Home

Last updated

Plans for a detached house showing the social functions for each room SearsHouse115.jpg
Plans for a detached house showing the social functions for each room

A home, or domicile, is a space used as a permanent or semi-permanent residence for one or more human occupants, and sometimes various companion animals. It is a fully- or semi-sheltered space and can have both interior and exterior aspects to it.[ vague ] Homes provide sheltered spaces, for instance rooms, where domestic activity can be performed such as sleeping, preparing food, eating and hygiene as well as providing spaces for work and leisure such as remote working, studying and playing.

Contents

Physical forms of homes can be static such as a house or an apartment, mobile such as a houseboat, trailer or yurt or digital such as virtual space. [1] The aspect of 'home' can be considered across scales; from the micro scale showcasing the most intimate spaces of the individual dwelling and direct surrounding area to the macro scale of the geographic area such as town, village, city, country or planet.

The concept of 'home' has been researched and theorized across disciplines – topics ranging from the idea of home, the interior, the psyche, liminal space, contested space to gender and politics. [2] The home as a concept expands beyond residence as contemporary lifestyles and technological advances redefine the way the global population lives and works.[ citation needed ] The concept and experience encompasses the likes of exile, yearning, belonging, homesickness and homelessness. [3]

History

Prehistoric era

Taino petroglyphs in a cave in Puerto Rico Taino petroglyph in cave.jpg
Taíno petroglyphs in a cave in Puerto Rico

The earliest homes that humans inhabited were likely naturally occurring features such as caves. The earliest human fossils found in caves come from a series of caves near Krugersdorp and Mokopane in South Africa. The cave sites of Sterkfontein, Swartkrans, Kromdraai B, Drimolen, Malapa, Cooper's D, Gladysvale, Gondolin and Makapansgat have yielded a range of early human species dating back to between three and one million years ago, including Australopithecus africanus , Australopithecus sediba and Paranthropus robustus . However, it is not generally thought that these early humans were living in the caves, but that they were brought into the caves by carnivores that had killed them.[ citation needed ]

The first early hominid ever found in Africa, the Taung Child in 1924, was also thought for many years to come from a cave, where it had been deposited after being preyed upon by an eagle. However, this is now debated. [4] Caves do form in the dolomite of the Ghaap Plateau, including the Early, Middle and Later Stone Age site of Wonderwerk Cave; however, the caves that form along the escarpment's edge, like that hypothesized for the Taung Child, are formed within a secondary limestone deposit called tufa. There is numerous evidence for other early human species inhabiting caves from at least one million years ago in different parts of the world, including Homo erectus in China at Zhoukoudian, Homo rhodesiensis in South Africa at the Cave of Hearths (Makapansgat), Homo neanderthalensis and Homo heidelbergensis in Europe at Archaeological Site of Atapuerca, Homo floresiensis in Indonesia, and the Denisovans in southern Siberia.

In southern Africa, early modern humans regularly used sea caves as shelter starting about 180,000 years ago when they learned to exploit the sea for the first time. [5] The oldest known site is PP13B at Pinnacle Point. This may have allowed rapid expansion of humans out of Africa and colonization of areas of the world such as Australia by 60–50,000 years ago. Throughout southern Africa, Australia, and Europe, early modern humans used caves and rock shelters as sites for rock art, such as those at Giants Castle. Caves such as the yaodong in China were used for shelter; other caves were used for burials (such as rock-cut tombs), or as religious sites (such as Buddhist caves). Among the known sacred caves are China's Cave of a Thousand Buddhas [6] and the sacred caves of Crete. As technology progressed, humans and other hominids began constructing their own dwellings. Buildings such as huts and longhouses have been used for living since the late Neolithic. [7]

Ancient era

Post-classical era

From the 14th to the 16th century, homelessness was perceived of as a "vagrancy problem" and legislative responses to the problem were predicated upon the threat it may pose to the state. [8]

Modern era

Industrialization brought mass migration to cities. This one-room worker home from Helsinki is typical to late 19th century and early 20th century, often housing large families. Worker home from 1911 in Helsinki.jpg
Industrialization brought mass migration to cities. This one-room worker home from Helsinki is typical to late 19th century and early 20th century, often housing large families.

According to Kirsten Gram-Hanssen, "It can be argued that historically and cross-culturally there is not always [a] strong relation between the concept of home and the physical building, and that this mode of thinking is rooted in the Enlightenment of the seventeenth century". [10] Before, one's home was more public than private; traits such as privacy, intimacy and familiarity would proceed to achieve greater prominence, aligning the concept with the bourgeoisie. [11] [12] The connection between home and house was reinforced by a case law declaration from Edward Coke: "The house of everyman is to him as his castle and fortress, as well as his defense against injury and violence, as for his repose". Colloquially, this was adapted into the phrase "The Englishman's home is his castle" which popularised the notion of home as house. [13]

A result of the longstanding association between home and women, 18th century English women, of upper-class status, were scorned for pursuing activities outside of the home, thus seen to be of undesirable character. [14] The concept of home took on unprecedent prominence by the 18th century, reified by cultural practice. [15]

The concept of a smart home arose in the 19th century in turn with electricity having been introduced to homes in a limited capacity. [10] The distinction between home and work formulated in the 20th century, with home acting as sanctuary. [16] Modern definitions portray home as a site of supreme comfort and familial intimacy, operating as a buffer to the greater world. [14]

