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The city originated in 1793 as a fortress built by the Cossacks, and became a trading center for southern Russia. The city sustained heavy damage in World War II but was rebuilt and renovated after the war. Krasnodar is a major economic hub in southern Russia; In 2012, Forbes named Krasnodar the best city for business in Russia. Krasnodar is home to numerous sights, including the Krasnodar Stadium. Its main airport is Krasnodar International Airport.
On December7, 1920, as a result of the October Revolution, Yekaterinodar was renamed Krasnodar (Gift of the Reds).[15] The new name consists of Krasno- (Красно- – 'red', i.e. Communist, but also archaic/poetic form of 'beautiful'); and dar (дар – 'gift').[16]
A 19th-century photograph of the Kuban Cossacks Obelisk in YekaterinodarYekaterinodar in the early 20th century
The city originated in 1793 as a military camp, then as a fortress built by the Cossacks to defend imperial borders and to assert Russian dominion over Circassia, a claim which Ottoman Turkey contested. In the first half of the 19th century, Yekaterinodar grew into a busy center of the Kuban Cossacks, gaining official town status in 1867.[17] By 1888 about 45,000 people lived in the city, which had become a vital trade center for southern Russia. In 1897 an obelisk commemorating the two-hundred-year history of the Kuban Cossacks (seen as founded in 1696) was erected in Yekaterinodar. The city was the administrative center of the Yekaterinodarsky Otdel of the Kuban Oblast.
During the Russian Civil War (1917-1922) the city changed hands several times, coming successively under the control of the Red Army and of the Volunteer Army. Many Kuban Cossacks, as committed anti-Bolsheviks, supported the White Movement. Lavr Kornilov, a White general, captured the city on April 10, 1918, only to be killed a week later when a Bolshevik artillery shell blew up the farmhouse where he had set up his headquarters. During the Soviet famine of 1932–1933 Krasnodar lost over 14% of its population.[18]
In the summer of 1943, the Soviets began trials, including of their own citizens, for collusion with the Nazis and for participation in war crimes. The first such trial took place at Krasnodar from July 14 to 17, 1943. The Krasnodar tribunal pronounced eight death sentences, which were summarily carried out in the city square in front of a crowd of about thirty thousand people.
On June 14, 1971, a bombing occurred on a bus in the city, when a homemade suitcase bomb placed near the gas tank by a mentally ill Peter Volynsky exploded. The bomb killed 10 persons and wounded 20–90 others.
Krasnodar is the largest city and capital of Krasnodar Krai by population and the second-largest by area. It is the 17th-largest city in Russia as of 2010[update] and the 13th-largest city in Russia as of 2021. It is located on the right bank of the Kuban River. It is 1300 km south of the Russian capital, Moscow. The Black Sea lies 120 km to the west.
Winters are cold and damp, with unstable snow cover. The average temperature in January, the area's coldest month, is 1°C (34°F). Weather conditions in winter vary greatly in the city; temperatures can exceed 20°C (68°F) for a few days, but temperatures below −20°C (−4°F) are not uncommon for Krasnodar as the city is not protected by mountains from cold waves. Summers are typically hot, with a July average of 24.1°C (75.4°F).
The city receives 735 millimeters (28.9in) of precipitation annually, fairly spread throughout the year. Extreme storms are rare in the Krasnodar area. Extreme temperatures have ranged from −32.9 to 40.7°C (−27.2 to 105.3°F), recorded on January11, 1940 and July30, 2000, respectively.
