Consumer activism

Last updated
Apple store in Central Park, a symbol of consumerism. Apple-763766 1280.jpg
Apple store in Central Park, a symbol of consumerism.

Consumer activism is a process by which activists seek to influence the way in which goods or services are produced or delivered. Kozinets and Handelman define it as any social movement that uses society's drive for consumption to the detriment of business interests.[ clarification needed ] [1] For Eleftheria Lekakis, author of Consumer Activism: Promotional Culture and Resistance, [2] it includes a variety of consumer practices that range from boycotting and ‘buycotting’ to alternative economic practices, lobbying businesses or governments, practising minimal or mindful consumption, or addressing the complicity of advertising in climate change. Consumer activism includes both activism on behalf of consumers for consumer protection and activism by consumers themselves. [3] Consumerism is made up of the behaviors, institutions, and ideologies created from the interaction between people and the materials and services they consume. [4] Consumer activism has several aims:

Contents

History

Historian Lawrence B. Glickman identifies the free produce movement of the late 1700s as the beginning of consumer activism in the United States. [7] Like members of the British abolitionist movement, free produce activists were consumers themselves, and under the idea that consumers share in the responsibility for the consequences of their purchases, boycotted goods produced with slave labor in an attempt to end slavery. [7] Other early consumer activism included the creation of consumer cooperatives in Northwestern England in 1844 as a measure against local monopolies and high commodity prices. [8]

Activism on behalf of the consumer began around the 20th Century in the United States, in what scholars Tim Lang and Yiannis Gabriel term the "value-for-consumer" wave, and which sociologist Hayagreeva Rao calls the antiadulteration movement. [8] [5] At this time consumer organizations emerged in the United States, starting with a Consumers League in New York in 1891 which merged with other regional branches to form the National Consumers League in 1898. [8] One of the first consumer protection laws in the United States and worldwide, the Pure Food and Drug Act, was passed in 1906 during the first wave of the U.S. consumer movement. More legislation around the world followed. During this time consumer-led activism like boycotts continued, largely in response to domestic and international socio-political concerns. [7]

The publication of Unsafe at Any Speed by Ralph Nader in 1965 gave rise to a new type of legal-focused, anti-corporate activism. [8] Whereas past activism had focused on the consequences of consumer actions and the protection of consumers, Lang and Gabriel argue the activism inspired by Ralph Nader and others is more confrontational toward the market. [8] From the 1990s and into the 21st century, consumer activism has been closely associated with sharp critiques of globalization and the damaging effects of concentrated corporate power. [9]

Objectives and tactics

Consumer activism seeks to change how goods or services are produced in order to make the production process safer, more ethical, more environmentally friendly, and to make the products themselves safer and of better quality, or more available to consumers. [5] Consumer activism challenges corporate practices in order to effect a change in production, or attempts to modify the behavior of consumers themselves. [5] More recently, the politics of race [10] and gender [11] have taken centre-stage in consumer activism campaigns.

Scholars Robert V. Kozinets and Jay M. Handelman find that consumer activism needs three factors: "a goal, a self-representation, and an adversary." [5] In this model, the goal is the change consumer activists wish to effect in the way goods or services are produced or in the way consumers approach consumption. Consumer activists may frame the purchase of a good or service as a moral choice, with the consumer partly responsible for aspects of the production. [3] In this way, consumer activists attempt to influence the behavior of consumers by getting them to consider their consumption choices in an ethical light, [3] and portray consumer activism as a movement among consumers, themselves included, for a common good. [5] Consumer activists may also be part of various consumer organizations or portray themselves as members of a larger consumer movement.

The targets of consumer activism are often corporations that support causes or practices consumer activists find unethical. [5] [12] Corporations face consumer activism because of the way they do business or because of organizations they choose to support, financially or otherwise. [12] Consumer activism may also target the state to encourage it to implement some form of regulation for consumer protection.

