Shanty town

Last updated
Picture of a shanty town over "La Planicie" tunnel, created because of the rural flight to Caracas. Barrio de Caracas.jpg
Picture of a shanty town over "La Planicie" tunnel, created because of the rural flight to Caracas.

A shanty town, squatter area,squatter settlement, or squatter camp is a settlement of improvised buildings known as shanties or shacks, typically made of materials such as mud and wood, or from cheap building materials such as corrugated tin sheets. A typical shanty town is squatted and in the beginning lacks adequate infrastructure, including proper sanitation, safe water supply, electricity and street drainage. Over time, shanty towns can develop their infrastructure and even change into middle class neighbourhoods. They can be small informal settlements or they can house millions of people.

Contents

First used in North America to designate a shack, the term shanty is likely derived from French chantier (construction site and associated low-level workers' quarters), or alternatively from Scottish Gaelic sean (pronounced [ʃɛn] ) meaning 'old' and taigh (pronounced [tʰɤj] ) meaning 'house[hold]'.

Globally, some of the largest shanty towns are Ciudad Neza in Mexico, Orangi in Pakistan and Dharavi in India. They are known by various names in different places, such as favela in Brazil, villa miseria in Argentina and gecekondu in Turkey. Shanty towns are mostly found in developing nations, but also in the cities of developed nations, such as Athens, Los Angeles and Madrid. Cañada Real is considered the largest informal settlement in Europe, and Skid Row is an infamous shanty town in Los Angeles. Shanty towns are sometimes found on places such as railway sidings, swampland or disputed building projects. In South Africa, squatter camps, often referred to as "plakkerskampe", directly translated from the Afrikaans word for squatter camps, often starts and grows rapidly on vacant land or public spaces within or close to cities and towns, where there may be nearby work opportunities, without the cost of transport.

Construction

Shanty towns sometimes have an active informal economy, such as garbage sorting, pottery making, textiles, and leather works. This allows the poor to earn an income. The above shanty town image is from Ezbet Al Nakhl, in Cairo, Egypt, where garbage is sorted manually. Residential area is visible at the top of the image. Mullgebiet Ezbet Al Nakhl.jpg
Shanty towns sometimes have an active informal economy, such as garbage sorting, pottery making, textiles, and leather works. This allows the poor to earn an income. The above shanty town image is from Ezbet Al Nakhl, in Cairo, Egypt, where garbage is sorted manually. Residential area is visible at the top of the image.

Shanty towns tend to begin as improvised shelters on squatted land. People build shacks from whatever materials are easy to acquire, for example wood or mud. There are no facilities such as electricity, gas, sewage or running water. The squatters choose areas such as railway sidings, preservation areas or disputed building projects. [1] Swiss journalist Georg Gerster has noted (with specific reference to the invasões of Brasília) that "squatter settlements [as opposed to slums], despite their unattractive building materials, may also be places of hope, scenes of a counter-culture, with an encouraging potential for change and a strong upward impetus". [2] Stewart Brand has observed that shanty towns are green, with people recycling as much as possible and tending to travel by foot, bicycle, rickshaw or shared taxi, though this is mainly due to the generally poor economic situation found. [3]

Development and future prospects

A shanty town in Hong Kong. Shanty housing in Hong Kong.jpeg
A shanty town in Hong Kong.

While most shanty towns begin as precarious establishments haphazardly thrown together without basic social and civil services, over time, some have undergone a certain amount of development. Often the residents themselves are responsible for the major improvements. [4] Community organizations sometimes working alongside NGOs, private companies, and the government, set up connections to the municipal water supply, pave roads, and build local schools. [4] Some of these shanties have become middle class suburbs. One such example is the Los Olivos neighbourhood of Lima, Peru, which now contains gated communities, casinos, and plastic surgery clinics. [4]

Some Brazilian favelas have also seen improvements in recent years and can even attract tourists. [5] Development occurs over a long period of time and newer towns still lack basic services. Nevertheless, there has been a general trend whereby shanties undergo gradual improvements, rather than relocation to even more distant parts of a metropolis. [6]

In Africa, many shanty towns are starting to implement the use of composting toilets [7] and solar panels. [8] In India, people living in slums have access to cell phones and the internet. [9]

Other African shanty towns have even become popular tourist attractions. Soweto, an old squatter camp from apartheid-era South Africa is now classified as a city within a city, with a population of almost 2 million. It boasts the popular "Soweto Towers" and a multitude of guided excursions, often including a Shisa-nyama.