Climate data for Krasnodar (1991–2020, extremes 1881–present)
Per the 1897 imperial census, Krasnodar—then known as Yekaterinodar—had a population of 65,606. Of them, 34,684 (52.9%) spoke "Great Russian" (Russian), 25,112 (38.3%) "Little Russian" (Ukrainian), and 1,834 (2.8%) Armenian.[22] In 1916, Yekaterinodar had a population of 103,624, composed of 88,508 Russians (85.4%, including Little Russians), 5,963 Europeans (5.8%), 5,900 Armenians (5.7%), and other nationalities.[23]
Per the 1926 Soviet census, Krasnodar's population consisted of 82,818 Russians (51.17%), 48,511 Ukrainians (29.97%), 12,463 Armenians (7.70%), 2,948 Belarusians (1.82%), 1,746 Jews (1.08%), 1,316 Poles (0.81%), 1,105 Germans (0.68%) and 1,007 Greeks (0.62%), while 9,929 people (6.14%) belonged to other various minorities. [24] The 1939 census saw a sharp decrease of people identified as Ukrainians. Of 203,806 people living in Krasnodar, 177,579 were listed as Russians and only 8,253 as Ukrainians. The amount of Armenians also decreased to 7,867.[25]
As of the2021[update] census, the population of Krasnodar is 1,099,344 people,[26] up from 744,995 in the 2010 census.[27]
Economy
Zapadnyy okrug in Krasnodar
Krasnodar is the economic center of southern Russia. For several years, Forbes magazine named Krasnodar the best city for business in Russia.[28] The industrial sector of the city has more than 130 large and medium-sized enterprises.
The main industries of Krasnodar:
Agriculture and food industry: 42.8%
Energy sector: 13.4%
Fuel industry: 10.5%
Machine construction: 9.4%
Forestry and chemical industries: about 4%
Krasnodar is a highly developed commercial area, and has the largest annual turnover in the Southern Federal District of Russia. Retail trade turnover in 2010 reached 290 billion rubles. Per capita, Krasnodar has the highest number of malls in Russia. Note that in the crisis year 2009 turnover of Krasnodar continued to grow, while most of the cities showed a negative trend in the sale of goods.
Krasnodar has the lowest unemployment rate among the cities of the Southern Federal District at 0.3% of the total working-age population. In addition, Krasnodar holds the first place in terms of highest average salary – 21,742 rubles per capita.[29]
Tourism comprises a large part of Krasnodar's economy. There are more than 80 hotels in Krasnodar. The Hilton Garden Inn, opened in 2013, is the first world-class hotel in the city.[30]
The oldest part of the city is Krasnodar Historic Center, which consists of many historic buildings, several from the 19th century. Buildings have been preserved, restored or reconstructed, and the district is now a substantial tourist attraction.
There are several major theater venues in Krasnodar:
Krasnodar has several major museums. The Kovalenko Krasnodar Regional Art Museum, the oldest public art museum in the North Caucasus, is one of the finest.
The largest public library of the city is the Pushkin Krasnodar Regional Universal Scientific Library, founded in 1900.
Main sights
Oz Mall, the largest mall in southern RussiaShukhov'sHyperboloid Tower near Krasnodar's CircusThe Splash Fountain in KrasnodarObelisk to Red Army soldiers
Other attractions include St.Catherine's Cathedral, the State Arts Museum, a park and theater named after Maxim Gorky, the beautiful concert hall of the Krasnodar Philharmonic Society, which is considered to have some of the best acoustics in southern Russia, State Cossack Choir and the Krasnodar circus
The most interesting place in Krasnodar is Krasnaya Street (which translates as "Red, Beautiful Street"). There are situated many sights of Krasnodar. At the beginning of the street, one can see the Central Concert Hall; at the other end, one can see the Avrora cinema center. A "Triumphal Arch" is situated in the middle of Krasnaya Street.
Theater Square is home to the largest splash fountain in Europe.[31] This fountain was officially inaugurated on September25, 2011 along with an official ceremony to celebrate the City Day in Krasnodar.
Also in the city is the famous Krasnodar Park (also called Galitsky Park) — a city park located in the northeast of the center of Krasnodar in the Shkolny microdistrict, between Vostochno-Kruglikovskaya and Hero Vladislav Posadsky streets, next to the FC Krasnodar stadium. The park was built at the expense of entrepreneur Sergey Galitsky and opened on September 28, 2017. The area is 22.7 hectares. This is twice as much as the Novorossiysk forest! More than 2.5 thousand trees are planted in the park: oak, hornbeam, alder, bonsai, poplar, pine, tulip tree, maple, thuja, decorative plum.