Consumer activist tactics can include boycotts, petitioning the government, media activism, and organizing interest groups. [5] Boycotts are especially prevalent among consumer activists within environmental and animal rights activist groups. According to research from Eastern Michigan University, boycotts that are media-orientated rather than marketplace-orientated are preferred[ clarification needed ]. A media-oriented boycott does not target actual consumption, by demonstrating in front of a storefront for example, but instead demonstrations are oriented to getting media attention, for example by demonstrating in front of the rival headquarters. Consumer boycotts damage a brand's reputation and can result in short term dips in a company's stock prices. [13] While these dips may be forgettable in terms of the company's overall revenue, especially when the company may be among the top global brands, these boycotts can quickly gain attention and cause fast mobilization[ who? ] due to the rapid pace of information spreading across the internet and even be successful in causing policy change or restructuring of leadership if the boycott represents a major societal issue or movement instead of an isolated, independent effort. [14] [13] They are known[ weasel words ] to be successful when the issue the boycott is targeting is simple and easy to understand, with low cost of mobilization and many alternatives for consumers to turn toward. [15] Boycotts are occasionally criticized for being ineffective but the media appeal and a few big successes from groups like PETA have sustained their popularity. [16] Consumer boycotts have also been an effective strategy for African Americans to gain equality in employment, access to public spaces such as shopping centers, or other various political objectives. [17] As mentioned above the use of storefront sidewalks and window displays as a means for consumer activism can also be noted. Suffragists in San Francisco used these public spaces to access the vast network of consumers shopping in the downtown boutiques in order to “sell” suffrage to both the men and women of California. [18] Using the displays and advertising techniques employed by retailers, the women of San Francisco were able to successfully use consumer spaces to campaign for their suffrage.

The Internet plays a major role in modern consumer activism, allowing widespread consumer interest groups to support each other in their efforts to resist globalized consumption patterns. [19] This is especially true as anti-brand and anti-corporation groups seek to create a coordinated opposition as multinational and interregional as the opposed business. Often these communities centrally accumulate and share resources and information. In these and other strategies, consumer activists seek to increase the exposure of their cause and to gain political support. The speed, convenience, and propensity for coalition-building make the internet an ideal place for consumers to run their activism. [20] The Internet allows for more mobilization by supporters, both inside and outside the group, to protest and get their message heard. [21] At the same time, the internet and various platforms are part of a digital economy that favours and promote consumerism [22] ], which is contrary to classic aims of consumer activism.

Activist boycotts function under the model that a consumer's money serves as a vote of support for the business from which they bought something, a model which adds social responsibility for the consumer, as they must be knowledgeable about a company's and its competition's policies and stances in order to make the most informed decisions each time they make a purchase. [14] The boycott tactic is not more often utilized by or slanted toward any specific political party in the United States as there are many boycott efforts that champion both conservative and liberal stances. [15]

Movements

African American Consumer Activism in the 1930s:

African American grassroots consumer activism in the 1930s focused primarily on securing their rights as consumers rather than with issues of consumer protection. [17] Historically, African Americans have been excluded from opportunities to work white-collar jobs, instead finding themselves both sustained and exploited in domestic service and farming roles. Kelly Miller, a Howard University sociologist, referred to African Americans as “the surplus man, the last to be hired and the first to be hired”. [23] The Great Depression exacerbated these economic vulnerabilities, and by 1933 nearly two million African Americans were out of work nationwide. [23] In response, African American consumers put economic pressure on local white owned businesses by choosing to shop at African American owned businesses, thus using familiar boycott tactics on a mass scale across major northern cities. [17] The “Don’t Buy Where You Can’t Work” campaign turned the racial segregation of urban communities into an opportunity to economically support African American capitalists while simultaneously protesting the continued exploitation of African American labor by white employers. The campaign was considered successful in ushering an increase of African American employment rates, opportunities for advancement and promotion, and a strengthening of purchasing power. [24] The movement also provided a basic template for direct-action Civil Rights activists to use in the 1960s, such as the Montgomery Bus Boycotts or lunch counter sit-ins. [24]

The OPA and Wartime Consumer Activism

The popularity and support for the Office of Price Administration’s wartime rationing systems and price control policies depended on the American women who served as their households main shopper. Grassroots community-based organizations, local government agencies and OPA officials targeted women in an attempt to persuade them to join local boards in charge of rationing and price control. These local boards were often led by women and helped ensure compliance to OPA stabilization policies through recurring meetings with grocery stores, where they would report any potential rule breaking to their local OPA official. [25]