Common types

The concept of home is one with multiple interpretations, influenced by one's history and identity. [17] People of differing ages, genders, ethnicities and classes may have resultingly different meanings of home. [18] Commonly, it is associated with various forms of abodes such as wagons, cars, boats or tents although it is equally considered to extend beyond the space, in mind and emotion. [8] [19] [20] The space of a home need not be significant or fixed though the boundaries of home are often tied to the space. [19] [20] There have been multiple theories regarding one's choice of home with the residential conditions of their childhood often reflected in their later choice of home. [11] According to Paul Oliver, the vast majority of abodes are vernacular, constructed in accordance with the residents' needs. [21]

House

House at 8A, Bulevardul Aviatorilor, Bucharest, Romania 8A, Bulevardul Aviatorilor , Bucharest (Romania).jpg
House at 8A, Bulevardul Aviatorilor, Bucharest, Romania

A house is a single-unit residential building. It may range in complexity from a rudimentary hut to a complex structure of wood, masonry, concrete or other material, outfitted with plumbing, electrical, and heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems. [22] [23]

The social unit that lives in a house is known as a household. Most commonly, a household is a family unit of some kind, although households may also be other social groups, such as roommates or, in a rooming house, unconnected individuals. Some houses only have a dwelling space for one family or similar-sized group; larger houses called townhouses or row houses may contain numerous family dwellings in the same structure. A house may be accompanied by outbuildings, such as a garage for vehicles or a shed for gardening equipment and tools. A house may have a backyard or a front yard or both, which serve as additional areas where inhabitants can relax or eat. [ citation needed ] Houses may provide "certain activities, which gradually accumulate meaning until they become homes". [20]

Joseph Rykwert distinguished between home and house in their physicality; a house requires a building whereas a home does not. [24] Home and house are often used interchangeably, although their connotations may differ: house being "emotionally neutral" and home evoking "personal, cognitive aspects". [20] [25] By the mid-18th century, the definition of home had extended beyond a house. [15] "Few English words are filled with the emotional meaning of the word home". [14]

Moveable structures

A houseboat on Lake Union in Seattle, Washington, US LakeUnionHouseboat.jpg
A houseboat on Lake Union in Seattle, Washington, US
A traditional Kazakh yurt on a wagon Kazakh yurt.jpg
A traditional Kazakh yurt on a wagon

Home as constitutionally mobile and transient has been contended by anthropologists and sociologist. [26] A mobile home (also known as a house trailer, park home, trailer, or trailer home) is a prefabricated structure, built in a factory on a permanently attached chassis before being transported to site (either by being towed or on a trailer). Used as permanent homes, or for holiday or temporary accommodation, they are often left permanently or semi-permanently in one place, but can be moved, and may be required to move from time to time for legal reasons.

A houseboat is a boat that has been designed or modified to be used primarily as a home. Some houseboats are not motorized, because they are usually moored, kept stationary at a fixed point and often tethered to land to provide utilities. However, many are capable of operation under their own power. Float house is a Canadian and American term for a house on a float (raft); a rough house may be called a shanty boat. [27] In Western countries, houseboats tend to be either owned privately or rented out to holiday-goers, and on some canals in Europe, people dwell in houseboats all year round. Examples of this include, but are not limited to, Amsterdam, London, and Paris. [28]

A traditional yurt or ger is a portable round tent covered with skins or felt and used as a dwelling by several distinct nomadic groups in the steppes of Central Asia. The structure consists of an angled assembly or latticework of wood or bamboo for walls, a door frame, ribs (poles, rafters), and a wheel (crown, compression ring) possibly steam-bent. The roof structure is often self-supporting, but large yurts may have interior posts supporting the crown. The top of the wall of self-supporting yurts is prevented from spreading by means of a tension band which opposes the force of the roof ribs. Modern yurts may be permanently built on a wooden platform; they may use modern materials such as steam-bent wooden framing or metal framing, canvas or tarpaulin, plexiglass dome, wire rope, or radiant insulation.

Management

Housing cooperative

This section is an excerpt from Housing cooperative.[ edit ]
999 N. Lake Shore Drive, a co-op-owned residential building in Chicago, Illinois 999LakeShoreDriveChicago.jpg
999 N. Lake Shore Drive, a co-op–owned residential building in Chicago, Illinois

A housing cooperative, or housing co-op, is a legal entity, usually a cooperative or a corporation, which owns real estate, consisting of one or more residential buildings; it is one type of housing tenure. Typically housing cooperatives are owned by shareholders but in some cases they can be owned by a non-profit organization. They are a distinctive form of home ownership that have many characteristics that differ from other residential arrangements such as single family home ownership, condominiums and renting. [29]

The cooperative is membership based, with membership granted by way of a share purchase in the cooperative. Each shareholder in the legal entity is granted the right to occupy one housing unit. A primary advantage of the housing cooperative is the pooling of the members' resources so that their buying power is leveraged; thus lowering the cost per member in all the services and products associated with home ownership.

Repair

This section is an excerpt from Home repair.[ edit ]
A person making these repairs to a house after a flood FEMA - 42428 - Home Repair after Flood.jpg
A person making these repairs to a house after a flood

Home repair involves the diagnosis and resolution of problems in a home, and is related to home maintenance to avoid such problems. Many types of repairs are "do it yourself" (DIY) projects, while others may be so complicated, time-consuming or risky as to require the assistance of a qualified handyperson, property manager, contractor/builder, or other professionals.

