in 2012, to combine the main sports teams in Astana. [81] The organization is supported by Sovereign Wealth Fund Samruk-Kazyna. [82] The 2011 Asian Winter Games were partly held in the capital. The Alau Ice Palace, hosted the 2015 World Sprint Speed Skating Championships. [83] The President's Cup tennis tournament is annually held at the Daulet National Tennis Centre. [84]

The martial art palace was opened on 6 July 2019. [85] Sports facilities for five thousand spectators can take part in international competitions in boxing, wrestling, judo, weightlifting, and other Olympic and non-Olympic disciplines. The palace has a 25-meter pool, fitness and wrestling rooms, a football field, as well as a comfortable hotel. The object will be made available to the pupils of the sports school.

Education

Kazakh National University of Arts Palace of Arts Shabyt.jpg
Kazakh National University of Arts

Astana has many universities and junior colleges. As of the 2013/2014 academic year, Astana had a total enrollment of 53,561 students in its 14 higher educational institutions, a 10% increase from the prior year. [86] The L.N.Gumilyov Eurasian National University is the biggest university in Astana with 16,558 students and 1,678 academic staff. [87] It was founded as the result of merging the Akmola Civil Engineering Institute with the Akmola Pedagogical Institute on 23 May 1996. [88] The oldest university in Astana is the S. Seifullin Kazakh Agro Technical University founded in 1957. [89] Nazarbayev University is an autonomous research university founded in 2010 in partnership with some of the world's top universities. [90] The Kazakh University of Economics, Finance and International Trade is an economic institution in Astana. [91] The Kazakh Humanities and Law Institute is a law university founded by initiative of Ministry of Justice in 1994. [92] The Astana Medical University was the only medical school in Astana until the opening of the School of Medicine at Nazarbayev University in 2014. [93] The Kazakh National University of Arts is the premier music school and has provided Astana with highly qualified professional specialists in the field of Arts. [94]

Astana schools enrolls about 103,000 students across 83 schools, including 71 state schools and 12 private schools. [95] [96] The Miras International School, established 1999, was the first private high school established in Astana. [97] The Haileybury Astana school was established in 2011, as a branch of the Haileybury and Imperial Service College, an independent school in the United Kingdom. The Astana Kazakh-Turkish High Schools are run by the International KATEV foundation. There are Kazakh-Turkish High Boarding Schools for gifted boys and girls, separately and the Nurorda International School. [98] Astana hosts two Nazarbayev Intellectual Schools (NIS), including the School of Physics and Mathematics and International Baccalaureate world school. [99] The QSI International School of Astana is an international school that provides an American curriculum to its students. The school is a branch of the Quality Schools International that started in the Middle East. [100]

Transportation

City transport

City bus in Astana KZ 721 RC01 (44513246565).jpg
City bus in Astana

The city transport in Astana consists of buses and taxis. Over 720,000 people use public transport daily. [101] There are over 60 bus lines served by more than 1000 vehicles, with over 3000 people working in the public transport sector. [102] Just like buses, share taxis have their own predefined routes and work on a shared basis. There are three share taxi routes in total. [103]

Trolleybus routes were opened in 1983. There were originally 3 routes, however, by 2006, only one route was left. In 2008, the only trolleybus fleet by the special state commission was declared unprofitable due to debts to the energy supply company and as a result, it was completely closed.

AstanaBike bicycle-sharing system Velosipednaia parkovka "Astana Bike".jpg
AstanaBike bicycle-sharing system

In 2011, the Akimat of Astana established a company to implement a series of changes and programmes in the metropolis known as the "New transport system of Astana". [104] As part of these programmes, bus rapid transit (BRT) lines were opened. That same year, the construction of a light rail (LRT) was to begin. It was planned that the first stage of construction of a 16.4-kilometer line, which would've included nine stations, was planned to be completed by 1 December 2013. However, as of May 2020, construction has not started. In November 2013, President Nursultan Nazarbayev condemned the construction of LRT because of the high cost. In exchange, there was a promise to launch high-speed buses. Despite the controversy, the construction of the LRT began in 2017 with the flyovers along to which the trains will pass. After a corruption scandal in 2019, the project stagnated until 2023, when construction resumed. The LRT is set to open in 2024-25. [105]

The bicycle-sharing program AstanaBike has been operating in Astana since 2014. In 2017, the system consisted of 40 stations with 1000 bicycles. The registration in the system for a season costs 5000 tenge ($28), plus a deposit for an RFID card ($5.50), the first half-hour of bike rental is free, the next hour is 100 tenge ($0.55). After more than 4 hours, the rent costs 1000 tenge.