Pope Francis argues in his 2015 encyclical letter Laudato si' that shanty town settlements should be developed, if possible, rather than people being moved on and their settlements destroyed. He and the Catholic Church's Council for Justice and Peace have emphasised the need for information, involvement and choice being offered to people being moved on. [10] [11]

Instances

Shanty towns are present in a number of developing countries. In Francophone countries, shanty towns are referred to as bidonvilles (French for "can town"); such countries include Haiti, where Cité Soleil houses between 200,000 and 300,000 people on the edge of Port-au-Prince. [12]

Africa

In 2016, 62% of Africa's population was living in shanty towns. [13]

Squatter camps in South Africa typically use cheap, and easily acquired building materials such as corrugated tin sheets to build shacks. Offering very little protection against extreme weather conditions, these squatter camps, often built near streams or rivers due to the steady water supply, are often subjected to flash floods. They are also prone to runaway fires due to the close proximity they are built in. They often cause a great deal of damage to naturally occurring ecosystems, both directly, and indirectly. An example of severe indirect damage is the use of washing detergents, and refuse disposal in the nearby water source, which can often be seen for hundreds of kilometers down stream.

Due to the lack of infrastructure, and the cost of basic services, such as water and electricity, the overall squatted area is often barren, with the ground sweeped and stamped to minimise dust, and where gardening is simply impossible and unaffordable. Illegal and dangerous electricity connections are abundant, another danger for fires, and electrical accidents,

The Joe Slovo squatter camp, in Cape Town, houses an estimated 20,000 people. [14] Shack dwellers in South Africa organise themselves in groups such as Abahlali baseMjondolo and Western Cape Anti-Eviction Campaign. [15] [ better source needed ]

In Nairobi, the capital of Kenya, Kibera has between 200,000 and 1 million residents. There is no running water and inhabitants use a flying toilet in which faeces are collected in a plastic bag then thrown away. [16] Mathare is a collection of slums which contain around 500,000 people. [17] In Zambia, the informal housing areas are known as kombonis and approximately 80% of the people in the capital Lusaka are living in them. [18]

Asia

Dharavi shanty town in Mumbai Dharavi India.jpg
Dharavi shanty town in Mumbai

The largest shanty town in Asia is Orangi in Karachi, Pakistan, which had an estimated 1.5 million inhabitants in 2011. [16] The Orangi Pilot Project aims to lift local people out of poverty. It was begun by Akhtar Hameed Khan and run by Parveen Rehman until her murder in 2013. [19] Residents laid sewage pipes themselves and almost all of Orangi's 8,000 streets are now connected. [20] In India, an estimated one million people live in Dharavi, a shanty town built on a former mangrove swamp in Mumbai. [16] It is one of the most densely populated places on the globe. [21] In 2011, there were at least four improvised settlements in Mumbai containing even more people. [22] There are in total 3.4 million people living in the 5,000 informal settlements of Bangladesh's capital city Dhaka. [23]

Thailand has 5,500 informal settlements, one of the largest being a shanty town in the Khlong Toei District of Bangkok. [24] In China, 171 urban villages were demolished before the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing. [25] As of 2005, there were 346 shanty towns in Beijing, housing 1.5 million people. [26] Author Robert Neuwirth wrote that around six million people, half the population of Istanbul lived in gecekondu areas. [27]

In Hong Kong, the Kowloon Walled City housed up to 50,000 people, [28] with rooftop slums currently providing some additional housing.