Many of the women consumer activists that worked with the OPA often had experience with other sorts of activist groups such as localized consumer groups or labor unions. These groups' agendas were often aligned with the OPA’s, and in part used the OPA’s legally established framework to organize their own groups. [25]

This mutual relationship between consumer activists and the OPA allowed for consumers to be ensured of their rights to product information and fair prices while simultaneously ensuring the effectiveness of the OPAs policies and their interests. By mobilizing thousands of women across the country, the OPA was able to effectively “Hold the Line”, and keep inflation prices down during World War Two. With the promise of postwar prosperity, women consumer activists all over the country were effectively motivated to stand up for their consumption rights. [25]

It is to be noted that African American consumers defended the OPA as both consumers and specifically as African American consumers as well. Many African American women were specifically interested in this issue of rent control. Although the OPA could not reverse the high prices and discrimination that African Americans faced in the housing market, they could still work to “prevent the extension of this abuse”. In the Washington D.C. office, the OPA had African American members on six of the fifteen price panels. The OPA also made special appeals to African American consumers, with one pamphlet reading “Negroes too, are Consumers”. [25]

The 1990s

In what was described as the "granddaddy of all activist campaigns" [26] Nike came under fire for utilizing subcontracted international factories to produce their products. Nike sweatshops became notorious for subpar working conditions and substandard pay. The reaction to this news resulted in an onslaught of activism that laid the foundation for modern consumer activism. [27]

2010 Greenpeace boycott against Kit Kat

Greenpeace found that palm oil production used in Kit Kats was destroying the rainforests and habitats of orangutans. Through social media activity, Greenpeace forced Kit Kat to cut all ties with Sinar Mas Group, the company that was providing the palm oil. [28] Kit Kat later pledged to use only rainforest-sustainable palm oil by 2015. This movement is hailed as a notable success in consumer activism.

2017 Delete Uber movement

After Donald Trump's Executive Order 13769 banned immigration from seven predominantly Muslim countries to the United States in January 2017, protests arose in many airports of the country. [29] At John F. Kennedy International Airport, Uber was criticized[ who? ] for not canceling its service and for allegedly[ who? ] using the event to profit during a Taxi Workers Alliance protest. [30] This led to a Twitter campaign of #deleteuber in which more than 200,000 users deleted the app. [31] CEO of Uber Travis Kalanick vacated his position as advisor in the economic advisory council of President Trump due to criticism over Trump and the travel ban. [32]

#Boycottstarbucks Christmas Cup Campaign

After Starbucks released its winter-themed set of Christmas cups in 2015, Donald Trump declared a suggestion to boycott Starbucks. [33] Trump represented himself as offended that the Starbucks cup did not portray the Christmas season with typical Christmas characters like Christmas trees, gifts, Santa, etc. [34] Trump was an influence in this movement as a presidential candidate in 2015, and suggested that Starbucks was removing Christmas from the Christmas-holiday season. [35] Starbucks was the target of backlash from conservative Trump supporters in 2017 after Starbucks CEO Howard Schultz spoke out in favor of employing refugees at various locations of the coffee shop chain after Trump proposed a travel ban targeted towards stopping Muslim Middle Eastern refugees from entering the United States. [36]

#GrabYourWallet Boycott

A boycott was created by Shannon Coulter in October 2016 to protest against Donald Trump. The movement advocated boycotting stores and companies that carry Trump-affiliated items, such as Ivanka Trump's shoe line. [37] The boycott didn't only include clothing stores, but also included TV shows, such as The New Celebrity Apprentice, which was formerly hosted by Donald Trump. [38]

2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine

Following the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine which began on February 24, many international, particularly Western companies pulled out of Russia. Companies slow to announce any disinvestments or scaling back of their operations in Russia have been subject to criticism and calls for consumer boycott. [39]

Celebrity endorsements

Celebrities and influencers are often key actors behind acts or campaigns of consumer activism. To understand complex and sometimes controversial examples such as the below, Lekakis suggests that we understand each case with key issues in mind: 1) the political economy of celebrity, 2) the importance of problematizing consumer-friendly simplifications, 3) the importance of understanding celebrity in relation to colonial histories, and 4) in relation to gender and racial politics. [2]