Air

Nursultan Nazarbayev International Airport 210720 NQZ Terminal view.jpg
Nursultan Nazarbayev International Airport

Nursultan Nazarbayev International Airport ( IATA : NQZ, ICAO : UACC), located 17 kilometres (11 mi) south-east of the city center, is the main gateway for the city's domestic and international civilian air traffic. [106] It is the second-busiest airport in Kazakhstan, with 7,500,000 passengers passing through it in 2023. [107] The airport hosts 21 airlines operating regular passenger flights inside the country and internationally. [108] Air Astana maintains its second-largest hub at the airport. [109] An expected 50% increase in passenger traffic by 2017 has spurred the construction of a new terminal with an area of about 40,000 square metres (430,000 sq ft). [110] [111]

Railway and roads

Tulpar Talgo express train to Almaty Talgo 200 Tulpar train, Astana rail terminal. Kazakhstan, 2009.JPG
Tulpar Talgo express train to Almaty

Astana is located in the centre of the country, serving as a well-positioned transport node for rail and automotive networks. [112]

Astana railway station is the city's main railway station and serves approximately 7,000 people each day. A new railway station, Nurly Zhol was built during the Expo 2017 event with a customer capacity of 12,000. Tulpar Talgo is a daily express train to Almaty. [113] Short-term plans include the construction of a new railway station in the industrial district; in the vicinity of CHPP-3 a new terminal will be erected for freight cars. [114]

M-36 Chelyabinsk-Almaty and A-343 Astana-Petropavlovsk highways are routed through the city. The strategic geographical positioning of Astana allows the city to serve as a transport and reload centre for cargoes formed at adjacent stations in the area.[ citation needed ]

River transport

Since 2008, navigation on the Esil River has been organized within the city. The Akimat of the city in the framework of the implementation of the "Shipping Esil" program created a specialized enterprise GKKP "Esil-Astana".

Expo 2017

On 1 July 2010, at the 153rd General Assembly of Bureau International des Expositions held in Paris, representatives from then-Astana presented the city's bid to host the Specialised Expo 2017. [115] [116] [117] The Kazakh concept for this exhibition relates to the impact of energy on society in the modern world. The theme of the Astana Expo was "Future Energy". [118]

Expo 2017 opened to much fanfare on 10 June 2017, with heads of state from 17 nations in attendance. It is the first world's fair to be held in Central Asia and its central pavilion, Nur Alem, is the largest spherical building in the world. The two-millionth visitor was registered on 7 August. More than 4 million people attended the event.

Sightseeing

Khan Shatyr Entertainment Center Kazakhstan P9130303 (40086847051).jpg
Khan Shatyr Entertainment Center

Theaters, concert halls, and museums

There are 27 libraries in Astana, whose services in 2011 were used by 153 people for every thousand residents, 8 state museums, which were visited by 415,500 people in 2011 and which conducted 68,514 excursions, 10 recreation parks, in 2011 1492.2 thousand visitors were received and 99 events, 6 state museums and 6 cinemas were held.

Twin towns – sister cities

Astana is twinned with: [120]

Friendly cities

Astana also cooperates with: [120]

Smart city initiative

The Smart Astana project is an initiative developed by the then-Astana city administration that incorporates technology-driven solutions in various sectors, like hospitals, schools, the ticket booking system and street lighting. [125] These projects run on an interconnected application, the Smart Astana. [125]

Astana's smart city sector includes the annual Astana Innovations Challenge, designed to bring attention to the smart city concept. [126] In addition, the world's first smart sustainable city acceleration hub is set to open in Astana. This hub was planned to integrate from 10 to 15 startup solutions into the infrastructure of Kazakhstan. [126]

See also

Footnotes

  1. ↑ /əˈstɑːnə/ ə-STAH-nə, US also /æˈstɑːnə/ a-STAH-nə, UK also /æˈstænə/ a-STAN-ə; [10] [11] [12] [13] Kazakh: Астана, IPA: [ɑstɑnɑ] ⓘ ; Russian: Астана, IPA: [ɐstɐˈna] .