Home repair is not the same as renovation, although many improvements can result from repairs or maintenance. Often the costs of larger repairs will justify the alternative of investment in full-scale improvements. It may make just as much sense to upgrade a home system (with an improved one) as to repair it or incur ever-more-frequent and expensive maintenance for an inefficient, obsolete or dying system.

Housekeeping

This section is an excerpt from Housekeeping.[ edit ]

Housekeeping is the management and routine support activities of running and maintaining an organized physical institution occupied or used by people, like a house, ship, hospital or factory, such as cleaning, tidying/organizing, cooking, shopping, and bill payment. These tasks may be performed by members of the household, or by persons hired for the purpose. This is a more broad role than a cleaner, who is focused only on the cleaning aspect. [30] The term is also used to refer to the money allocated for such use. [31] By extension, it may also refer to an office or a corporation, as well as the maintenance of computer storage systems. [32]

The basic concept can be divided into domestic housekeeping, for private households, and institutional housekeeping for commercial and other institutions providing shelter or lodging, such as hotels, resorts, inns, boarding houses, dormitories, hospitals and prisons. [33] [34] There are related concepts in industry known as workplace housekeeping and Industrial housekeeping, which are part of occupational health and safety processes.

A housekeeper is a person employed to manage a household [35] and the domestic staff. According to the 1861 Victorian era Mrs. Beeton's Book of Household Management , the housekeeper is second in command in the house and "except in large establishments, where there is a house steward, the housekeeper must consider herself as the immediate representative of her mistress". [36]

Tenure

This section is an excerpt from Housing tenure.[ edit ]

Housing tenure is a financial arrangement and ownership structure under which someone has the right to live in a house or apartment. The most frequent forms are tenancy, in which rent is paid by the occupant to a landlord, and owner-occupancy, where the occupant owns their own home. Mixed forms of tenure are also possible.

The basic forms of tenure can be subdivided, for example an owner-occupier may own a house outright, or it may be mortgaged. In the case of tenancy, the landlord may be a private individual, a non-profit organization such as a housing association, or a government body, as in public housing.

Surveys used in social science research frequently include questions about housing tenure, because it is a useful proxy for income or wealth, and people are less reluctant to give information about it.

Owner-occupancy

This section is an excerpt from Owner-occupancy.[ edit ]
Owner-occupancy or home-ownership is a form of housing tenure in which a person, called the owner-occupier, owner-occupant, or home owner, owns the home in which they live. [37] The home can be a house, such as a single-family house, an apartment, condominium, or a housing cooperative. In addition to providing housing, owner-occupancy also functions as a real estate investment.

Rental accommodation

This section is an excerpt from Renting.[ edit ]
Notice of renting availability at the Villa Freischutz in Meran in 1911 MEZ 1911 10 01 20 object 594901 (2).png
Notice of renting availability at the Villa Freischütz in Meran in 1911
Renting, also known as hiring [38] or letting, [39] is an agreement where a payment is made for the use of a good, service or property owned by another over a fixed period of time. To maintain such an agreement, a rental agreement (or lease) is signed to establish the roles and expectations of both the tenant and landlord. There are many different types of leases. [40] The type and terms of a lease are decided by the landlord and agreed upon by the renting tenant.

Squatting

This section is an excerpt from Squatting.[ edit ]
Abahlali baseMjondolo protest in Durban No Forvced Removals.jpg
Abahlali baseMjondolo protest in Durban

Squatting is the action of occupying an abandoned or unoccupied area of land or a building, usually residential, that the squatter does not own, rent or otherwise have lawful permission to use. The United Nations estimated in 2003 that there were one billion slum residents and squatters globally. Squatting occurs worldwide and tends to occur when people find empty buildings or land to occupy for housing. It has a long history, broken down by country below.

In developing countries and least developed countries, shanty towns often begin as squatted settlements. In African cities such as Lagos much of the population lives in slums. There are pavement dwellers in India and in Hong Kong as well as rooftop slums. Informal settlements in Latin America are known by names such as villa miseria (Argentina), pueblos jóvenes (Peru) and asentamientos irregulares (Guatemala, Uruguay). In Brazil, there are favelas in the major cities and rural land-based movements.

In industrialized countries, there are often residential squats and also political squatting movements, which can be anarchist, autonomist or socialist in nature, for example in the self-managed social centres of Italy or squats in the United States. Oppositional movements from the 1960s and 1970s created freespaces such as Freetown Christiania in Denmark and Ruigoord in the Netherlands. Each local situation determines the context: in England and Wales, there were estimated to be 50,000 squatters in the late 1970s; in Athens, Greece, there are refugee squats.

Homelessness

Homeless people in San'ya district, Tokyo, Japan Street dwellers in San'ya district in Tokyo Japan.jpg
Homeless people in San'ya district, Tokyo, Japan

The state of being without a home can occur in many ways, [41] ranging from the upheavals of natural disasters, [42] fraud, theft, arson, or war-related destruction, to the more common voluntary sale, loss for one or more occupants on relationship breakdown, expropriation by government or legislated cause, repossession or foreclosure to pay secured debts, eviction by landlords, disposal by time-limited means – lease, or absolute gift. Jurisdiction-dependent means of home loss include adverse possession, unpaid property taxation and corruption such as in circumstances of a failed state.