Sports
In amateur sport shinty in Russia has its centre in Krasnodar. Several professional sports clubs are active in the city:
As in many other major cities in Russia, the primary mode of local transportation in Krasnodar is the automobile, though efforts have been made to increase the availability of alternative modes of transportation, including the construction of light railways (projected), biking paths, and wide sidewalks. Public transportation within Krasnodar consists of city buses, trolleybuses, trams, and marshrutkas (routed taxis). Trolleybuses and trams, both powered by overhead electric wires, are the main form of public transportation in Krasnodar, which does not have a metro system.
The main airline was Kuban Airlines (at Krasnodar International Airport), but it closed down in 2012 and now the main ones are Aeroflot and Rossiya Airlines. The largest hotels in the city include the Intourist, Hotel Moskva, and Hotel Platan. Krasnodar uses a 220 V/50Hz power supply with two round-pin outlets, like most European countries.
Krasnodar International Airport (Pashkovsky) international passenger terminal
Education
In Krasnodar there are 15 gymnasiums (academic secondary schools) 5 lyceums (colleges of higher education), 110 schools of general education and 20 specialized schools, as well as 7 non-state lyceums and schools.[32]
The coat of arms of Yekaterinodar was introduced in 1841 by the Cossack yesaul Ivan Chernik. The royal letter "E" in the middle is for Ekaterina II (Russian for Catherine II). It also depicts the date the city was founded, the Imperial double headed eagle (symbolizing Tsar's patronage of the Black Sea Cossacks), a bulawa of a Cossack ataman, Yekaterinodar fortress, and flags with letters "E", "P", "A", and "N" standing for Catherine II, Paul I, Alexander I and Nicholas I. Yellow stars around the shield symbolized 59 Black Sea stanitsas around the city.
Krasnodar Krai is a federal subject of Russia, located in the North Caucasus region in Southern Russia and administratively a part of the Southern Federal District. Its administrative center is the city of Krasnodar. The third most populous federal subject, the krai had a population of 5,838,273 as of the 2021 Census.
Armavir is a city in Krasnodar Krai, Russia, located on the left bank of the Kuban River. Population: 187,177 (2021 Census); 188,832 (2010 Census); 193,964 (2002 Census); 160,983 (1989 Soviet census). As of 2020, the city has a population of 188,960, while the agglomeration has a population of 207,570. Armavir is the second-largest industrial center of Krasnodar Krai, after Krasnodar.
Temryuk is a town and the administrative center of Temryuksky District in Krasnodar Krai, Russia, located on the Taman Peninsula on the right bank of the Kuban River not far from its entry into the Temryuk Bay, amid a field of mud volcanoes. The seaport of Temryuk is situated 4 kilometers (2.5 mi) from the town itself. Population: 41,413 (2020), 38,046 (2010 Census); 36,118 (2002 Census); 33,163 (1989 Soviet census); 26,600 (1975).
Slavyansk-on-Kuban is a town in Krasnodar Krai, Russia, located in the Kuban River delta. Population: 63,842 (2010 Census); 64,136 (2002 Census); 57,790 (1989 Soviet census); 56,000 (1975).
Labinsk is a town in Krasnodar Krai, Russia, located on the Bolshaya Laba River 145 kilometers (90 mi) southeast of Krasnodar and 50 kilometers (31 mi) southwest of Armavir. Population: 57,428 (2021), 59,330 (2020), 62,864 (2010 Census); 61,446 (2002 Census); 57,958 (1989 Soviet census); 53,000 (1972).
Abinsk is a town and the administrative center of Abinsky District of Krasnodar Krai, Russia, located 75 kilometers (47 mi) southwest of Krasnodar, the administrative center of the krai. Population: 39,058 (2020), 34,928 (2010 Census); 33,734 (2002 Census); 29,182 (1989 Soviet census); 23,000 (1968).
Ust-Labinsk is a town and the administrative center of Ust-Labinsky District of Krasnodar Krai, Russia.
Goryachy Klyuch is a town and a balneological resort in Krasnodar Krai, Russia, located on the Psekups River 65 kilometers (40 mi) south of Krasnodar, the administrative center of the krai. Population: 40,903 (2021 Census); 30,126 (2010 Census); 27,693 (2002 Census); 25,610 (1989 Soviet census).