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nursultan Nazarbayev</span> President of Kazakhstan from 1990 to 2019

Nursultan Abishuly Nazarbayev is a Kazakh politician who served as the first President of Kazakhstan, from the country's independence in 1991 until his formal resignation in 2019, and as the Chairman of the Security Council of Kazakhstan from 1991 to 2022.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">President of Kazakhstan</span> Head of state of Kazakhstan

The President of the Republic of Kazakhstan is the head of state of the Kazakhstan and the commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The president is the holder of the highest office within the Republic of Kazakhstan. The powers of this position are described in a special section of the Constitution of Kazakhstan.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Republican Guard (Kazakhstan)</span> Military unit

The Special Forces of the State Security Service of Kazakhstan, also known commonly and formerly as the Republican Guard of Kazakhstan is a branch of the State Security Service of Kazakhstan. It was also a former independent service branches of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The former Republican Guard and the current Special Forces of the SGO is designed for protection and defense of residence of the President of Kazakhstan in Almaty and Nur-Sultan.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nursultan Nazarbayev International Airport</span> Second-busiest airport in Kazakhstan

Nursultan Nazarbayev International Airport, alternatively referred by its previous name as Astana International Airport until 2017, is the international airport serving Astana, Kazakhstan, the capital and second most populous city in the country. It is the primary aviation hub for northern Kazakhstan. Regionally, it stands as the second-busiest international air passenger gateway into Central Asia after Almaty International Airport (ALA). The airport is also the second-busiest airport in terms of total passenger traffic, air traffic movements and total cargo handled in Kazakhstan, with ~7,500,000 passengers served annually in 2023, a 25% increase compared with 2022, a new passenger record for the airport. On average, the airport handles more than 200 departures a day.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Akhmedjan Essimov</span> Kazakh politician

Ahmedjan Smagululy Essimov is a Kazakh politician who served as the chairman of Samruk-Kazyna from 2017 to 2021. Prior to that, he was the director of Expo 2017 from 2015 to 2017, akim of Almaty from 2008 to 2015, Minister of Agriculture twice from 2006 to 2008 and 2001 to 2004, Deputy Prime Minister of Kazakhstan from 2002 to 2006 and 1994 to 1996, First Deputy Prime Minister of Kazakhstan from 1996 to 1998, Acting Head of the Presidential Administration of Kazakhstan and State Secretary of Kazakhstan in 1996.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Karim Massimov</span> Former Prime Minister of Kazakhstan

Karim Qajymqanuly Massimov is a Kazakh politician who served as Prime Minister of Kazakhstan from 2007 to 2012 and again from 2014 to 2016. He was Deputy Prime Minister from 2006 to 2007 and held the positions of Minister of Economy and Budget Planning and Minister of Transport and Communications in 2001. He served as chairman of the National Security Committee from 2016 to 2022.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Amanat (political party)</span> Kazakh political party

Amanat, known as Nūr Otan until 2022, is a political party in Kazakhstan. It has been the ruling party of the country since 1999, and claimed a membership over 762,000 people in 2007. Amanat has been led by Erlan Qoşanov since 26 April 2022.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kokshetau Airport</span> International airport serving Kokshetau, Kazakhstan

Kokshetau International Airport is an international airport in Akmola Region, Kazakhstan. It is the primary international airport serving Kokshetau, and also the nearest to the Burabay National Park and Kokshetau National Park.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Assembly of People of Kazakhstan</span> Kazakh political body

The Assembly of People of Kazakhstan is a national political body in Kazakhstan consisting of delegates of the Regional Assemblies of the People. Its task is to represent the various ethnic groups that make up the Central Asian state at national level and to strengthen ethnic/religious coexistence in Kazakh society. It was established in 1995 by President Nursultan Nazarbayev, who served as assembly chairman until April 2021. The assembly is presently chaired by Kazakhstan's president Kassym-Jomart Tokayev.

Nursultan is a Kazakh male name of Arabic origin. Nur sultan can be literally translated as "radiant sultan", "the sultan of sunlight" in Arabic.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Coat of arms of Astana</span>

The coat of arms of Astana, the capital of Kazakhstan, was originally adopted on 5 June 2008, and readopted on 18 November 2022, two months after the city's old name was restored by a constitutional amendment.

Astana is the capital of Kazakhstan. Founded as Akmoly, it was once the seat of an okrug of the Russian Empire from 1830, it was granted town status and the name was modified to Akmolinsk in 1832. Although damaged during revolts in 1838, Akmolinsk continued to be a center of Russian colonial administration and to grow over the course of the 19th century.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2015 Kazakh presidential election</span> Presidential election in Kazakhstan

Snap presidential elections were held in Kazakhstan on 26 April 2015 to elect the President of Kazakhstan. This was the fifth presidential election held and second without having any formal opposition candidates. With the highest-ever nationwide turnout of 95.2%, the result was a victory for long-term incumbent President Nursultan Nazarbayev of Nur Otan who received 97.8% of the vote, the largest since 1991, thus winning a fifth term in office while his closest challenger, Turgyn Syzdyqov, received only 1.6% of the votes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Defender of the Fatherland Day (Kazakhstan)</span> National holiday in Kazakhstan