Donald Trump: Donald Trump promoted various consumer boycotts and consumer activism actions, such as with the Starbucks Boycott, where Trump suggested a boycott due to the Christmas cup controversy, [40] as well as calling for a boycott of the NFL due to kneeling protests against police brutality towards people of color during the national anthem in 2017. [41]

Lena Dunham: After Uber removed price surges following a taxi hour of solidarity for the immigration ban at the JFK airport, there was almost instantly a backlash from thousands of Uber users to delete the app, and Dunham engaged in the boycott by sending out a tweet indicating that she had deleted the app. [42]

Kelly Ellis: Software engineer Kelly Ellis proposed a boycott of Twitter over a controversial suspension of actress Rose McGowan's Twitter account. The boycott included the hashtag "#WomenBoycottTwitter." [43] Rose McGowan's account was suspended after it tweeted about an accused sexual harasser within the Hollywood celebrity community, for breaking Twitter rules about posting personal information. [43]

George Takei: After the 2017 boycotts of Uber, Takei tweeted on Twitter addressing the events and including the hashtag "#DeleteUber" at the end of his Tweet. [44]

Jesse Williams: After the 2017 boycott of Uber at John F. Kennedy International Airport, actor Jesse Williams took to Twitter to share a screenshot of himself deleting the Uber app, including the hashtag "#DeleteUber" in his tweet.

Criticism

Opponents of consumer activism often represent business interests. [5] Some businesses have brought lawsuits against consumer groups for making negative comments about their products or services. Many of the suits have been successfully defended against on the grounds of free speech.[ citation needed ] Some cases against consumer activists have been dismissed under anti-SLAPP laws.[ citation needed ]

Notable activists and organizations

Notable consumer activists include Carol Tucker-Foreman, Marc Kasky, Richard Kessel, Virginia H. Knauer, Eileen Hoats, Ralph Nader, Frances Perkins, Michael Pertschuk, and Peter A. Peyser.

Notable consumer organizations include Grahak Shakti (India), Public Citizen, Consumers Union, and Consumer Federation of America. [45] These organizations protect consumer rights by testing products and helping consumers make informed choices. The Consumers Union participates in consumer activism with hundreds of thousands of "e-advocates" who write letters to policy makers. Early versions of consumer organizations were similar to trade unions in how they would boycott to try to improve the marketplace for the consumer. [46]

Basecamp

The CEO of Basecamp, a Chicago-based tech company, chose to boycott Uber in 2017 by no longer reimbursing company and employee Uber rides, giving incentive to use other vehicle for hire companies. [47] Jason Fried, the company's CEO, stated that making the decision to boycott Uber was easy, especially after the Susan J. Fowler controversy in early 2017, and for Fried, it was a matter of morals. [47]

Selected publications

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Office of Price Administration</span> Former US federal government agency

The Office of Price Administration (OPA) was established within the Office for Emergency Management of the United States government by Executive Order 8875 on August 28, 1941. The functions of the OPA were originally to control money and rents after the outbreak of World War II.

Economic activism involves using economic power for change. Both conservative and liberal groups use economic activism to boycott or outbid companies and organizations that do not agree with their particular political, religious, or social values. Conversely, it also means purchasing from those companies and organizations that do.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Anti-consumerism</span> Opposition to excessive systemic buying and use of material possessions

Anti-consumerism is a sociopolitical ideology that is opposed to consumerism, the continual buying and consuming of material possessions. Anti-consumerism is concerned with the private actions of business corporations in pursuit of financial and economic goals at the expense of the public welfare, especially in matters of environmental protection, social stratification, and ethics in the governing of a society. In politics, anti-consumerism overlaps with environmental activism, anti-globalization, and animal-rights activism; moreover, a conceptual variation of anti-consumerism is post-consumerism, living in a material way that transcends consumerism.

An anti-boycott, counter-boycott, or buycott is the excess buying of a particular brand or product in an attempt to counter a boycott of the same brand or product. Anti-boycott measures could also be in the form of laws and regulations adopted by a state to prohibit the act of boycott among its citizens.