Latin America

The world's largest shanty town is Ciudad Neza or Neza-Chalco-Itza, which is part of the city of Ciudad Nezahualcóyotl, next to Mexico City. Estimates of its population range from 1.2 million to 4 million. [13] [16]

Brazil has many favelas. In Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, it was calculated in 2000 that over 20% of its 6.5 million inhabitants were living in more than 600 favelas. For example, Rocinha is home to an estimated 80,000 inhabitants. It has developed into a densely populated neighbourhood with some buildings reaching six storeys high. There are theatres, schools, nurseries and local newspapers. [1]

In Argentina, shanty towns are known as villas miseria. As of 2011, there were 500,000 people living in 864 informal settlements in the metropolitan Buenos Aires area. In Peru, they are known as pueblos jóvenes ("young towns"), as campamentos in Chile, and as asentamientos in Guatemala.

Developed countries

An impoverished American family living in a shanty during the Great Depression. Photographed by Dorothea Lange in 1936 Poor mother and children, Oklahoma, 1936 by Dorothea Lange.jpg
An impoverished American family living in a shanty during the Great Depression. Photographed by Dorothea Lange in 1936
Shanty town along the Martin Pena Canal in Puerto Rico (1970s). MODERN BUILDINGS TOWER OVER THE SHANTIES CROWDED ALONG THE MARTIN PENA CANAL - NARA - 546369.jpg
Shanty town along the Martin Pena Canal in Puerto Rico (1970s).

During the 1930s Great Depression, shanty towns nicknamed Hoovervilles sprang up across the United States. [29] Following the Great Depression, squatters lived in shacks on landfill sites beside the Martin Pena canal in Puerto Rico and were still there in 2010. [30] More recently, cities such as Newark and Oakland have witnessed the creation of tent cities. The Umoja Village shanty town was squatted in 2006 in Miami, Florida. [31] There are also colonias near the border with Mexico. [32]

Although shanty towns are now generally less common in developed countries in Europe, they still exist. The growing influx of migrants has fuelled shantytowns in cities commonly used as a point of entry into the European Union, including Athens and Patras in Greece. [33] The Calais Jungle in France had grown to over 8,000 people by the time of its clearance in October 2016. [34] Bidonvilles exist in the peripheries of some French cities. The state authorities recorded 16,399 people living in 391 slums across the country in 2012. Of these, 41% lived on the outskirts of Paris. [35]

In Madrid, Spain, a shanty town named Cañada Real is considered the largest informal settlement in Europe. It has an estimated 8,628 inhabitants, who are mainly Spanish, Romani and north African, but only one mobile health unit. [36] [37] After 40 years, property developers began to take an interest in the site in 2012. [38]

There have been cardboard cities in London and Belgrade. In some cases, shanty towns can persist in gentrified areas that local governments have yet to redevelop, or in regions of political dispute. A major historical example was the Kowloon Walled City in Hong Kong. [39]

In Australia and New Zealand, there were many shanty towns before World War II, some of which still exist (for example Wyee, [40] a suburb of the Central Coast).

A shanty town in Manila, Philippines Manila shanty.jpg
A shanty town in Manila, Philippines

Many films have been shot in shanty towns. Slumdog Millionaire centres on characters who spend most of their lives in Indian shanty towns. [41] The Brazilian film City of God was set in Cidade de Deus and filmed in another favela, called Cidade Alta. [42] White Elephant , a 2012 Argentinian movie, is set in a villa miseria in Buenos Aires. [43] The South African film District 9 is largely set in a township called Chiawelo, from which people had been forcibly resettled. [44]

The 2016 Chinese TV series Housing tells the story of shantytown clearance in Beiliang, Baotou, Inner Mongolia. [45]

A 2023 Nigerian crime thriller titled Shanty Town was released on Netflix on January 20, 2023. It is a six-part series that tells the story of a ruthless leader named Scar (Chidi Mokeme) who handles a lot of dirty business and is popularly regarded as the King of Shanty Town. [46]

Video games such as Max Payne 3 have levels located in fictional shanty towns. [47]

Reggae singer Desmond Dekker sang a song called "007 (Shanty Town)". [48]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Squatting</span> Unauthorized occupation of property

Squatting is the action of occupying an abandoned or unoccupied area of land or a building, usually residential that the squatter does not own, rent or otherwise have lawful permission to use. The United Nations estimated in 2003 that there were one billion slum residents and squatters globally. Squatting occurs worldwide and tends to occur when people find empty buildings or land to occupy for housing. It has a long history, broken down by country below.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Slum</span> Highly populated urban residential area consisting mostly of decrepit housing units