Defender of the Fatherland Day is a national holiday celebrated annually on May 7, commemorating the founding of the Armed Forces of Kazakhstan. The event is marked by military parades, fireworks and ceremonies all around the country. The holiday is perceived in society as "a men’s day" and is considered to be the Kazakh analogue to the International Women’s Day.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Akmol</span> Place in Akmola Region, Kazakhstan

Akmol, formerly Malīnovka until 2007, is a rural locality (selo) and the administrative center of Tselinograd District, Akmola Region, Kazakhstan, roughly 17 kilometres (11 mi) west of Astana. Population: 5,711 ; 4,835. As of 2012, it had a population of 5769 people. As of 2015, Zhanat Beisekeyev is the local akim (mayor).

Nurly Zhol is a US$9 billion domestic economic stimulus plan to develop and modernize roads, railways, ports, IT infrastructure, and education and civil services in the Republic of Kazakhstan. The Nurly Zhol plan was announced by Kazakhstan's President Nursultan Nazarbayev in November 2014.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Capital City Day (Kazakhstan)</span>

The Day of the Capital City of Kazakhstan is an official public holiday in Kazakhstan. It was established in 2009 and is celebrated on July 6 to celebrate the capital city of Kazakhstan, Astana. The holiday also coincides with the birthday of ex-President Nursultan Nazarbayev.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pavel Kazantsev</span> Kazakh politician (born 1960)

Pavel Olegovich Kazantsev is a Kazakh politician currently serving as the Deputy Chair of the Mazhilis since 15 January 2021 and as Mazhilis member since 2016.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Qaraqat Äbden</span> Kazakh politician, economist and writer

Qaraqat (Karakat) Jaqsylyqqyzy Äbden is a Kazakh politician, economist and writer who is a member of the Mäjilis since 2023. Prior to that, she served as a member of the Astana City Mäslihat from 2016 to 2021. Since 2013, she currently heads the Qazaq Qyzy public association as a chairwoman, "Asyl Böbek" Association of Private Preschool Organisations, as well as several nurseries in the city of Astana. Äbden is known to be an author of a controversial book You are Kazakh. Be proud!.