A boycott is an act of nonviolent, voluntary abstention from a product, person, organization, or country as an expression of protest. It is usually for moral, social, political, or environmental reasons. The purpose of a boycott is to inflict some economic loss on the target, or to indicate a moral outrage, usually to try to compel the target to alter an objectionable behavior.

Micah M. White is credited with being the co-creator of the original call for the Occupy Wall Street protests. His book The End Of Protest: A New Playbook For Revolution was published by Knopf Canada in 2016.

The consumer movement is an effort to promote consumer protection through an organized social movement, which is in many places led by consumer organizations. It advocates for the rights of consumers, especially when those rights are actively breached by the actions of corporations, governments, and other organizations which provide products and services to consumers. Consumer movements also commonly advocate for increased health and safety standards, honest information about products in advertising, and consumer representation in political bodies.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Activism</span> Efforts to make change in society toward a perceived greater good

Activism consists of efforts to promote, impede, direct or intervene in social, political, economic or environmental reform with the desire to make changes in society toward a perceived greater good. Forms of activism range from mandate building in a community, petitioning elected officials, running or contributing to a political campaign, preferential patronage of businesses, and demonstrative forms of activism like rallies, street marches, strikes, sit-ins, or hunger strikes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Criticism of Starbucks</span> Criticisms of Starbucks corporation

Starbucks, an American coffee company and coffeehouse chain, was the subject of multiple controversies. Public and employee criticism against the company has come from around the world, including a wide range issues from tax avoidance in Europe, anti-competitive practices in the United States, human rights issues in multiple countries and labor issues involving union busting, questions about pay equity and ethics in partnerships in Africa.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Protests against Donald Trump</span> Political protests against Donald Trump

Protests against Donald Trump have occurred in the United States, Europe and elsewhere from his entry into the 2016 presidential campaign to his loss to Joe Biden in the 2020 presidential election. Protests have expressed opposition to Trump's campaign rhetoric, his electoral win, his inauguration, his alleged history of sexual misconduct and various presidential actions, most notably his travel ban in 2017 and his aggressive family separation policy in 2018. Some protests have taken the form of walk-outs, business closures, and petitions as well as rallies, demonstrations, and marches. While most protests have been peaceful, actionable conduct such as vandalism and assaults on Trump supporters has occurred. Some protesters have been criminally charged with rioting. The largest organized protest against Trump was the day after his inauguration; millions protested on January 21, 2017, during the Women's March, with each individual city's protest taken into consideration, makes it the largest single-day protest in the history of the United States.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Protests against Executive Order 13769</span> Protest in the United States

In late January and early February 2017, during protests against Executive Order 13769, thousands of people gathered at various airports in the United States and around the world to prevent the returning of refugees and other visitors from seven countries considered to be unsafe. According to various sources, more than two thousand people were at the protest at John F. Kennedy International Airport in Queens, New York City with other protests appearing at significant international airports and other important sites around the United States. Protests continued daily and internationally through February 6. Protests also continued after a federal judge issued a temporary restraining order against parts of the travel ban.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">GrabYourWallet</span>

#GrabYourWallet is an organization and social media campaign that is an umbrella term for economic boycotts against companies that have any connections to Donald Trump in response to the leak of a lewd conversation between Donald Trump and Billy Bush on the set of Access Hollywood where he said "grab them by the pussy". The movement has particularly targeted Uber and Trump's daughter Ivanka Trump's clothing and shoe line, which was carried by Nordstrom before being indefinitely discontinued due to poor sales as a result of the boycott.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Charlie Kirk</span> American political activist and radio talk show host

Charles J. Kirk is an American right-wing political activist, radio talk show host, and internet personality who often espouses views rooted in conservatism. He founded Turning Point USA with Bill Montgomery in 2012, and has served as its executive director since. He is the CEO of Turning Point Action, Students for Trump, and Turning Point Academy, Turning Point Faith, president of Turning Point Endowment, and a member of the Council for National Policy. Kirk has written four books.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Day Without a Woman</span> 2017 strike action

