Household

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Familienidylle by Aime Pez, 1839 Aime Pez Familienidylle 1839.jpg
Familienidylle by Aimé Pez, 1839

A household consists of one or more persons who live in the same dwelling. It may be of a single family or another type of person group. [1] The household is the basic unit of analysis in many social, microeconomic and government models, and is important to economics and inheritance. [2]

Contents

Household models include families, blended families, shared housing, group homes, boarding houses, houses of multiple occupancy (UK), and single room occupancy (US). In feudal societies, the royal household and medieval households of the wealthy included servants and other retainers.

Government definitions

For statistical purposes in the United Kingdom, a household is defined as "one person or a group of people who have the accommodation as their only or main residence and for a group, either share at least one meal a day or share the living accommodation, that is, a living room or sitting room". [3] The introduction of legislation to control houses of multiple occupations in the UK Housing Act (2004) [4] required a tighter definition of a single household. People can be considered a household if they are related: full- or half-blood, foster, step-parent/child, in-laws (and equivalent for unmarried couples), a married couple or unmarried but "living as ..." (same- or different-sex couples). [5]

The United States Census definition also hinges on "separate living quarters": "those in which the occupants live and eat separately from any other persons in the building." [6] According to the U.S. census, a householder is the "person (or one of the people) in whose name the housing unit is owned or rented (maintained)"; if no person qualifies, any adult resident of a housing unit is considered a householder. The U.S. government formerly used "head of the household" and "head of the family", but those terms were replaced with "householder" in 1980. [7] In the census definition of a household, it

... includes all the persons who occupy a housing unit. A housing unit is a house, an apartment, a mobile home, a group of rooms, or a single room that is occupied (or if vacant, is intended for occupancy) as separate living quarters. Separate living quarters are those in which the occupants live and eat separately from any other persons in the building and which have direct access from the outside of the building or through a common hall. The occupants may be a single family, one person living alone, two or more families living together, or any other group of related or unrelated persons who share living arrangements. (People not living in households are classified as living in group quarters.) [8]

On July 15, 1998, Statistics Canada said: "A household is generally defined as being composed of a person or group of persons who co-reside in, or occupy, a dwelling." [9]

Economic definition

Although a one-income-stream economic theory simplifies modeling, it does not necessarily reflect reality. Many, if not most, households have several income-earning members. Most economic models do not equate households and traditional families, and there is not always a one-to-one relationship between households and families.

Social definitions

In social work, a household is defined similarly: a residential group in which housework is divided and performed by householders. Care may be delivered by one householder to another, depending upon their respective needs, abilities, and (perhaps) disabilities. Household composition may affect life and health expectations and outcomes for its members. [10] [11] Eligibility for community services and welfare benefits may depend upon household composition. [12]

In sociology, household work strategy (a term coined by Ray Pahl in his 1984 book, Divisions of Labour) [13] [14] is the division of labour among members of a household. Household work strategies vary over the life cycle as household members age, or with the economic environment; they may be imposed by one person, or be decided collectively. [15]

Feminism examines how gender roles affect the division of labour in households. In The Second Shift and The Time Bind, sociologist Arlie Russell Hochschild presents evidence that in two-career couples men and women spend about equal amounts of time working; however, women spend more time on housework. [16] [17] Cathy Young (another feminist writer) says that in some cases, women may prevent the equal participation of men in housework and parenting. [18]

Models

Household models in the English-speaking world include traditional and blended families, shared housing, and group homes for people with support needs. Other models which may meet definitions of a household include boarding houses, houses in multiple occupation (UK), and single room occupancy (US).

History

In feudal or aristocratic societies, a household may include servants or retainers who derive their income from the household's principal income.