Personal insolvency, development or sustaining of mental illness or severe physical incapacity without affordable domestic care commonly lead to a change of home. The underlying character of a home may be debased by structural defects, natural subsidence, neglect or soil contamination. Refugees are people who have fled their homes due to violence or persecution. They may seek temporary housing in a shelter or they may claim asylum in another country in an attempt to relocate permanently.[ citation needed ] A dysfunctional home life commonly precipitates one's homelessness. [41]

The dichotomy between home and homelessness is to the extent that the concept of home, scholars have said, is dependent on homelessness: "in a sense, without homelessness, we would not be concerned with what home means". [41]

Anthropogenic significance

A celebratory poster for soldiers and marines returning home Welcome home our heroes MET DP873465.jpg
A celebratory poster for soldiers and marines returning home

The connection between humans and dwelling is profound, such that, the likes of Gaston Bachelard and Martin Heidegger consider it an "essential characteristic" of humanity. [25] A home is generally a place that is close to the heart of the owner, and can become a prized possession. It has been argued that psychologically "The strongest sense of home commonly coincides geographically with a dwelling. Usually, the sense of home attenuates as one moves away from that point, but it does not do so in a fixed or regular way." [43] A person's conception of home can be dependent on congealing conditions, such as culture, geography or emotion; the sense of being at home may be contingent upon the presence of multiple emotions, such as joy, sorrow, nostalgia and pride. [44] [45] Further psychological interperation contends that homes serve the purpose of satisfying identity-based desires and expression and that it functions as a "symbol of the self", bound to the events of one's life. [18] [46] Emmanuel Levinas wrote of home as where, upon seclusion from the greater world, a sense of self can be regained. [47]

There exist many connotations regarding the concept of a home, including of security, identity, ritual and socialisation, varied definitions and residents may associate their home with meanings, emotions, experiences and relationships. [10] [11] [48] Home has been described as an "essentially contested concept". [49] Common connotations of home are espoused by both those with or without a home. [8] It is the sociality and action of homes which some scholars have said conditions a house in to a home, which is, according to Gram-Hanssen, "a phenomenon made by its residents". [50] Dysfunctional sociality may negate the sense of a residence being a home whereas the physical contents may endow the sense; alienated from home one may feel "metaphorically homeless". [51] [52] [lower-alpha 1] Romantic or nostalgic notions are typical in the conceptions of "ideal homes", at once a cultural and individual concept. [13] [53] An ideal working-class home in Postwar Britain was one of comfort and cleanliness, plentiful with food and compassion. [54]

In modern America, an owned house has greater cachet as a home than other residences; debate exists as to if a rooming house can provide a home. [11] [55] Some housing scholars have contended that a conflation of house and home is the result of popular media and capitalist interest. [13] Differing cultures may perceive the concept of a home differently, ascribing less value to the privacy of a residence or the residence itself – although housing issues have been seen as of great concern to immigrants. [11] [lower-alpha 2] The home can render to men and women in significant differences: men conditioned to experience great control and little labour and vice versa for women; homelessness too can be subject to differences per gender. [8] [41] Sociologist Shelley Mallett preposed the idea of home as abstractions: space, feeling, praxis or "a way of being in the world". [11] Abstract notions of home are present in the proverb "A house is not a home". [41]

A video showing a child in Port Harcourt, Nigeria aspiring for a future home

Since it can be said that humans are generally creatures of habit, the state of a person's home has been known to physiologically influence their behavior, emotions, and overall mental health. [56] Marianne Gullestad wrote of the home as the center of and as an attempt to amalgamate everyday life; one's conduct there, she said, can reflect greater culture or social values, such as gender roles insinuating the home to be the domain of women. [11] [lower-alpha 3] To be homesick is to desire belonging, said Zygmunt Bauman. [8] Places like homes can trigger self-reflection, thoughts about who someone is or used to be or who they might become. [58] These types of reflections also occur in places where there is a collective historical identity, such as Gettysburg or Ground Zero. [59] The time spent with one's home is a considerable element in establishing one's attachment. [11] Those without significant time spent of their life in a residence often struggle to consider home as a feature of residences. [8] The perception of one's home can extend beyond the residence itself, to their neighbourhood, family, workplace or nation and one may feel as though they have multiple homes; to have felt at home beyond residence can be a significant element in one's appraisal of their life, a time in which notions of home, it has been observed, are more profound. [11] [60] [61] [57] The connection between home and family is pertinent, to the extent that some scholars consider the terms to be synonymous. [13]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Alienation based sense of homelessness can extend to nations and communities; Bell Hooks wrote of an African-American sense of homeless in the American South. [41]
  2. ↑ The word for home may not be present in all cultures and languages. [21]
  3. ↑ Research showcases that "women's attachment to home is more pronounced than men's and increases with the length of time spent at home". [57]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">House</span> Building comprising a single dwelling

A house is a single-unit residential building. It may range in complexity from a rudimentary hut to a complex structure of wood, masonry, concrete or other material, outfitted with plumbing, electrical, and heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems. Houses use a range of different roofing systems to keep precipitation such as rain from getting into the dwelling space. Houses generally have doors or locks to secure the dwelling space and protect its inhabitants and contents from burglars or other trespassers. Most conventional modern houses in Western cultures will contain one or more bedrooms and bathrooms, a kitchen or cooking area, and a living room. A house may have a separate dining room, or the eating area may be integrated into the kitchen or another room. Some large houses in North America have a recreation room. In traditional agriculture-oriented societies, domestic animals such as chickens or larger livestock may share part of the house with humans.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Squatting</span> Unauthorized occupation of property

Squatting is the action of occupying an abandoned or unoccupied area of land or a building, usually residential, that the squatter does not own, rent or otherwise have lawful permission to use. The United Nations estimated in 2003 that there were one billion slum residents and squatters globally. Squatting occurs worldwide and tends to occur when people find empty buildings or land to occupy for housing. It has a long history, broken down by country below.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Building</span> Structure, typically with a roof and walls, standing more or less permanently in one place

A building or edifice is an enclosed structure with a roof and walls, usually standing permanently in one place, such as a house or factory. Buildings come in a variety of sizes, shapes, and functions, and have been adapted throughout history for numerous factors, from building materials available, to weather conditions, land prices, ground conditions, specific uses, prestige, and aesthetic reasons. To better understand the concept, see Nonbuilding structure for contrast.