A Day Without a Woman was a strike action held on March 8, 2017, on International Women's Day. The strike, which was organized by two different groups—the 2017 Women's March and a separate International Women's Strike movement—asked that women not work that day to protest the policies of the administration of Donald Trump. Planning began before Trump's November 2016 election. The movement was adopted and promoted by the Women's March, and recommended actions inspired by the "Bodega Strike" and the Day Without Immigrants.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tamika Mallory</span> American activist

Tamika Danielle Mallory is an American activist. She was one of the leading organizers of the 2017 Women's March, for which she and her three other co-chairs were recognized in the TIME 100 that year. She received the Coretta Scott King Legacy Award from the Coretta Scott King Center for Cultural and Intellectual Freedom in 2018. Mallory is a proponent of gun control, feminism, and the Black Lives Matter movement.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Social media use by Donald Trump</span>

Donald Trump's use of social media attracted attention worldwide since he joined Twitter in May 2009. Over nearly twelve years, Trump tweeted around 57,000 times, including about 8,000 times during the 2016 election campaign and over 25,000 times during his presidency. The White House said the tweets should be considered official statements. When Twitter banned Trump from the platform in January 2021 during the final days of his term, his handle @realDonaldTrump had over 88.9 million followers. On November 19, 2022, Twitter's new owner, Elon Musk, reinstated his account, although Trump has stated he will not use it in favor of his own social media platform, Truth Social. The first tweet since 2021 was made in August 2023 about his mugshot from Fulton County Jail, but the account has since remained inactive.

Anthime Joseph "Tim" Gionet, more commonly known as Baked Alaska, is an American far-right media personality who gained notoriety through his advocacy on behalf of alt-right and white supremacist ideology. He has also used the alias Tim Treadstone.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">James Allsup</span> American white supremacist (born 1995)

James Orien Allsup is an American white supremacist, far-right political commentator, and podcaster. He was a member of the American Identity Movement, a white nationalist, Identitarian and neo-Nazi organization, until it disbanded in 2020. Allsup formerly co-hosted a podcast on the neo-Nazi network The Right Stuff. He was a YouTube personality until his channel was removed for promoting white supremacy.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Black Rifle Coffee Company</span> U.S. coffee company (founded 2014)

Black Rifle Coffee Company (BRCC) is a coffee company based in Salt Lake City, Utah, United States. It gained national attention in 2017, when it employed about 50 people, after pledging to hire 10,000 veterans to protest Starbucks's pledge to hire 10,000 refugees.

The League of Women Shoppers (LWS) was an American consumer advocacy group that also participated in collective actions that worked towards social justice for workers. They also fought against racial discrimination of all kinds. LWS was founded in 1935 in New York City and Aline Davis Hays served as the first president. Chapters of LWS were formed in cities around the country. Members of LWS were involved in different actions. Some were involved in educating consumers on labor issues. Others watched legislation and put out alerts for members to contact their representatives about the issues. LWS members, most of whom were middle class or upper class women, participated in strikes and pickets and served as allies to working class women and African-American workers. Because of their collective action techniques and also because of animosity from members of another consumer group, Consumers' Research (CR), LWS was accused of Un-American activities in the early 1940s. They were blacklisted and members began to leave, causing the group to dissolve in 1949.