Housing statistics

Dwellings with bathrooms [19]
Country196019701980
Belgium 23.6%49.1%73.9%
Denmark 39.4%73.1%85.4%
France 28.0%48.9%85.2%
Germany 51.9%71.5%92.3%
Greece 10.4%-69.3%
Ireland 33.0%55.3%82.0%
Italy 10.7%64.5%86.4%
Luxembourg 45.7%69.4%86.2%
Netherlands 30.3%75.5%95.9%
Portugal 18.6%-58%
Spain 24.0%77.8%85.3%
United Kingdom 78.3%90.9%98.0%
Indoor WC, bath/shower and hot running water (1988) [20]
CountryIndoor WCBath/showerHot running water
Belgium94%92%87%
Denmark97%94%N/A
France94%93%95%
Germany99%97%98%
Greece85%85%84%
Ireland 94%92%91%
Italy 99%95%93%
Luxembourg 99%97%97%
Netherlands N/A99%100%
Portugal 80%N/AN/A
Spain 97%96%N/A
UK99%100%N/A
1981–82 censuses [19]
CountryBath/showerIndoor WCCentral heating
Belgium73.9%79.0%-
Denmark85.1%95.8%54.6%
France85.2%85.4%67.6%
Germany92.3%96.0%70.0%
Greece69.3%70.9%-
Ireland82.0%84.5%39.2%
Italy86.4%87.7%56.5%
Luxembourg86.2%97.3%73.9%
Netherlands95.9%-66.1%
Portugal58.0%58.7%-
Spain85.3%-22.5%
United Kingdom98.0%97.3%-
Average usable floor space, 1976 [21]
CountryArea
Austria 86 m2 (930 sq ft)
Belgium97 m2 (1,040 sq ft)
Bulgaria 63 m2 (680 sq ft)
Canada 89 m2 (960 sq ft)
Czechoslovakia 69 m2 (740 sq ft)
Denmark122 m2 (1,310 sq ft)
Finland 71 m2 (760 sq ft)
France82 m2 (880 sq ft)
East Germany 60 m2 (650 sq ft)
West Germany 95 m2 (1,020 sq ft)
Greece80 m2 (860 sq ft)
Hungary 65 m2 (700 sq ft)
Ireland88 m2 (950 sq ft)
Luxembourg107 m2 (1,150 sq ft)
Netherlands71 m2 (760 sq ft)
Norway 89 m2 (960 sq ft)
Poland 58 m2 (620 sq ft)
Portugal 104 m2 (1,120 sq ft)
Romania 54 m2 (580 sq ft)
Soviet Union 49 m2 (530 sq ft)
Spain82 m2 (880 sq ft)
Sweden 109 m2 (1,170 sq ft)
Switzerland 98 m2 (1,050 sq ft)
United Kingdom70 m2 (750 sq ft)
United States 120 m2 (1,300 sq ft)
Yugoslavia 65 m2 (700 sq ft)
Average usable floor space, 1994 [22]
CountryArea
Austria85.3 m2 (918 sq ft)
Belgium86.3 m2 (929 sq ft)
Denmark107 m2 (1,150 sq ft)
Finland74.8 m2 (805 sq ft)
France85.4 m2 (919 sq ft)
East Germany64.4 m2 (693 sq ft)
West Germany86.7 m2 (933 sq ft)
Greece79.6 m2 (857 sq ft)
Ireland88 m2 (950 sq ft)
Italy92.3 m2 (994 sq ft)
Luxembourg107 m2 (1,150 sq ft)
Netherlands98.6 m2 (1,061 sq ft)
Spain86.6 m2 (932 sq ft)
Sweden92 m2 (990 sq ft)
United Kingdom79.7 m2 (858 sq ft)
Floor space, 1992–1993 [23]
CountryYearArea
Australia1993191 m2 (2,060 sq ft)
United States1992153.2 m2 (1,649 sq ft)
South Korea 1993119.3 m2 (1,284 sq ft)
United Kingdom199295 m2 (1,020 sq ft)
Germany 199390.8 m2 (977 sq ft)
Japan199388.6 m2 (954 sq ft)
Households without an indoor WC, 1980 [24]
Country %
Belgium19%
France17%
West Germany7%
Greece29%
Ireland22%
Italy11%
Japan 54%
Norway17%
Portugal 43%
Spain12%
United Kingdom6%
Households without a bath or shower
Country %
Belgium24%
France17%
West Germany11%
Italy11%
Japan17%
Norway18%
Spain39%
United Kingdom4%
Households with an indoor WC [25]
Country1960–611970–711978–79
Britain87%88%95%
Germany64%85%92.5%
Households with a bath or shower [25]
Country1960–611970–711978–79
Britain72%91%94.3%
Germany51%82%89.1%
Principal residences in France lacking amenities: [21]
YearRunning waterWCBath or showerCentral heating
196221.6%59.5%71.1%80.7%
19689.2%45.2%52.5%65.1%
19752.8%26.2%29.8%46.9%
19781.3%20.9%22.9%39.7%
Households with central heating[ citation needed ]
Country19701978
Great Britain34%53%
Germany44%64%
US dwellings with bathroom amenities, 1970 [26]
Amenity %
Bath/shower95%
Flush toilet96%
East German amenities [21]
Amenity196119711979
Running water66%82.2%89%
WC33%41.8%50%
Bath/shower22.4%38.7%50%
Central heating2.5%10.6%22%
Amenities in European dwellings, 1970–71 [27]
CountryRunning waterWCBath/shower
Austria84.2%69.8%52.9%
Belgium88.0%50.4%47.8%
Czechoslovakia75.3%49.0%58.6%