In law, a dwelling is a self-contained unit of accommodation used by one or more households as a home – such as a house, apartment, mobile home, houseboat, recreational vehicle, or other "substantial" structure. The concept of a dwelling has significance in relation to search and seizure, conveyancing of real property, burglary, trespass, and land-use planning.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Underground living</span> Living below the grounds surface

Underground living refers to living below the ground's surface, whether in natural or manmade caves or structures. Underground dwellings are an alternative to above-ground dwellings for some home seekers, including those who are looking to minimize impact on the environment. Factories and office buildings can benefit from underground facilities for many of the same reasons as underground dwellings such as noise abatement, energy use, and security.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Affordable housing</span> Housing affordable to those with a median household income

Affordable housing is housing which is deemed affordable to those with a household income at or below the median as rated by the national government or a local government by a recognized housing affordability index. Most of the literature on affordable housing refers to mortgages and a number of forms that exist along a continuum – from emergency homeless shelters, to transitional housing, to non-market rental, to formal and informal rental, indigenous housing, and ending with affordable home ownership.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Housing</span> Living spaces

Housing, or more generally, living spaces, refers to the construction and assigned usage of houses or buildings individually or collectively, for the purpose of shelter. Housing is a basic human need, and it plays a critical role in shaping the quality of life for individuals, families, and communities.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Homeless Workers' Movement</span>

The Homeless Workers Movement is a social movement in Brazil. It originated from the Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem Terra. Although the MTST can trace its first urban activism efforts to the occupation of Campinas in São Paulo during the 1997 National People's March, this intervention was organized within the Landless Rural Worker's Rural Movement (MST) structure. The first proper occupation as a new sociopolitical actor, distinct from the MST, took place in Guarulhos in 2002. It was named after Anita Garibaldi, considered to be a radical social reformer during her lifetime.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Homelessness</span> Lacking stable, safe, functional housing

Homelessness or houselessness – also known as a state of being unhoused or unsheltered – is the condition of lacking stable, safe, and functional housing. The general category includes disparate situations, such as living on the streets, moving between temporary accommodation such as family or friends, living in boarding houses with no security of tenure, and people who leave their domiciles because of civil conflict and are refugees within their country.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Anti-homelessness legislation</span> Laws regarding homelessness

Anti-homelessness legislation can take two forms: legislation that aims to help and re-house homeless people; and legislation that is intended to send homeless people to homeless shelters compulsorily, or to criminalize homelessness and begging.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tiny-house movement</span> Architectural movement advocating smaller living spaces

The tiny-house movement is an architectural and social movement promoting the reduction and simplification of living spaces. According to the International Residential Code, a tiny house’s floorspace is no larger than 400 square feet (37 m2). Proponents suggest that tiny homes could offer low-cost, eco-friendly alternatives within the housing market and serve as a transitional housing option for homeless individuals.

In the United States, squatting occurs when a person enters land that does not belong to them without lawful permission and proceeds to act in the manner of an owner. Historically, squatting occurred during the California Gold Rush and when colonial European settlers established land rights. Squatting also occurred during the Great Depression in Hoovervilles and also during World War II. Shanty towns returned to the US after the Great Recession (2007–2009) and in the 2010s there were incidents of squatting in foreclosed homes, sometimes by people who used fraudulent documents of ownership. In some cases, a squatter may be able to obtain ownership of property through adverse possession.

Real estate is property consisting of land and the buildings on it, along with its natural resources such as growing crops, minerals or water, and wild animals; immovable property of this nature; an interest vested in this (also) an item of real property, buildings or housing in general. In terms of law, real relates to land property and is different from personal property while estate means the "interest" a person has in that land property.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Homelessness in South Africa</span> Overview of homelessness in South Africa

Homelessness in South Africa dates back to the apartheid period. Increasing unemployment, lack of affordable housing, social disintegration, and social and economic policies have all been identified as contributing factors to the issue. Some scholars argue that solutions to homelessness in South Africa lie more within the private sphere than in the legal and political spheres.

Self-managed social centers, also known as autonomous social centers, are self-organized community centers in which anti-authoritarians put on voluntary activities. These autonomous spaces, often in multi-purpose venues affiliated with anarchism, can include bicycle workshops, infoshops, libraries, free schools, meeting spaces, free stores and concert venues. They often become political actors in their own right.