Qosshy is a city of regional significance and a rapidly growing southern suburb of Astana, the capital of Kazakhstan. It is located in Akmola Region and had an estimated population of 58,198 in 2024.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 Pospelov 1993, pp. 24–25.
  2. ↑ "О назначении Касымбека Ж.М." (in Russian). akorda.kz. 8 December 2022. Retrieved 8 December 2022.
  3. 1 2 3 "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 8 May 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  4. ↑ "Astana city - Statistics of the regions of the Republic of Kazakhstan - Agency for Strategic planning and reforms of the Republic of Kazakhstan Bureau of National statistics".
  5. 1 2 Жулмухаметова, Жадра (31 October 2017). "Чиновники работают над тем, чтобы уместить в Астане два миллиона человек" (in Russian). Archived from the original on 16 November 2017. Retrieved 22 January 2018.
  6. ↑ DOSM. "Department of Statistics Kazakhstan". stat.gov.kz. Archived from the original on 2 January 2024. Retrieved 1 March 2023.
  7. ↑ "Postal Code for Astana, Kazakhstan". Postal Codes Database. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 10 March 2015.
  8. ↑ "Kazakhstan Country Codes". CountryCallingCodes.com. Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 9 March 2015.
  9. ↑ "Sub-national HDI – Area Database – Global Data Lab". hdi.globaldatalab.org. Archived from the original on 23 September 2018. Retrieved 21 July 2021.
  10. 1 2 "Nursultan". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary . Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 13 May 2019.
  11. ↑ "Astana". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (5th ed.). HarperCollins. Retrieved 9 April 2019.
  12. ↑ "Astana". Collins English Dictionary . HarperCollins. Archived from the original on 13 May 2019. Retrieved 9 April 2019.
  13. ↑ "Astana" Archived 13 May 2019 at the Wayback Machine (US) and "Astana". Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020.
  14. ↑ "The Capital Has Been Officially Renamed to Astana". The Qazaqstan Monitor. 18 September 2022.
  15. ↑ Hari, Kurniawan (7 July 2017). "Astana, a city of modern structures". Jakarta Times. Archived from the original on 17 June 2018. Retrieved 17 June 2018.
  16. 1 2 3 Moore, Rowan (7 August 2010). "Astana, Kazakhstan: the space station in the steppes". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 21 February 2017. Retrieved 11 December 2016.
  17. ↑ Dauletkyzy, Adelya (16 June 2021). "Kazakhstan Selects Top 10 Tourist Destinations". The Astana Times. Archived from the original on 14 August 2021. Retrieved 27 September 2021.
  18. ↑ Myers, Steven Lee (13 October 2006). "Kazakhstan's Futuristic Capital, Complete With Pyramid" . The New York Times. Archived from the original on 19 July 2016. Retrieved 6 October 2014.
  19. ↑ Moore, Rowan (8 August 2010). "Astana, the futuristic frontier of architecture". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 9 October 2014. Retrieved 6 October 2014.
  20. ↑ Carrington, Daisy (13 July 2012). "Astana: The world's weirdest capital city". CNN. Archived from the original on 9 October 2014. Retrieved 6 October 2014.
  21. 1 2 3 "Guess which city holds the record for the most name changes?". The Economist. 1 October 2022. p. 29. Retrieved 31 October 2022.
  22. ↑ "The history of Astana". Akimat of Astana. 19 January 2013. Archived from the original on 7 October 2014. Retrieved 6 October 2014.
  23. ↑ "Astana renamed as Nur-Sultan". Kazinform. 23 March 2019. Retrieved 20 September 2022.
  24. ↑ "Nursultan, not Astana – Kazakhstan renames capital to honor Nazarbayev". Deutsche Welle. Archived from the original on 22 March 2019. Retrieved 23 March 2019.
  25. ↑ "President: Kazakhstan's capital will again be called Astana". thestar.com. 13 September 2022. Retrieved 14 September 2022.
  26. ↑ "Kazakhstan's president signs decree to rename capital city to Astana". TASS. Retrieved 17 September 2022.
  27. ↑ From Bozok to a Modern Capital: the Long Journey Astana has Made Thus Far. "From Bozok to a Modern Capital: The Long Journey Astana has Made Thus Far". e-history.kz. Retrieved 13 January 2015.
  28. 1 2 3 Curtis, Simon; Klaus, Ian (2024). The Belt and Road City: Geopolitics, Urbanization, and China's Search for a New International Order. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. ISBN   9780300266900.
  29. ↑ "Revolt of 1837—1849 under the leadership of khan Kenesary". e-history.kz. Archived from the original on 14 January 2015. Retrieved 13 January 2015.
  30. ↑ "History of Astana". e-history.kz. Archived from the original on 14 January 2015. Retrieved 13 January 2015.
  31. ↑ S. Kurmanova. "Deportation of Volga Germans to Kazakhstan: Causes and Consequences" (PDF). e-history.kz. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 January 2015. Retrieved 13 January 2015.
  32. ↑ Paul Brummell (7 September 2018). Kazakhstan. Bradt Travel Guides; Third edition. p. 71. ISBN   978-1784770921.