Denmark98.7%90.3%76.5%
Finland72.0%61.4%-
Greece64.9%41.2%35.6%
Hungary36.1%27.2%31.7%
Ireland78.2%69.2%55.4%
Italy86.1%79.0%64.5%
Netherlands-80.8%81.4%
Norway97.5%69.0%66.1%
Portugal47.8%33.7%32.6%
Spain70.9%70.9%46.4%
Sweden97.4%90.1%78.3%
Switzerland-93.3%80.9%
United Kingdom-86.3%90.7%
Yugoslavia 33.6%26.2%24.6%
British households lacking amenities [28]
YearBathIndoor/outdoor WCHot running waterIndoor WC
195137.6%7.7%--[ contradictory ]
196122.4%6.5%21.8%-[ contradictory ]
196615.4%1.7%12.5%18.3%
19719.1%1.1%6.5%11.5%
British households sharing amenities [28]
YearBathIndoor/outdoor WCHot running waterIndoor WC
19517.5%14.9%--[ contradictory ]
19614.4%6.7%1.8%-
19664.1%6.4%2.0%4.4%
19713.2%4.1%1.9%3.1%
Households with durable goods, 1964–1971 [29]
CountryYearWashing machineRefrigeratorTelevisionTelephone
Northern Ireland 197145.4%40.1%87.5%27.0%
Scotland 197165.0%53.2%92.1%36.1%
United Kingdom196453.0%34.0%80.0%2.2%
United Kingdom197164.3%68.8%91.4%37.8%
United States196587.4%99.5%97.1%85.0%
United States197092.1%99.8598.7%92.0%
EEC manual workers with durable goods, 1963–1964 [29]
CountryWashing machineRefrigeratorTelevisionTelephone
Belgium74.7%24.9%47.6%8.2%
France39.6%47.0%34.4%1.4%
West Germany66.2%62.1%51.3%1.8%
Italy13.6%50.2%47.9%20.0%
Luxembourg82.3%64.7%27.9%23.0%
Netherlands80.4%25.5%58.0%9.4%
EEC white-collar workers with durable goods, 1963–1964 [29]
CountryWashing machineRefrigeratorTelevisionTelephone
Belgium68.5%57.3%48.3%40.0%
France48.2%71.3%43.3%15.2%
West Germany62.2%79.1%51.8%19.6%
Italy38.3%81.9%79.3%57.9%
Luxembourg82.3%79.2%25.2%67.3%
Netherlands73.9%51.6%56.2%57.4%
Dwellings with amenities, 1960–71 [29]
CountryYearRunning waterIndoor running waterToiletFlush toiletBath/shower
Austria1961100.0%63.6%--29.6%
1970-85.3%69.7%-54.5%
Belgium196176.9%-99.9%47.6%24.3%
Bulgaria196528.5%28.2%100.0%11.8%8.7%
Canada 196189.1%--85.2%80.3%
1967-95.2%93.5%92.5%89.8%
1971---95.4%93.4%
Czechoslovakia196160.5%49.1%-39.5%33.3%
Denmark1960-92.9%100.0%83.6%48.3%
196596.7%96.7%100.0%90.9%63.4%
England and Wales 1961-98.7%93.4%-78.7%
1966---98.2%85.1%
Finland 196047.1%47.1%-35.4%14.6%
France1962-77.5%43.1%39.3%28.0%
196892.8%91.5%56.2%53.2%48.9%
East Germany1961-65.7%33.7%-22.1%
West Germany1965-98.2%-83.3%64.3%
196899.0%--86.5%66.8%
Hungary1960--100.0%22.5%-
196332.5%25.9%--18.5%
197058.6%36.4%100.0%32.7%32.2%
Ireland196157.2%51.0%64.9%53.5%33.2%
Italy196171.6%62.3%89.5%-28.9%
Luxembourg196098.8%-100.0%81.6%45.7%
Netherlands195689.6%-99.9%67.5%26.8%
New Zealand 1960-90.0%---
196199.6%87.8%-88.5%-
196699.7%90.3%-94.0%98.1%
Norway196094.0%92.8%100.0%57.9%45.2%
Poland 196039.1%29.9%26.9%18.9%13.9%
1966-46.8%-33.3%-
Romania 196648.4%12.3%100.0%12.2%9.6%
Scotland1961-94.0%-92.8%69.9%
1966---95.7%77.4%
Sweden1960-90.0%-76.2%61.0%
196595.2%94.3%99.7%85.3%72.9%
Switzerland1960-96.1%99.7%-68.8%
United States196094.0%92.9%-89.7%88.1%
Yugoslavia (urban)1961-42.4%34.5%-22.5%
European households with at least one car, 1978 [30]
Country%
Belgium69.9%
Denmark57.0%
France66.9%
West Germany62.6%
Ireland65.1%
Italy69.1%
Netherlands67.2%
United Kingdom54.4%
Housing tenure, 1980–1990 [31]
CountryYearPublic rentalPrivate rentalOwner-occupied
Australia19885%25%70%
Belgium19866%30%62%
Denmark199021%21%58%
France199017%30%53%
Germany199025%38%37%
Ireland199014%9%78%
Italy19905%24%64%
Netherlands198843%13%44%
Spain19891%11%88%
United Kingdom199027%7%66%
United States19802%32%66%
EEC households with a garden, 1963–64 [32]
Country%
Belgium58%
France47%
Italy17%
Netherlands21%
Germany45%
Luxembourg81%
Households with durable goods, 1962 [33]
CountryTelevisionVacuum cleanerWashing machineRefrigeratorCar
France25%32%31%37%33%
Great Britain78%71%43%22%30%
United States87%75%95%98%75%