Kropotkin is a town in Krasnodar Krai, Russia, located on the right bank of the Kuban River.
Novokubansky District is an administrative district (raion), one of the thirty-eight in Krasnodar Krai, Russia. As a municipal division, it is incorporated as Novokubansky Municipal District. It is located in the east of the krai. The area of the district is 1,823 square kilometers (704 sq mi). Its administrative center is the town of Novokubansk. Population: 86,311 (2010 Census); 87,478 (2002 Census); 76,275 (1989 Soviet census). The population of Novokubansk accounts for 40.4% of the district's total population.
Novokubansk is a town and the administrative center of Novokubansky District of Krasnodar Krai, Russia, located on the Kuban River. Population: 35,199 (2020), 34,880 (2010 Census); 35,400 (2002 Census); 30,201 (1989 Soviet census). The population of Novokubansk accounts for 40.4% of the district's total population.
Kurganinsk is a town and the administrative center of Kurganinsky District of Krasnodar Krai, Russia, located on the right bank of the Bolshaya Laba River 248 kilometers (154 mi) east of Krasnodar, the administrative center of the krai. Population: 48,194 people (2020), 47,970 (2010 Census); 46,618 (2002 Census); 40,763 (1989 Soviet census).
Korenovsk is a town and the administrative center of Korenovsky District of Krasnodar Krai, Russia, located on the Beysuzhyok Levy River 64 kilometers (40 mi) northeast of Krasnodar. Population: 42,418 (2020), 41,166 (2010 Census); 40,844 (2002 Census); 35,768 (1989 Soviet census).
Apsheronsky District is an administrative district (raion), one of the thirty-eight in Krasnodar Krai, Russia. As a municipal division, it is incorporated as Apsheronsky Municipal District. It is located in the south of the krai. The area of the district is 2,443.2 square kilometers (943.3 sq mi). Its administrative center is the town of Apsheronsk. Population: 98,685 (2021 Census); 98,891 (2010 Census); 95,048 (2002 Census); 86,059 (1989 Soviet census). The population of Apsheronsk accounts for 40.7% of the district's total population.
Krasnoarmeysky District is an administrative district (raion), one of the thirty-eight in Krasnodar Krai, Russia. As a municipal division, it is incorporated as Krasnoarmeysky Municipal District. It is located in the center of the krai. The area of the district is 1,899 square kilometers (733 sq mi). Its administrative center is the rural locality of Poltavskaya. Population: 102,508 (2010 Census); 103,874 (2002 Census); 93,434 (1989 Soviet census). The population of Poltavskaya accounts for 25.8% of the district's total population.
Kurganinsky District is an administrative district (raion), one of the thirty-eight in Krasnodar Krai, Russia. As a municipal division, it is incorporated as Kurganinsky Municipal District. It is located in the east of the krai. The area of the district is 1,590 square kilometers (610 sq mi). Its administrative center is the town of Kurganinsk.
Pavlovsky District is an administrative district (raion), one of the thirty-eight in Krasnodar Krai, Russia. As a municipal division, it is incorporated as Pavlovsky Municipal District. It is located in the north of the krai. The area of the district is 1,788.8 square kilometers (690.7 sq mi). Its administrative center is the rural locality of Pavlovskaya. Population: 67,521 (2010 Census); 68,470 (2002 Census); 63,949 (1989 Soviet census). The population of Pavlovskaya accounts for 46.4% of the district's total population.
Timashevsky District is an administrative district (raion), one of the thirty-eight in Krasnodar Krai, Russia. As a municipal division, it is incorporated as Timashevsky Municipal District. It is located in the center of the krai. The area of the district is 1,506.4 square kilometers (581.6 sq mi). Its administrative center is the town of Timashevsk. Population: 106,130 (2010 Census); 107,189 (2002 Census); 91,851 (1989 Soviet census). The population of Timashevsk accounts for 50.8% of the district's total population.