Alternative housing is a category of domicile structures that are built or designed outside of the mainstream norm e.g., town homes, single family homes and apartment complexes. In modern days, alternative housing commonly takes the form of tiny houses, dome homes, pyramid-shaped houses, earth sheltered homes, residential tree houses, abandoned factories and hospitals and even up-cycled vans or buses. The motivation to create alternative homes can arise from destitution or lack of resources to buy or rent a typical home and therefore include improvised shacks in shantytowns, buses, cars and tent-like structures.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Squatting in the Netherlands</span> Occupation of unused land or derelict buildings in the Netherlands

Squatting in the Netherlands is the occupation of unused or derelict buildings or land without the permission of the owner. The modern squatters movement began in the 1960s in the Netherlands. By the 1980s, it had become a powerful anarchist social movement which regularly came into conflict with the state, particularly in Amsterdam with the Vondelstraat and coronation riots.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Squatting in Chile</span> Occupation of unused land or derelict buildings without the permission of the owner

Squatting in Chile is the occupation of unused land or derelict buildings without the permission of the owner. From the 1960s onwards, informal settlements known as callampas were permitted although there were also evictions such as the massacre of Puerto Montt in 1969. In the 1970s, the government of Salvador Allende encouraged occupations, then following the coup d'état, the military junta repressed squatting. Callampas then became known as campamentos.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Squatting in the Philippines</span> Occupation of derelict land or abandoned buildings

Urban areas in the Philippines such as Metro Manila, Metro Cebu, and Metro Davao have large informal settlements. The Philippine Statistics Authority defines a squatter, or alternatively "informal dwellers", as "One who settles on the land of another without title or right or without the owner's consent whether in urban or rural areas". Squatting is criminalized by the Urban Development and Housing Act of 1992, also known as the Lina Law. There have been various attempts to regularize squatter settlements, such as the Zonal Improvement Program and the Community Mortgage Program. In 2018, the Philippine Statistics Authority estimated that out of the country's population of about 106 million, 4.5 million were homeless.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Squatting in Haiti</span>

Squatting in Haiti is the occupation of unused land or abandoned buildings without the permission of the owner. Following the Haitian Revolution (1791–1804), squatters acquired smallholdings across the country. As the capital Port-au-Prince grew, so did the informal settlements ringing it. In the Bel Air district, there is some squatting whilst most people pay rent, building their own homes. In 2004, President Jean-Bertrand Aristide was deposed in a coup and poor areas such as Bel Air and Cité Soleil erupted in violence. Peacekeepers from the United Nations Stabilisation Mission in Haiti later evicted ex-combatants squatting in the house of Aristide.