Housing conditions

Belgium

A 1961–62 National Housing Institute survey estimated that 13.8 percent of Belgian dwellings were unfit and incapable of improvement. A further 19.5 percent were unfit but had the potential to be improved, and 54 percent were considered suitable (without alteration or improvement) for modern living standards. Seventy-four percent of dwellings lacked a shower or bath, 19 percent had inadequate sewage disposal, and 3.6 percent lacked a drinking-water supply; 36.8 percent had an indoor water closet. [34] According to a 1964 study, 13 percent of Belgium's housing consisted of slums. [35] In 1974 an estimated 17% of the Belgian population lived in a detached house, while 23% lived in an attached house, 56% in an apartment or flat, and 4% in other types of homes (trailers, mobile homes, etc.). [36] In terms of amenities, in 1975 an estimated 1% of all houses were without a flush toilet, 1% without electric lighting, 37% without a fixed bath or shower and 7% without piped water. [37]

Austria

In 1974 an estimated 28% of the Austrian population lived in a detached house, while 5% lived in an attached house, 64% in an apartment or flat, and 4% in other types of homes (trailers, mobile homes, etc.). [36] In terms of amenities, in 1975 an estimated 10% of all houses were without a flush toilet, 1% without electric lighting, 34% without a fixed bath or shower and 8% without piped water. [37]

Ireland

In 1974 an estimated 27% of the Irish population lived in a detached house, while 55% lived in an attached house, 11% in an apartment or flat, and 8% in other types of homes (trailers, mobile homes, etc.). [36] In terms of amenities, in 1975 an estimated 21% of all houses were without a flush toilet, 2% without electric lighting, 20% without a fixed bath or shower and 14% without piped water. [37]

Japan

In 1973 an estimated 65% of the Japanese population lived in a detached house, while 12% lived in an attached house, and 23% in an apartment or flat. [36] In terms of amenities, in 1975 an estimated 65% of all houses were without a flush toilet, 1% without electric lighting, 3% without a fixed bath or shower and 1% without piped water. [37]

Netherlands

In 1974 an estimated 18% of the Dutch population lived in a detached house, while 40% lived in an attached house, 36% in an apartment or flat, and 6% in other types of homes (trailers, mobile homes, etc.). [36] In terms of amenities, in 1975 an estimated 1% of all houses were without a flush toilet, 1% without electric lighting, 2% without a fixed bath or shower and 1% without piped water. [37]