A slum is a highly populated urban residential area consisting of densely packed housing units of weak build quality and often associated with poverty. The infrastructure in slums is often deteriorated or incomplete, and they are primarily inhabited by impoverished people. Although slums are usually located in urban areas, in some countries they can be located in suburban areas where housing quality is low and living conditions are poor. While slums differ in size and other characteristics, most lack reliable sanitation services, supply of clean water, reliable electricity, law enforcement, and other basic services. Slum residences vary from shanty houses to professionally built dwellings which, because of poor-quality construction or lack of basic maintenance, have deteriorated.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dharavi</span> Slum in Mumbai

Dharavi is a residential area in Mumbai, Maharashtra, India. It has often been considered to be one of the world's largest slums. Dharavi has an area of just over 2.39 square kilometres and a population of about 1,000,000. With a population density of over 418,410/km2 (1,083,677/sq mi), Dharavi is one of the most densely populated areas in the world.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Villa miseria</span> Type of shanty town slum in Argentina

Villa miseria, villa de emergencia or just villa, is the informal term used in Argentina for shanty towns.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Orangi</span> Residential town within the city of Karachi, Pakistan

Orangi is a small town in the western part of Karachi, Pakistan, with a population of 596,919 as of the 2023 census. Orangi was developed as a planned settlement in 1972 by the Karachi Development Authority (KDA) to provide affordable housing for lower-income households. The town consists of 13 union councils.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rooftop slum</span> Type of illegal housing

Rooftop slum or penthouse slum generally refers to illegal housing on the rooftops of apartment buildings. In Hong Kong, some people are unable to afford traditional apartments and are forced to wait years for affordable public housing. They therefore live in squatted shacks on top of buildings. According to the Hong Kong population census, there were 47,091 rooftop dwellers in 2011 and this number is likely to have dropped as working class areas are redeveloped.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Informal housing</span> Housing outside of official government control, regulation, or protection

Informal housing or informal settlement can include any form of housing, shelter, or settlement which is illegal, falls outside of government control or regulation, or is not afforded protection by the state. As such, the informal housing industry is part of the informal sector.

<i>Shadow Cities</i> (book) 2004 book by Robert Neuwirth

Shadow Cities: A Billion Squatters, A New Urban World is a 2004 book by Robert Neuwirth. He wrote it after visiting informal settlements such as Dharavi, Kibera and Rocinha.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Squatting in Nigeria</span> Occupation of unused land or derelict buildings in Nigeria

Squatting in Nigeria refers to a person who is not the owner, taking possession of land or an empty house. Squatters migrate from the countryside to informal settlements in cities such as Abuja, Port Harcourt and in particular Lagos. Lagos had a population of over 14 million people in 2019 and many slums, including Makoko.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Squatting in Zimbabwe</span>

Squatting in Zimbabwe is the settlement of land or buildings without the permission of the owner. Squatting began under colonialism. After Zimbabwe was created in 1980, peasant farmers and squatters disputed the distribution of land. Informal settlements have developed on the periphery of cities such as Chitungwiza and the capital Harare. In 2005, Operation Murambatsvina evicted an estimated 700,000 people.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Squatting in South Korea</span> Occupation of land or buildings without the permission of the relevant authorities

Squatting in South Korea is the occupation of land or buildings without the permission of the relevant authorities. From the 1950s onwards, shanty towns called P'anjach'on formed around cities, in particular the capital Seoul. As well as providing housing, squatting is used as a tactic by groups opposing gentrification and striking workers.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Squatting in Peru</span> Occupation of unused land or derelict buildings in Peru

Squatting in Peru is the occupation of unused or derelict buildings or land without the permission of the owner. From the 1940s onwards, Peru saw the illegal occupations of empty land, which created shanty towns known as barriadas and later pueblos jóvenes. Initially repressed, the Peruvian government eventually decided upon their toleration, and by 1998, it was estimated that 2.5 million inhabitants of Lima lived in such types of settlements. Similar slum tenements existed in the centre, known as solares or tugurios.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Squatting in Namibia</span> Occupation of unused land or derelict buildings without the permission of the owner