  33. ↑ Ian MacWilliam (20 April 1994). "In Virgin Lands, a Dream Ends". The Moscow Times. Archived from the original on 14 January 2015. Retrieved 13 January 2015.
  34. 1 2 3 4 Kozlov & Gilburd 2013, p. 293.
  35. 1 2 Khrushchev 2010, p. 739.
  36. ↑ Kozlov & Gilburd 2013, p. 295.
  37. ↑ Kozlov & Gilburd 2013, p. 296.
  38. 1 2 "Astana – the capital of the Republic of Kazakhstan". e-history.kz. Archived from the original on 23 February 2015. Retrieved 23 February 2015.
  39. ↑ "Timeline: Kazakhstan". BBC News. 31 January 2012. Archived from the original on 19 May 2009. Retrieved 24 November 2013.
  40. ↑ "Astana – the capital of the Republic of Kazakhstan". Official site of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Archived from the original on 17 March 2015. Retrieved 10 March 2015.
  41. ↑ "Nur-sultan". Archived from the original on 15 April 2021. Retrieved 2 April 2021.
  42. ↑ "Nursultan: Kazakhstan renames capital Astana after ex-president". BBC News. 20 March 2019.
  43. ↑ agencies, Staff and (14 September 2022). "Kazakhstan to change name of capital from Nur-Sultan back to Astana". the Guardian.
  44. ↑ Brian White (9 January 2013). "Ulaanbaatar is the Coldest Capital". The Mongolist. Archived from the original on 26 February 2015. Retrieved 19 February 2015.
  45. ↑ "Still the third-coldest capital, despite balmy temperatures". Canada.com. 4 January 2007. Archived from the original on 6 June 2015. Retrieved 19 February 2015.
  46. ↑ Updated Central, South, Southeast, and Eastern Asian and Siberian Map of the Köppen climate classification system.
  47. 1 2 3 "Weather and Climate-The Climate of Astana" (in Russian). Weather and Climate. Archived from the original on 8 February 2015. Retrieved 3 January 2022.
  48. ↑ "Akmola (Astana) Climate Normals 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). August 2010. Archived from the original on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 2 November 2021.
  49. ↑ "Klimatafel von Astana (Akmola, Zelinograd, Akmolinsk) / Kasachstan" (PDF). Federal Ministry of Transport and Digital Infrastructure. Retrieved 17 September 2016.
  50. ↑ "Население Астаны". www.demoscope.ru. Archived from the original on 13 January 2018. Retrieved 31 December 2017.
  51. ↑ Lillis, Joanna (20 March 2019). "Dark Shadows: Inside the Secret World of Kazakhstan". Archived from the original on 22 March 2019. Retrieved 25 November 2019.
  52. ↑ "Численность населения Республики Казахстан по отдельным этносам на начало 2020 года". Stat.kz. Archived from the original on 27 May 2020. Retrieved 3 August 2020.
  53. ↑ "Astana". Angelfire.com. Archived from the original on 8 November 2012. Retrieved 21 October 2012.
  54. ↑ "Kazakhstan's Capital Holds a Lavish Anniversary Celebration". EurasiaNet.org. 9 July 2007. Archived from the original on 13 October 2007. Retrieved 9 July 2007.
  55. ↑ "2021 жылғы Қазақстан Республикасы халқының ұлттық санағының қорытындылары" [Results of the 2021 national census of the Republic of Kazakhstan]. Archived from the original on 2 September 2022. Retrieved 11 March 2023.
  56. ↑ "Religion in Astana - Astana". www.astana-hotels.net. Archived from the original on 1 January 2018. Retrieved 31 December 2017.
  57. 1 2 Khangerey, Alua (12 August 2022). "Largest Mosque in Central Asia Opens in Nur-Sultan". The Qazaqstan Monitor.
  58. ↑ Curtis, Simon; Klaus, Ian (2024). The Belt and Road City: Geopolitics, Urbanization, and China's Search for a New International Order. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. ISBN   9780300266900.
  59. ↑ "How did Astana and Almaty Rank on Global Financial Centers Index?". The Qazaqstan Monitor. 23 September 2022. p. 1.
  60. ↑ "Kazakhstan: Staff Concluding Statement of the 2018 Article IV Mission". IMF. Archived from the original on 29 June 2018. Retrieved 28 June 2018.
  61. ↑ "Astana celebrates 16th anniversary as Kazakhstan's capital". Tengrinews.kz. 9 July 2014. Archived from the original on 19 February 2015. Retrieved 19 February 2015.
  62. ↑ "Poverty in Kazakhstan: Causes and Cures" (PDF). UNDP Kazakhstan. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 19 February 2015.
  63. 1 2 3 "Five projects to be launched in Astana industrial park this year". The Times of Central Asia. 5 February 2015. Archived from the original on 19 February 2015. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
  64. ↑ "Over 170 thousand of people involved in small and medium enterprise in Astana". Akimat of Astana. 14 March 2014. Archived from the original on 16 February 2015. Retrieved 26 January 2015.
  65. 1 2 "Number of small and medium-sized business entities grew by 13.7% in Astana". inform.kz. 14 July 2015. Archived from the original on 14 July 2015. Retrieved 14 July 2015.
  66. ↑ "The Smart21 Communities of the Year". www.intelligentcommunity.org. Archived from the original on 5 January 2017. Retrieved 4 January 2017.