Italy

In 1974 an estimated 18% of the Italian population lived in a detached house, while 9% lived in an attached house, 65% in an apartment or flat, and 8% in other types of homes (trailers, mobile homes, etc.). [36] In terms of amenities, in 1975 an estimated 4% of all houses were without a flush toilet, 2% without electric lighting, 27% without a fixed bath or shower and 1% without piped water. [37]

Norway

In 1974 an estimated 45% of the Norwegian population lived in a detached house, while 7% lived in an attached house, 46% in an apartment or flat, and 2% in other types of homes (trailers, mobile homes, etc.). [36] In terms of amenities, in 1975 an estimated 13% of all houses were without a flush toilet, 1% without electric lighting, 25% without a fixed bath or shower and 1% without piped water. [37]

Sweden

In 1974 an estimated 36% of the Swedish population lived in a detached house, while 8% lived in an attached house, and 56% in an apartment or flat. [36] In terms of amenities, in 1975 an estimated 2% of all houses were without a flush toilet, 1% without electric lighting, 2% without a fixed bath or shower and 1% without piped water. [37]

Denmark

In 1974 an estimated 50% of the Danish population lived in a detached house, while 11% lived in an attached house, 31% in an apartment or flat, and 8% in other types of homes (trailers, mobile homes, etc.). [36] In terms of amenities, in 1975 an estimated 1% of all houses were without a flush toilet, 1% without electric lighting, 10% without a fixed bath or shower and 1% without piped water. [37]

Switzerland

In 1974 an estimated 33% of the Swiss population lived in a detached house, while 5% lived in an attached house, and 62% in an apartment or flat. [36] In terms of amenities, in 1975 an estimated 3% of all houses were without a flush toilet, 1% without electric lighting, 15% without a fixed bath or shower and 1% without piped water. [37]

Spain

In 1974 an estimated 12% of the Spanish population lived in a detached house, while 23% lived in an attached house, 61% in an apartment or flat, and 4% in other types of homes (trailers, mobile homes, etc.). [36] In terms of amenities, in 1970/75 an estimated 29% of all houses were without a flush toilet, 4% without electric lighting, 54% without a fixed bath or shower and 32% without piped water. [37]

West Germany

In 1974 an estimated 22% of the West German population lived in a detached house, while 5% lived in an attached house, 69% in an apartment or flat, and 4% in other types of homes (trailers, mobile homes, etc.). [36] In terms of amenities, in 1975 an estimated 4% of all houses were without a flush toilet, 1% without electric lighting, 6% without a fixed bath or shower and 1% without piped water. [37]

France

Between 1954 and 1973, the percentage of French homes with a shower or bath increased from 10 to 65 percent. During that period, the percentage of homes without flush toilets fell from 73 to 30 percent; homes without running water fell from 42 to 3.4 percent. A 1948 law permitted gradual, long-term rent increases for existing flats on the condition that part of the money was spent on repairs. According to John Ardagh, the law, "vigorously applied, was partly successful in its twofold aim: to encourage both repairs and new building." [38] In 1974 an estimated 17% of the French population lived in a detached house, while 2% lived in an attached house, 78% in an apartment or flat, and 3% in other types of homes (trailers, mobile homes, etc.). [36] In terms of amenities, in 1975 an estimated 20% of all houses were without a flush toilet, 1% without electric lighting, 34% without a fixed bath or shower and 3% without piped water. [37]

United Kingdom

After World War II, a large percentage of British housing was single-family housing. Seventy-eight percent of housing in 1961 consisted of single-family homes, compared to 56 percent in the Netherlands, 49 percent in West Germany and 32 percent in France. [39] In England and Wales in 1964, 6.6 percent of housing units had two or fewer rooms; 5.8 percent had seven or more rooms, 15.2 percent had six rooms, 35.1 percent had five rooms, 26.3 percent had four rooms, and 11.1 percent had three rooms. These figures included kitchens when they were used for eating meals. Fifty percent of 1964 housing had three bedrooms; 1.9 percent had five or more bedrooms, 6.2 percent had four bedrooms, 10.5 percent had one bedroom or none, and 31.3 percent had two bedrooms. A 1960 social survey estimated that 0.6 percent of households in England and Wales exceeded the statutory overcrowding standard; the 1964 percentage was 0.5 percent. In 1964, 6.9 of all households exceeded one person per room. The 1960 figure was 11 percent, with 1.75 percent having two or more bedrooms below the standard and 9.25 percent having one bedroom below the standard. This declined slightly by 1964 to 9.4 percent of households below the standard, with 8.1 percent having one bedroom below the standard and 1.3 percent having two bedrooms or more below the standard. According to local authorities in 1965, five percent of the housing stock in England and Wales was unfit for habitation. [40] In 1974 an estimated 23% of the population of the UK lived in a detached house, while 50% lived in an attached house, 23% in an apartment or flat, and 4% in other types of homes (trailers, mobile homes, etc.). [41] In terms of amenities, in 1975 an estimated 1% of all houses were without a flush toilet, 1% without electric lighting, 3% without a fixed bath or shower and 1% without piped water. [37]