Squatting in Namibia is the occupation of unused land or derelict buildings without the permission of the owner. European settlers arrived in the nineteenth century and acquired land, leaving only 38 per cent of land in indigenous hands by 1902. This led to squatting and the Herero Wars, which ended with the Herero and Namaqua genocide. After Namibian independence in 1990, squatting increased as people migrated to the cities and land reform became a goal for those who had participated in the liberation struggle. By 2020, 401,748 people were living in 113 informal settlements across the country. Squatting continues to be regulated by the Squatters Proclamation of 1985; a challenge to this law was dismissed by the High Court in 2023.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Squatting in Ghana</span>

Squatting in Ghana is the occupation of unused land or derelict buildings without the permission of the owner. Informal settlements are found in cities such as Kumasi and the capital Accra. Ashaiman, now a town of 100,000 people, was swelled by squatters. In central Accra, next to Agbogbloshie, the Old Fadama settlement houses an estimated 80,000 people and is subject to a controversial discussion about eviction. The residents have been supported by Amnesty International, the Centre on Housing Rights and Evictions and Shack Dwellers International.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Squatting in Chile</span> Occupation of unused land or derelict buildings without the permission of the owner

Squatting in Chile is the occupation of unused land or derelict buildings without the permission of the owner. From the 1960s onwards, informal settlements known as callampas were permitted although there were also evictions such as the massacre of Puerto Montt in 1969. In the 1970s, the government of Salvador Allende encouraged occupations, then following the coup d'état, the military junta repressed squatting. Callampas then became known as campamentos.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Squatting in Brazil</span>

Squatting in Brazil is the occupation of unused or derelict buildings or land without the permission of the owner. After attempting to eradicate slums in the 1960s and 1970s, local governments transitioned to a policy of toleration. Cities such as Recife, Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo have large informal settlements known as favelas. A more recent phenomenon is the occupation of buildings in city centres by organised groups. In rural areas across the country, the Landless Workers' Movement (MST) arranges large land occupations.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Squatting in Pakistan</span> The occupation of unused land or derelict buildings without the permission of the owner

Squatting in Pakistan is the occupation of unused land or derelict buildings without the permission of the owner. Squatted informal settlements formed following the creation of Pakistan in 1947. They were known first as "bastis" then later "katchi abadis" and the inhabitants were forcibly resettled under military rule. By 2007, there were 7.5 million squatters in Karachi alone. The Sindh Katchi Abadi Authority (SKAA) announced in 2019 that a total of 1,414 katchi abadis had been located and 1,006 of those had been contacted with regards to beginning a regularization process.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Squatting in Venezuela</span> Occupation of unused land or derelict buildings without permission of owner

Squatting in Venezuela is the occupation of derelict buildings or unused land without the permission of the owner. Informal settlements, known first as "ranchos" and then "barrios", are common. In the capital Caracas notable squats have included the 23 de Enero housing estate, Centro Financiero Confinanzas and El Helicoide, a former shopping centre which is now a notorious prison.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Squatting in Angola</span> Occupation of unused land or derelict buildings in Angola without permission of owner

Squatting in Angola occurs when displaced peoples occupy informal settlements in coastal cities such as the capital Luanda. The Government of Angola has been criticized by human rights groups for forcibly evicting squatters and not resettling them.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Squatting in Argentina</span>

Squatting in Argentina is the occupation of derelict buildings or unused land without the permission of the owner. Shanty towns emerged on the periphery of Buenos Aires from the 1930s onwards and are known as villa miseria. After the 1998–2002 Argentine great depression, 311 worker cooperatives set up across the country as people squatted and re-opened businesses.