  67. ↑ April 2019, Dilshat Zhussupova in Nur-Sultan on 26 (26 April 2019). "Nur-Sultan launches effort to attract another year of record foreign direct investment, says city administration". The Astana Times. Archived from the original on 9 July 2019. Retrieved 9 July 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  68. ↑ "Nur-Sultan, Almaty among 10 most popular tourist cities in CIS". astanatimes.com. 16 October 2019. Archived from the original on 24 October 2019. Retrieved 24 October 2019.
  69. ↑ "Kazakhstan's New Capital Is Growing Up Quick". Forbes. Archived from the original on 29 June 2018. Retrieved 28 June 2018.
  70. ↑ "Twelfth Ministerial Conference to take place in Geneva in late 2021". www.wto.org. World Trade Organization. 1 March 2021. Archived from the original on 1 March 2021. Retrieved 16 April 2022.
  71. ↑ "Vth Congress of Leaders of World and Traditional Religions". UNESCO. 27 July 2015. Archived from the original on 29 June 2018. Retrieved 28 June 2018.
  72. 1 2 Whyte 2000, p. 216.
  73. ↑ Достижения [Achievements] (in Russian). Astana F.C. Archived from the original on 17 August 2014. Retrieved 21 August 2014.
  74. ↑ ФК "Байтерек" – новый клуб из столицы [FC Bayterek – the new club from the capital] (in Russian). Total.kz. 30 March 2012. Archived from the original on 21 August 2014. Retrieved 21 August 2014.
  75. ↑ "Barys Astana". Kontinental Hockey League. Archived from the original on 7 October 2014. Retrieved 7 October 2014.
  76. ↑ "Snezhnye Barsy". Junior Hockey League. Archived from the original on 14 October 2014. Retrieved 7 October 2014.
  77. ↑ Paul Bartlett (8 August 2010). "Ice Comes Early for Astana Hockey Fans". Eurasianet.org. Archived from the original on 11 October 2014. Retrieved 7 October 2014.
  78. ↑ "UCI WorldTeams". Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI). Archived from the original on 30 March 2016. Retrieved 5 March 2015.
  79. 1 2 3 "History". BC Astana. Archived from the original on 9 October 2014. Retrieved 7 October 2014.
  80. ↑ "Preview: 2011 UCI Track World Cup round 1". BritishCycling.org.uk. 27 October 2011. Archived from the original on 12 October 2014. Retrieved 7 October 2014.
  81. ↑ Ilyas Omarov (4 July 2013). "Astana Presidential Sports Club Launched". The Astana Times. Archived from the original on 25 March 2015. Retrieved 21 August 2014.
  82. ↑ Paul Osborne (9 April 2014). "Astana Presidential Sports Club outlines vision to boost Kazakhstan's image". insidethegames.biz. Archived from the original on 21 August 2014. Retrieved 21 August 2014.
  83. ↑ Dmitry Lee (3 March 2015). "Alau Ice Palace Hosts World Sprint Skating Championship, Kazakh Skaters Fail to Reach Podium". The Astana Times. Archived from the original on 15 March 2015. Retrieved 5 March 2015.
  84. ↑ Nazymgul Kumyspaeva. "International President's Cup tennis tournament kicked off in Astana". KazPravda.kz. Archived from the original on 10 October 2014. Retrieved 7 October 2014.
  85. ↑ "Tokayev opened The martial palace". tengrinews.kz. 6 July 2019. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 8 May 2020.
  86. ↑ "The number of university students in Astana increased by more than 10%". Akimat of Astana. 3 March 2014. Archived from the original on 14 October 2014. Retrieved 8 October 2014.
  87. ↑ В новом учебном году в ЕНУ им. Л.Н. Гумилева будут обучаться 16 558 человек [16 558 students will study in the new academic year at the L.N.Gumilyov Eurasian National University] (in Russian). Info-Tses. 31 August 2014. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 1 December 2015.
  88. ↑ История и ЕНУ сегодня [History and ENU today] (in Russian). L.N.Gumilyov Eurasian National University. Archived from the original on 8 October 2014. Retrieved 7 October 2014.
  89. ↑ "History of the university". S.Seifullin Kazakh Agro Technical University. Archived from the original on 11 October 2014. Retrieved 7 October 2014.
  90. ↑ "History & Strategy". Nazarbayev University. Archived from the original on 12 October 2014. Retrieved 7 October 2014.
  91. ↑ "Kazakh University of Economics, Finance and International Trade (KazUEFIT)". EURASHE.eu. 20 January 2015. Archived from the original on 12 June 2015. Retrieved 11 June 2015.
  92. ↑ "History of KAZGUU". Kazakh Humanities and Law Institute. Archived from the original on 11 October 2014. Retrieved 7 October 2014.
  93. ↑ "About the University". Astana Medical University. Archived from the original on 27 March 2015. Retrieved 7 March 2015.
  94. ↑ "About us". Kazakh National University of Arts. Archived from the original on 13 October 2014. Retrieved 8 October 2014.
  95. ↑ "5 new schools open doors in Astana today". Kazinform. 1 September 2014. Archived from the original on 11 October 2014. Retrieved 7 October 2014.
  96. ↑ "13,000 to start school this year in Astana". Kazinform. 4 August 2014. Archived from the original on 11 October 2014. Retrieved 7 October 2014.