U.S. and Canada

Housing conditions improved in Canada and the U.S. after World War II. In the U.S., 35.4 percent of all 1950 dwellings did not have complete plumbing facilities; the figure fell to 16.8 percent in 1960 and 8.4 percent in 1968. In Canada from 1951 to 1971, the percentage of dwellings with a bath or shower increased from 60.8 to 93.4 percent; the percentage of dwellings with hot and cold running water increased from 56.9 to 93.5 percent. [29] In the United States from 1950 to 1974, the percentage of housing without full plumbing fell from 34 to three percent; during that period, the percentage of housing stock considered dilapidated fell from nine percent to less than four. [42] In 1976, an estimated 64% of the population of the U.S. lived in a detached house, while 4% lived in an attached house, 28% in an apartment or flat, and 4% in other types of homes (trailers, mobile homes, etc.). [36] In terms of amenities, in 1975 an estimated 2% of all houses in the U.S. were without a flush toilet, 1% without electric lighting, 3% without a fixed bath or shower and 1% without piped water. [37] In 1977 an estimated 59% of the population of Canada lived in a detached house, while 8% lived in an attached house, and 33% in an apartment or flat. [36] In terms of amenities, in 1975/77 an estimated 3% of all houses in Canada were without a flush toilet, 1% without electric lighting, 2% without a fixed bath or shower and 1% without piped water. [37]

See also

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A bidet is a bowl or receptacle designed to be sat upon in order to wash a person's genitalia, perineum, inner buttocks, and anus. The modern variety has a plumbed-in water supply and a drainage opening, and is thus a plumbing fixture subject to local hygiene regulations. The bidet is designed to promote personal hygiene and is used after defecation, and before and after sexual intercourse. It can also be used to wash feet, with or without filling it up with water. In several European countries, a bidet is now required by law to be present in every bathroom containing a toilet bowl. It was originally located in the bedroom, near the chamber-pot and the marital bed, but in modern times is located near the toilet bowl in the bathroom. Fixtures that combine a toilet seat with a washing facility include the electronic bidet.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Condominium</span> Form of ownership of real property

A condominium is an ownership regime in which a building is divided into multiple units that are either each separately owned, or owned in common with exclusive rights of occupation by individual owners. These individual units are surrounded by common areas that are jointly owned and managed by the owners of the units. The term can be applied to the building or complex itself, and is sometimes applied to individual units. The term "condominium" is mostly used in the US and Canada, but similar arrangements are used in many other countries under different names.

A drain cleaner or opener is a person, device or product unblocking sewer pipes or clogged wastewater drains. The term usually refers to a chemical or mechanical utensil such as a commercial chemical product, plumber's snake, drain auger or toilet plunger. Occasionally, it is applied to a plumber or another individual who performs the drain cleaning and hygiene.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Water conservation</span> Policies for sustainable development of water use

Water conservation includes all the policies, strategies and activities to sustainably manage the natural resource of fresh water, to protect the hydrosphere, and to meet the current and future human demand. Population, household size and growth and affluence all affect how much water is used.

A plumbing fixture is an exchangeable device which can be connected to a plumbing system to deliver and drain water.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Studio apartment</span> Type of apartment

A studio apartment, or studio condo also known as a studio flat (UK), self-contained apartment (Nigeria), efficiency apartment, bed-sitter (Kenya), or bachelor apartment, is a small dwelling in which the normal functions of a number of rooms – often the living room, bedroom, and kitchen – are combined into a single room.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Campervan</span> Type of vehicle

A campervan, also referred to as a camper, caravanette, motorhome or RV in North America, is a self-propelled vehicle that provides both transport and sleeping accommodation. The term describes vans that have been fitted out, whereas a motorhome is one with a coachbuilt body.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Housing in Japan</span> Overview of housing in Japan

Housing in Japan includes modern and traditional styles. Two patterns of residences are predominant in contemporary Japan: the single-family detached house and the multiple-unit building, either owned by an individual or corporation and rented as apartments to tenants, or owned by occupants. Additional kinds of housing, especially for unmarried people, include boarding houses, dormitories, and barracks.