References

  1. 1 2 Caves, R. W. (2004). Encyclopedia of the city. Routledge. p. 176. ISBN   0-415-25225-3.
  2. ↑ Gerster, Georg (1978). Flights of Discovery: The Earth from Above. London: Paddington. p. 116.
  3. ↑ Stewart Brand,Stewart Brand on New Urbanism and squatter communities Archived 2011-03-20 at the Wayback Machine , The New Urban Network, reprinted from Whole Earth Discipline, Penguin.
  4. 1 2 3 "Some "Young Towns" in Lima Not So Young Anymore". COHA Staff. Archived from the original on 23 August 2011. Retrieved 23 July 2015.
  5. ↑ Clarke, Felicity (May 16, 2011). "Favela Tourism Provides Entrepreneurial Opportunities in Rio". Forbes. Archived from the original on July 29, 2017. Retrieved September 11, 2017.
  6. ↑ "Informality: Re-Viewing Latin American Cities". Archived from the original on 22 July 2015. Retrieved 23 July 2015.
  7. ↑ Thomson Reuters Foundation. "Thomson Reuters Foundation". Archived from the original on 16 April 2013. Retrieved 23 July 2015.
  8. ↑ "Youth Bring Low-Cost Solar Panels to Kenyan Slum". Archived from the original on 22 July 2015. Retrieved 23 July 2015.
  9. ↑ "IT for schools, Schools, Education, Technology, UK news, Online learning e-learning (Education)". The Guardian. London. May 8, 2001. Archived from the original on March 5, 2017. Retrieved December 13, 2016.
  10. ↑ Pope Francis (2015), Laudato si', paragraph 152, accessed 16 February 2024
  11. ↑ Pontifical Council for Justice and Peace (2004), Compendium of the Social Doctrine of the Church, paragraph 482, accessed 16 February 2024
  12. ↑ "Cité-Soleil: Grinding poverty, relentless violence". International Committee of the Red Cross. Archived from the original on 2007-09-30. Retrieved 2007-08-16.
  13. 1 2 Totaro, Paola (17 October 2016). "Slumscapes: How the world's five biggest slums are shaping their futures". Reuters. Archived from the original on 1 May 2019. Retrieved 30 May 2020.
  14. ↑ "Gateway housing project in a shambles". The Times. 23 Nov 2008. Archived from the original on 15 February 2009. Retrieved 23 November 2008.
  15. ↑ Losier, Toussaint (2010). "A Quiet Coup: South Africa's largest social movement under attack as the World Cup Looms". Desinformémonos. Archived from the original on 28 June 2019. Retrieved 30 May 2020. Originally published in Spanish at Desinformémonos.
  16. 1 2 3 4 Tovrov, Daniel (9 December 2011). "5 Biggest Slums in the World". International Business Times. Retrieved 30 May 2020.
  17. ↑ Gettleman, Jeffrey (10 November 2006). "Chased by Gang Violence, Residents Flee Kenyan Slum". The New York Times. Retrieved 30 May 2020.
  18. ↑ Chigunta, Francis; Gough, Katherine V.; Langevang, Thilde (2016). "Young entrepreneurs in Lusaka: Overcoming constraints through ingenuity and social entrepreneurship". In Gough, Katherine V.; Langevang, Thilde (eds.). Young Entrepreneurs in Sub-Saharan Africa. Routledge Spaces of Childhood and Youth Series. Routledge. pp. 67–79. ISBN   978-1-317-54837-9.
  19. ↑ "Pakistan mourns murdered aid worker". BBC News. 14 March 2013. Retrieved 30 May 2020.
  20. ↑ "These are the world's five biggest slums". World Economic Forum. 19 October 2016. Archived from the original on 29 April 2020. Retrieved 30 May 2020.
  21. ↑ "10 famous slums in the world and the challenges they face". The Straits Times. 24 July 2014. Archived from the original on 9 December 2017. Retrieved 30 May 2020.
  22. ↑ Lewis, Clara (6 July 2011). "Dharavi in Mumbai is no longer Asia's largest slum". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 23 November 2019. Retrieved 30 May 2020.
  23. ↑ "ISUH home" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 February 2013. Retrieved 23 July 2015.
  24. ↑ "Bangkok's Klong Toey Slum". Borgen Magazine. 28 April 2014. Archived from the original on 18 December 2019. Retrieved 30 May 2020.