Timashevsk, sometimes romanized Timashyovsk, is a town and the administrative center of Timashevsky District of Krasnodar Krai, Russia, located on the Kirpili River 73 kilometers (45 mi) north of Krasnodar, the administrative center of the krai. As of 2020, the city has a population of 50,792.
Akhtyrsky is an urban locality in Abinsky District of Krasnodar Krai, Russia, located on the Akhtyr River. Forms the municipality Akhtyrskoye urban settlement as the only settlement in its composition. Population: 20,100 (2010 Census); 19,219 (2002 Census); 18,568 (1989 Soviet census).
↑ Wolowyna, Oleh (October 2020). "A Demographic Framework for the 1932–1934 Famine in the Soviet Union". Journal of Genocide Research. 23 (4): 501–526. doi:10.1080/14623528.2020.1834741. S2CID226316468.
↑ Кавказский календарь на 1917 год[Caucasian calendar for 1917] (in Russian) (72nded.). Tiflis: Tipografiya kantselyarii Ye.I.V. na Kavkaze, kazenny dom. 1917. pp.222–229. Archived from the original on November 4, 2021.
Городская Дума Краснодара.Решение№11 п.6от21 апреля 2011 г. «О принятии Устава муниципального образования город Краснодар», в ред. Решения №78 п.3 от28 апреля 2015 г.«О внесении изменений в Устав муниципального образования город Краснодар». Вступил в силусо дня официального опубликования после государственной регистрации, за исключением пунктов1–3, 5, 7, вступающих в силу со дня подписания. Опубликован: "Краснодарские известия", №89, 9 июня 2011 г. (City Duma of Krasnodar.Decision#11 p.6ofApril21, 2011 On the Adoption of the Charter of the Municipal Formation of the City of Krasnodar, as amended by the Decision#78 p.3 ofApril28, 2015 On Amending the Charter of the Municipal Formation of the City of Krasnodar. Effective as ofthe day of the official publication after the state registration, with the exception of items1–3, 5, 7, which take effect upon signing off.).
«Устав Краснодарского края», в ред. Закона №2870-КЗ от30 декабря 2013 г«О внесении изменений в Устав Краснодарского края». Опубликован: "Кубанские новости", 10 ноября 1993 г. ( Charter of Krasnodar Krai, as amended by the Law#2870-KZ ofDecember30, 2013 On Amending the Charter of Krasnodar Krai. ).
Управление по взаимодействию с органами местного самоуправления Администрации Краснодарского края.Справочная информация№34.01-707/13-03от23 мая 2013 г. «Реестр административно-территориальных единиц Краснодарского края». (Department of Cooperation with the Organs of the Local Self-Government of the Administration of Krasnodar Krai.Reference Information#34.01-707/13-03ofMay23, 2013 Registry of the Administrative-Territorial Units of Krasnodar Krai. ).
Законодательное Собрание Краснодарского края.Закон№670-КЗот10 марта 2004 г. «Об установлении границ муниципального образования город Краснодар и наделении его статусом городского округа», в ред. Закона №2435-КЗ от3 февраля 2012 г«О внесении изменений в отдельные законодательные акты Краснодарского края об установлении границ муниципальных образований». Вступил в силусо дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Кубанские новости", №37–38, 13 марта 2004 г. (Legislative Assembly of Krasnodar Krai.Law#670-OZofMarch10, 2004 On Establishing the Borders of the Municipal Formation of the City of Krasnodar and on Granting It Urban Okrug Status, as amended by the Law#2435-KZ ofFebruary3, 2012 On Amending Various Legislative Acts of Krasnodar Krai on Establishing the Borders of the Municipal Formations. Effective as ofthe day of the official publication.).
Энциклопедия Города России (Cities and Towns of Russia, Encyclopedia). Moscow: Большая Российская Энциклопедия. 2003. ISBN5-7107-7399-9.
Азаренкова, А.С.; Бондарь, И.Ю.; Вертышева, Н.С. (1986). Основные административно-территориальные преобразования на Кубани (1793–1985гг.) (in Russian). Краснодарское книжное издательство.
Lichtblau, Eric. "The Nazis Next Door: How America Became A Safe Haven For Hitler's Men" (2014) pp: 47–48.
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