Almu is a town in western Ethiopia, the largest of three towns located in the Pawe Special Woreda of the Benishangul-Gumuz Region.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Multifamily residential</span> Type of housing development that emphasizes density and proximity of many neighbors

Multifamily residential is a classification of housing where multiple separate housing units for residential inhabitants are contained within one building or several buildings within one complex. Units can be next to each other, or stacked on top of each other. Common forms include apartment building and condominium, where typically the units are owned individually rather than leased from a single building owner. Many intentional communities incorporate multifamily residences, such as in cohousing projects.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rosebank, Cape Town</span> Place in Western Cape, South Africa

Rosebank is one of the Southern Suburbs of Cape Town, South Africa, located between the suburbs of Mowbray and Rondebosch.

Pipra (पिपरा) a village in Mahottari District, Janakpur Zone in the Central Region of Nepal.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Toilet</span> Piece of hardware for the collection or disposal of human excreta

A toilet is a piece of sanitary hardware that collects human urine and feces, and sometimes toilet paper, usually for disposal. Flush toilets use water, while dry or non-flush toilets do not. They can be designed for a sitting position popular in Europe and North America with a toilet seat, with additional considerations for those with disabilities, or for a squatting posture more popular in Asia, known as a squat toilet. In urban areas, flush toilets are usually connected to a sewer system; in isolated areas, to a septic tank. The waste is known as blackwater and the combined effluent, including other sources, is sewage. Dry toilets are connected to a pit, removable container, composting chamber, or other storage and treatment device, including urine diversion with a urine-diverting toilet.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Toilet (room)</span> Room for privately accessing a toilet, and often handwashing basin

A toilet is a small room used for privately accessing the sanitation fixture (toilet) for urination and defecation. Toilet rooms often include a sink (basin) with soap/handwash for handwashing, as this is important for personal hygiene. These rooms are typically referred to in the USA as "half-bathrooms" in a private residence.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Residential water use in the U.S. and Canada</span>

Residential water use includes all indoor and outdoor uses of drinking quality water at single-family and multifamily dwellings. These uses include a number of defined purposes such as flushing toilets, washing clothes and dishes, showering and bathing, drinking, food preparation, watering lawns and gardens, and maintaining swimming pools. Some of these end uses are detectable while others are more difficult to gauge.

The term recreational vehicle (RV) is often used as a broad category of motor vehicles and trailers which include living quarters for designed temporary accommodation. Types of RVs include motorhomes, campervans, caravans, fifth-wheel trailers, popup campers, truck campers and Park Model RVs.

References

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  2. ↑ O'Sullivan, Arthur; Steven M. Sheffrin (2003). Economics: Principles in action. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458: Prentice-Hall. p. 29. ISBN   978-0-13-063085-8. Archived from the original on 2016-12-20.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  3. ↑ "National Statistics" (PDF). Statistics.gov.uk\access-date=2015-05-17. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-06-26.
  4. ↑ "UK Housing Act 2004" (PDF). See section 258 on p. 201.
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  22. ↑ European Commission; Oxley, Michael; Smith, Jacqueline (1996). Housing Policy and Rented Housing in Europe. E & F Spon. p. 77. ISBN   978-0-419-20720-7.
  23. ↑ Ōmae, Ken'ichi (1995). The End of the Nation State: The Rise of Regional Economies. Simon and Schuster. ISBN   978-0-02-923341-2.[ page needed ]
  24. ↑ Simon, Julian (1996). The State of Humanity. Wiley. p. 244. ISBN   978-1-55786-585-4.
  25. 1 2 Couch, Chris (1985). Housing Conditions in Britain and Germany. Anglo-German Foundation for the Study of Industrial Society. ISBN   978-0-905492-42-1.[ page needed ]
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  27. ↑ Howenstine, Emanuel Jay (1985). Housing Vouchers: A Comparative International Analysis. Transaction Publishers. p. 46. ISBN   978-1-4128-5049-0.
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Sources

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