  25. ↑ Ma, Josephine (22 July 2008). "Demolitions limit slum villages to city Outskirts". South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on 2 May 2009. Retrieved 30 May 2020.
  26. ↑ "People's Daily Online -- "Slums" sting Chinese cities, hamper building of harmonious society". Archived from the original on 6 December 2013. Retrieved 23 July 2015.
  27. ↑ Neuwirth, Robert (2004). Shadow cities : a billion squatters, a new urban world. Routledge. p. 8. ISBN   0-415-93319-6.
  28. ↑ "Life Inside The Most Densely Populated Place On Earth [Infographic]". Popular Science. 2019-03-18. Retrieved 2021-05-24.
  29. ↑ Gregory, James (2009). "Hoovervilles and Homelessness". Civil Rights and Labor History Consortium. University of Washington. Archived from the original on 31 January 2020. Retrieved 30 May 2020.
  30. ↑ What America Looked Like: Puerto Rican Slums in the Early 1970s Archived 2016-12-20 at the Wayback Machine The Atlantic (July 17, 2012)
  31. ↑ Samuels, Robert (24 October 2007). "Housing Activists Try Squatter Strategy". Miami Herald. Archived from the original on 29 February 2012. Retrieved 30 May 2020.
  32. ↑ "Colonias FAQ's (Frequently Asked Questions)". Texas Secretary of State. Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas Office of Community Affairs. Archived from the original on 9 October 2008. Retrieved 30 May 2020.
  33. ↑ Squires, Nick; Anast, Paul (September 7, 2009). "Greek immigration crisis spawns shanty towns and squats". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on June 24, 2018. Retrieved April 5, 2018.
  34. ↑ "Calais 'Jungle' cleared of migrants, French prefect says". BBC News. 26 October 2016. Archived from the original on 27 June 2019.
  35. ↑ Aguilera, Thomas (2017). "Everyday resistances in French slums". In Chattopadhay, Sutapa; Mudu, Pierpaolo (eds.). Migration, squatting and radical autonomy. Routledge. p. 132. ISBN   978-1-138-94212-7.
  36. ↑ García Gallo, Bruno (March 12, 2012). "Cañada Real, censo definitivo: 8.628 personas". El País. Madrid. Retrieved January 10, 2021.
  37. ↑ Fotheringham, Alasdair (November 27, 2011). "In Spain's heart, a slum to shame Europe". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on September 14, 2017. Retrieved September 11, 2017.
  38. ↑ Showdown Looms Over Europe's Largest Shantytown Archived 2018-06-22 at the Wayback Machine LAUREN FRAYER, National Public Radio (Washington DC), April 27, 2012.
  39. ↑ "Kowloon Walled City Park". Archived from the original on 7 February 2010. Retrieved 30 May 2020.
  40. ↑ "Inside the 100-year-old 'shantytown' almost unchanged since WWI". ABC News. 6 October 2017.
  41. ↑ Roston, Tom (11 April 2008). "'Slumdog Millionaire' shoot was rags to riches". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on 27 August 2019. Retrieved 30 May 2020.
  42. ↑ Vieira, Karina; Watts, Jonathan; Kaiser, Anna (9 June 2014). "How we made City of God". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 9 January 2019. Retrieved 30 May 2020.
  43. ↑ Robey, Tim (25 April 2013). "White Elephant, review". Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 28 November 2017. Retrieved 30 May 2020.
  44. ↑ Woerner, Meredith (19 August 2009). "5 Things You Didn't Know About District 9". io9. Archived from the original on 25 April 2020. Retrieved 30 May 2020.
  45. ↑ Wei, Lu (17 October 2016). "Housing tells story of shantytown clearence [sic][1]". China Daily. Archived from the original on 4 May 2020. Retrieved 30 May 2020.
  46. ↑ Shanty town at IMDb . Retrieved2023-05-02.
  47. ↑ Parker, Laura (17 October 2012). "Max Payne 3 hostage negotiation DLC landing October 30". GameSpot. Archived from the original on 8 April 2014. Retrieved 30 May 2020.
  48. ↑ 007 (Shanty Town) by Desmond Dekker - Track Info | AllMusic , retrieved 2023-06-16

Further reading

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.