  97. ↑ "General information about school". Miras International School. Archived from the original on 13 October 2014. Retrieved 8 October 2014.
  98. ↑ "About Us". Archived from the original on 27 April 2018. Retrieved 15 February 2019.
  99. ↑ "Intellectual schools". Nazarbayev Intellectual Schools. Archived from the original on 13 October 2014. Retrieved 7 October 2014.
  100. ↑ "QSI International School of Astana". Quality Schools International (QSI). Archived from the original on 4 December 2014. Retrieved 28 November 2014.
  101. ↑ Ainur Kuramyssova (17 December 2014). "36 Buses Added to Astana's Most Popular Routes". The Astana Times. Archived from the original on 23 February 2015. Retrieved 23 February 2015.
  102. ↑ "Astana Public Transportation". world66.com. Archived from the original on 23 February 2015. Retrieved 23 February 2015.
  103. ↑ "Full list and map of current bus lines in Astana". EasyWay. Retrieved 7 January 2023.
  104. ↑ Yusup Khassiev (17 October 2012). "Astana: an advancing city in the modern age". International Association of Public Transport. Archived from the original on 23 February 2015. Retrieved 23 February 2015.
  105. ↑ "Kazakhstan splurges to get Astana light rail back on track". eurasianet. Retrieved 20 May 2024.
  106. ↑ Международный аэропорт Астаны [Astana International Airport] (in Russian). Aeroport.kz. Archived from the original on 8 November 2017. Retrieved 22 February 2015.
  107. ↑ "Passenger traffic". Astana International Airport. Archived from the original on 3 May 2014. Retrieved 16 February 2015.
  108. ↑ "General information". Astana International Airport. Archived from the original on 15 February 2015. Retrieved 16 February 2015.
  109. ↑ "No People's IPO for Air Astana in near future: Samruk Kazyna". Tengrinews.kz. 31 July 2014. Archived from the original on 16 February 2015. Retrieved 17 February 2015.
  110. ↑ "Passenger traffic in Astana airport to increase to 5 million passengers a year by 2017". Akimat of Astana. 26 February 2013. Archived from the original on 16 February 2015. Retrieved 16 February 2015.
  111. ↑ "New Passenger Terminal will be created after the Capitals Airport Reconstruction". Akimat of Astana. 6 November 2014. Archived from the original on 15 February 2015. Retrieved 16 February 2015.
  112. ↑ ""Astana" station". Kazakhstan Temir Zholy. Archived from the original on 15 February 2015. Retrieved 16 February 2015.
  113. ↑ "Kazakh-Spanish trains to become more comfortable". Tengrinews.kz. 28 January 2015. Archived from the original on 2 February 2015. Retrieved 5 March 2015.
  114. ↑ "Astana will construct new railroad station for EXPO-2017". Tengrinews.kz. 17 January 2013. Archived from the original on 4 April 2015. Retrieved 5 March 2015.
  115. ↑ "Future energy – solutions for tackling mankind's greatest challenge". BIE. Archived from the original on 11 August 2016. Retrieved 23 June 2017.
  116. ↑ "Expo2017: Future Energy and Impact on our Lives". Astana Economic Forum. Archived from the original on 23 July 2014.
  117. ↑ "Vision". expo2017astana.com. Archived from the original on 5 May 2016.
  118. ↑ "APCO Worldwide to Drive Energy Innovation Future as Chief Organizing Partner for USA Pavilion at Expo 2017". Archived from the original on 8 July 2017. Retrieved 24 July 2017.
  119. 1 2 "7 Sights to See on Your Next Visit to Nur-Sultan". The Qazaqstan Monitor.
  120. 1 2 "Международный авторитет Астаны повышают города-побратимы". inform.kz (in Russian). KazInform. 6 July 2016. Archived from the original on 12 December 2020. Retrieved 30 November 2020.
  121. ↑ "State visit of President of Turkmenistan to the Republic of Kazakhstan". mfa.gov.tm. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Turkmenistan. 18 April 2017. Archived from the original on 19 November 2020. Retrieved 30 November 2020.
  122. ↑ "About Manila: Sister Cities". City of Manila. Archived from the original on 11 June 2016. Retrieved 24 November 2016.
  123. ↑ "30 Years of Indonesia - Kazakhstan Bilateral Relations: Astana and Nusantara Forge Sister City Cooperation in Historic First". kemlu.go.id. Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Indonesia). 4 July 2023. Retrieved 13 July 2023.
  124. ↑ ""Улаанбаатар олон улсын өдөрлөг-2019" арга хэмжээ эхэллээ". ulaanbaatar.mn (in Mongolian). Ulaanbaatar. 21 October 2019. Archived from the original on 11 November 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  125. 1 2 Satubaldina, Assel (29 June 2017). "Astana moving closer to becoming smart city". The Astana Times. Archived from the original on 28 April 2018. Retrieved 27 April 2018.
  126. 1 2 Kousa, Sofia (15 August 2019). "Nur-Sultan's Startup Ecosystem's Many Opportunities". Startup Genome. Archived from the original on 1 December 2020. Retrieved 7 December 2020.

Further reading

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.