References

  1. ↑ "Definition: Home". Dictionary. Archived from the original on 28 October 2020. Retrieved 29 October 2020.
  2. ↑ Briganti and Mezei, Chiara and Kathy (2012). The Domestic Space Reader. Canada: University of Toronto Press. ISBN   978-0802099686.
  3. ↑ Briganti, Chiara; Mezei, Kathy, eds. (2012). The Domestic Space Reader. University of Toronto Press. p. 6. ISBN   978-0-8020-9664-7. JSTOR   10.3138/j.ctt2ttqbw.
  4. ↑ Hopley, P.J.; Herries, A.I.; Baker, S.E.; Kuhn, B.F.; Menter, C.G. (2013). "Brief communication: Beyond the South African cave paradigm – Australopithecus africanus from Plio-Pleistocene paleosol deposits at Taung" (PDF). American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 151 (2): 316–324. doi:10.1002/ajpa.22272. PMID   23633001. S2CID   29825617. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 September 2018. Retrieved 22 September 2018.
  5. ↑ Marean, C.W.; Bar-Matthews, M.; Bernatchez, J.; Fisher, E.; Goldberg, P.; Herries, A.I.; Jacobs, Z.; Jerardino, A.; Karkanas, P.; Minichillo, T.; Nilssen, P.J.; Thompson, E.; Watts, I.; Williams, H.M. (2007). "Early human use of marine resources and pigment in South Africa during the Middle Pleistocene". Nature. 449 (7164): 905–908. Bibcode:2007Natur.449..905M. doi:10.1038/nature06204. PMID   17943129. S2CID   4387442. Archived from the original on 22 September 2018. Retrieved 22 September 2018.
  6. ↑ Olsen, Brad (2004). Sacred Places Around the World: 108 Destinations. CCC Publishing. p. 16. ISBN   978-1-888729-16-0. Archived from the original on 21 May 2021. Retrieved 2 December 2020.
  7. ↑ "Skara Brae". Orkneyjar. Archived from the original on 9 December 2012. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 May, Jon (2000). "Of Nomads and Vagrants: Single Homelessness and Narratives of Home as Place". Environment and Planning D: Society and Space. 18 (6): 737–759. Bibcode:2000EnPlD..18..737M. doi:10.1068/d203t. ISSN   0263-7758. S2CID   143737438.
  9. ↑ City of Helsinki (2022): Display captions in the Worker Housing Museum.
  10. 1 2 3 Gram-Hanssen, Kirsten; Darby, Sarah J. (2018). ""Home is where the smart is"? Evaluating smart home research and approaches against the concept of home". Energy Research & Social Science. 37: 94–101. Bibcode:2018ERSS...37...94G. doi:10.1016/j.erss.2017.09.037. ISSN   2214-6296. S2CID   115664299.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Gram-Hanssen, Kirsten; Bech-Danielsen, Claus (2011). "Creating a new home. Somali, Iraqi and Turkish immigrants and their homes in Danish social housing". Journal of Housing and the Built Environment. 27 (1): 89–103. doi:10.1007/s10901-011-9244-7. ISSN   1566-4910. S2CID   153491629.
  12. ↑ Kreiczer-Levy, Shelly (2014). "Intergenerational Relations and the Family Home". The Law & Ethics of Human Rights. 8 (1): 131–160. doi:10.1515/lehr-2014-0004. ISSN   2194-6531. S2CID   146596570.
  13. 1 2 3 4 Mallett, Shelley (2004). "Understanding Home: A Critical Review of the Literature". The Sociological Review. 52 (1): 62–89. doi:10.1111/j.1467-954x.2004.00442.x. ISSN   0038-0261. S2CID   141848481.
  14. 1 2 3 Lewis, Judith S. (2009). "When a House Is Not a Home: Elite English Women and the Eighteenth-Century Country House". Journal of British Studies. 48 (2): 336–363. doi:10.1086/596124. ISSN   0021-9371. JSTOR   25483038.
  15. 1 2 Harvey, Karen (2009). "Men Making Home: Masculinity and Domesticity in Eighteenth-Century Britain". Gender & History. 21 (3): 520–540. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0424.2009.01569.x. ISSN   0953-5233. S2CID   145277189.
  16. ↑ Imrie, Rob (2004). "Disability, embodiment and the meaning of the home". Housing Studies. 19 (5): 745–763. doi:10.1080/0267303042000249189. ISSN   0267-3037. S2CID   143978616.
  17. ↑ Boccagni, Paolo (2017). Migration and the Search for Home. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. xxiii. doi:10.1057/978-1-137-58802-9. ISBN   978-1-137-58801-2.
  18. 1 2 Soaita, Adriana Mihaela (2015). "The meaning of home in Romania: views from urban owner–occupiers". Journal of Housing and the Built Environment. 30 (1): 69–85. doi:10.1007/s10901-014-9396-3. hdl: 10023/7644 . ISSN   1566-4910. JSTOR   43907312. S2CID   52216934.
  19. 1 2 Douglas, Mary (1991). "The Idea of a Home: A Kind of Space". Social Research. 58 (1): 287–307. ISSN   0037-783X. JSTOR   40970644.
  20. 1 2 3 4 Ewart, Ian; Luck, Rachael (2013). "Living From Home: Older People Looking beyond the House". Home Cultures. 10 (1): 25–42. doi:10.2752/175174213x13500467495726. ISSN   1740-6315. S2CID   142644798.
  21. 1 2 Coolen, Henny; Meesters, Janine (2012). "Editorial special issue: house, home and dwelling". Journal of Housing and the Built Environment. 27 (1): 1–10. doi: 10.1007/s10901-011-9247-4 . ISSN   1573-7772. S2CID   52996532.
  22. ↑ Schoenauer, Norbert (2000). 6,000 Years of Housing (rev. ed.) (New York: W.W. Norton & Company).
  23. ↑ "housing papers" (PDF). clerk.house.gov. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 18 December 2012.
  24. ↑ Rykwert, Joseph (1991). "House and Home". Social Research. 58 (1): 51–62. ISSN   0037-783X. JSTOR   40970630.
  25. 1 2 Dekkers, Wim (2011). "Dwelling, house and home: towards a home-led perspective on dementia care". Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy. 14 (3): 291–300. doi:10.1007/s11019-011-9307-2. ISSN   1386-7423. PMC   3127020 . PMID   21221813.
  26. ↑ Giorgi, Sabina; Fasulo, Alessandra (2013). "Transformative Homes". Home Cultures. 10 (2): 111–133. doi:10.2752/175174213x13589680718418. hdl: 11573/661762 . ISSN   1740-6315. S2CID   143558011.
  27. ↑ Parry, M. H. (2000). Aak to Zumbra: a dictionary of the world's watercraft. Newport News, VA: Mariners' Museum. pp. 215–216. ISBN   0917376463.
  28. ↑ Gabor, M. (1979). Houseboats from Floating Places to Humble Dwellings – a glowing tribute to a growing lifetsyle. Toronto: Ballantine Books.
  29. ↑ "What is a housing cooperative". Robinhood Learn. Retrieved 4 July 2023.
  30. ↑ "What's the Difference Between Housekeeping and Cleaning". ThinkACW. 21 December 2017.
  31. ↑ "housekeeping" Oxford Dictionaries Online . Retrieved 2 June 2013.
  32. ↑ "housekeeping" The Collins English Dictionary . Retrieved 2 June 2013.
  33. ↑ "Housekeeping". www.collinsdictionary.com. Retrieved 12 October 2022.
  34. ↑ "National Guidelines for Clean Hospitals" (PDF). Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India. 2015. Retrieved 12 October 2022.
  35. ↑ "housekeeper" Oxford Dictionaries Online . Retrieved 2 June 2013.
  36. ↑ Mrs. Beeton's Book of Household Management Web version of the book at the University of Adelaide Library. Retrieved 2 June 2013.
  37. ↑ Koren, Liran (13 April 2022). "Owner-Occupied vs. Non-Owner-Occupied Real Estate: What's the Difference?". Luxury Property Care. Retrieved 28 July 2023.
  38. ↑ "Definition of HIRE". www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 3 May 2023.
  39. ↑ "Definition of LET". www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 3 May 2023.
  40. ↑ Vimpari, Jussi; Junnila, Seppo (2017). "Valuing retail lease options through time". Journal of Property Investment & Finance. 35 (4): 369–381. doi:10.1108/jpif-05-2016-0036 . Retrieved 3 May 2023.
  41. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Wardhaugh, Julia (1999). "The Unaccommodated Woman: Home, Homelessness and Identity". The Sociological Review. 47 (1): 91–109. doi:10.1111/1467-954X.00164. ISSN   0038-0261. S2CID   143034264.
  42. ↑ Teves, Hranjski, Oliver, Hrvoje (7 December 2012). "Death toll from Philippine typhoon climbs past 500". USA Today. Archived from the original on 8 December 2012. Retrieved 8 December 2012.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  43. ↑ Terkenli, T.S. (1995). "Home as a Region". Geographical Review. 85 (3): 324–334. Bibcode:1995GeoRv..85..324T. doi:10.2307/215276. JSTOR   215276.
  44. ↑ Tucker, Aviezer (1994). "In Search of Home". Journal of Applied Philosophy. 11 (2): 181–187. doi:10.1111/j.1468-5930.1994.tb00107.x. ISSN   0264-3758.
  45. ↑ Heller, Anges (1995). "Where Are we at Home?". Thesis Eleven. 41 (1): 1–18. doi: 10.1177/072551369504100102 . ISSN   0725-5136. S2CID   143640713.
  46. ↑ Després, Carole (1991). "The Meaning of Home: Literature Review and Directions for Future Research and Theoretical Development". Journal of Architectural and Planning Research. 8 (2): 96–115. ISSN   0738-0895. JSTOR   43029026.
  47. ↑ Burcher, Paul; Gabriel, Jazmine (2016). "There Is No Place Like Home: Why Women are Choosing Home Birth in the Era of 'Homelike' Hospitals". International Journal of Feminist Approaches to Bioethics. 9 (1): 149–165. doi:10.3138/ijfab.9.1.149. ISSN   1937-4585. JSTOR   90011862. S2CID   74202738.
  48. ↑ Blunt, Alison; Varley, Ann (2004). "Geographies of home". Cultural Geographies. 11 (1): 3–6. Bibcode:2004CuGeo..11....3B. doi:10.1191/1474474004eu289xx. ISSN   1474-4740. S2CID   145718750.
  49. ↑ Meers, Jed (2021). "'Home' as an essentially contested concept and why this matters". Housing Studies. 38 (4): 597–614. doi: 10.1080/02673037.2021.1893281 . ISSN   0267-3037. S2CID   233665944.
  50. ↑ Gram-Hanssen, Kirsten; Bech-Danielsen, Claus (2004). "House, home and identity from a consumption perspective". Housing, Theory and Society. 21 (1): 17–26. doi:10.1080/14036090410025816. ISSN   1403-6096. S2CID   154629854.
  51. ↑ Sixsmith, Judith (1986). "The Meaning of Home: An Exploratory Study of Environmental Experience". Journal of Environmental Psychology. 6 (4): 281–298. doi:10.1016/S0272-4944(86)80002-0.
  52. ↑ Öhlén, Joakim; Ekman, Inger; Zingmark, Karin; Bolmsjö, Ingrid; Benzein, Eva (2014). "Conceptual development of "at-homeness" despite illness and disease: A review". International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well-being. 9 (1): 23677. doi:10.3402/qhw.v9.23677. PMC   4036382 . PMID   28556696.
  53. ↑ Wright, Gwendolyn (1991). "Prescribing the Model Home". Social Research. 58 (1): 213–225. ISSN   0037-783X. JSTOR   40970641.
  54. ↑ Langhamer, Claire (2005). "The Meanings of Home in Postwar Britain". Journal of Contemporary History. 40 (2): 341–362. doi:10.1177/0022009405051556. ISSN   0022-0094. JSTOR   30036327. S2CID   145429727.
  55. ↑ Mifflin, Erin; Wilton, Robert (2005). "No Place like Home: Rooming Houses in Contemporary Urban Context". Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space. 37 (3): 403–421. Bibcode:2005EnPlA..37..403M. doi:10.1068/a36119. ISSN   0308-518X. S2CID   143568957.
  56. ↑ Boutruche, Samuel; Bourgeois, Stéphanie; Lyamouri-Bajja, Nadine (2008). Raising Young Refugees' Voices in Europe and Beyond. Council of Europe. p. 35. ISBN   978-92-871-6308-0. Archived from the original on 10 June 2016. Retrieved 19 November 2015.
  57. 1 2 Barry, Arro; Heale, Roberta; Pilon, Roger; Lavoie, Anne Marise (2017). "The meaning of home for ageing women: An evolutionary concept analysis". Health & Social Care in the Community. 26 (3): 337–344. doi: 10.1111/hsc.12470 . ISSN   0966-0410. PMID   28675920. S2CID   4730207.
  58. ↑ Haywood, Trudy (27 July 2017). "Homesickness – Settling in to University". Warwick. Archived from the original on 4 January 2018.
  59. ↑ Burton-Christie, Douglas (2009). "Place-Making as Contemplative Practice". Anglican Theological Review . 91 (3): 347–371. Archived from the original on 2 May 2014. Retrieved 30 April 2014.
  60. ↑ Lewin, Fereshteh Ahmadi (2001). "The Meaning of Home among Elderly Immigrants: Directions for Future Research and Theoretical Development". Housing Studies. 16 (3): 353–370. doi:10.1080/02673030120049715. ISSN   0267-3037. S2CID   143282245.
  61. ↑ Ahmed, Sara (1999). "Home and away: Narratives of migration and estrangement". International Journal of Cultural Studies. 2 (3): 329–347. doi:10.1177/136787799900200303. ISSN   1367-8779. S2CID   146220746.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.