References

  1. ↑ Kozinet, Robert (2004). "Adversaries of Consumption: Consumer Movements, Activism, and Ideology". Journal of Consumer Research. 31 (3): 691–704. doi:10.1086/425104.
  2. 1 2 Lekakis, Eleftheria (2022) Consumer Activism: Promotional Culture and Resistance, London: Sage.
  3. 1 2 3 Glickman, Lawrence B. (2004). "'Buy for the Sake of the Slave': Abolitionism and the Origins of American Consumer Activism". American Quarterly. 56 (4): 905–906. doi:10.1353/aq.2004.0056. S2CID   143192356.
  4. ↑ Martin, Ann Smart (1993-07-01). "Makers, Buyers, and Users: Consumerism as a Material Culture Framework". Winterthur Portfolio. 28 (2/3): 141–157. doi:10.1086/496612. ISSN   0084-0416. S2CID   162370613.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Kozinets, Robert V.; Handelman, Jay M. (2004). "Adversaries of Consumption: Consumer Movements, Activism, and Ideology". Journal of Consumer Research. 31 (3): 691–704. doi:10.1086/425104.
  6. ↑ Jayasimha, K.R.; Billore, Aditya (2016). "I complain for your good? Re-examining consumer advocacy". Journal of Strategic Marketing. 24 (5): 360–376. doi:10.1080/0965254X.2015.1011204. S2CID   168075971.
  7. 1 2 3 Glickman, Lawrence B. (2004). "'Buy for the Sake of the Slave': Abolitionism and the Origins of American Consumer Activism". American Quarterly. 56 (4): 889–912. doi:10.1353/aq.2004.0056. S2CID   143192356.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 Lang, Tim; Gabriel, Yiannis. A Brief History of Consumer Activism. pp. 35–45 – via Academia.edu.
  9. ↑ Kolb, Robert W. (2008-01-01). Encyclopedia of Business Ethics and Society. SAGE. ISBN   9781412916523.
  10. ↑ "BLM urges boycott of white companies for 'Black Xmas'". The Daily Telegraph . Archived from the original on 2023-01-30.
  11. ↑ Link text
  12. 1 2 Swimberghe, Krist; Flurry, Laura A.; Parker, Janna M. (2011). "Consumer Religiosity: Consequences for Consumer Activism in the United States". Journal of Business Ethics. 103 (3): 453–467. doi:10.1007/s10551-011-0873-2. S2CID   144805014.
  13. 1 2 "Rethinking Consumer Boycotts". MIT Sloan Management Review. Retrieved 2017-10-13.
  14. 1 2 "When Do Consumer Boycotts Work?". The New York Times . Retrieved 2017-10-13.
  15. 1 2 "When Do Company Boycotts Work?". Harvard Business Review. Retrieved 2017-10-13.
  16. ↑ Friedman, Monroe (1995). "On Promoting a Sustainable Future through Consumer Activism". Journal of Social Issues. 51 (4): 197–215. doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1995.tb01355.x.
  17. 1 2 3 Cohen, Lizabeth (2003). A Consumers' Republic: The Politics of Mass Consumption in Postwar America (1st ed.). United States of America: Vintage Books. pp. 17–62. ISBN   978-0375707377.
  18. ↑ Sewell, Jessica Ellen (2011-01-24), "Sidewalks and Streetcars", Women and the Everyday City, University of Minnesota Press, pp. 1–24, retrieved 2023-11-07
  19. ↑ R., Hollenbeck, Candice; M., Zinkhan, George (2006-01-01). "Consumer Activism on the Internet: the Role of Anti-Brand Communities". NA - Advances in Consumer Research. 33.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  20. ↑ Hollenbeck, Candice (2006). "Consumer Activism on the Internet: the Role of Anti-Brand Communities". Advances in Consumer Research. 33: 479–485.
  21. ↑ Jenkins, J. Craig & Wallace, Michael "The Generalized Action Potential of Protest Movements: The New Class, Social Trends, and Political Exclusion Explanations", p. 188. Sociological Forum. Springer. Vol. 11, No. 2. 1996.
  22. ↑ [Jordan, Tim. 2020. The Digital Economy. Cambridge: Polity.]
  23. 1 2 Pacifico, Michele F. (1994). ""Don't Buy Where You Can't Work": The New Negro Alliance of Washington". Washington History. 6 (1): 66–88. ISSN   1042-9719.
  24. 1 2 Greenberg, Cheryl Lynn (1991-09-26), ""Don't Buy Where You Can't Work"", “Or Does It Explode”, Oxford University PressNew York, NY, pp. 114–139, ISBN   978-0-19-505868-0 , retrieved 2023-11-07
  25. 1 2 3 4 Jacobs, Meg (1997). ""How About Some Meat?": The Office of Price Administration, Consumption Politics, and State Building from the Bottom Up, 1941-1946". Journal of American History. 84 (3): 910–941. doi:10.2307/2953088. ISSN   0021-8723.
  26. ↑ Gunther, Marc (February 9, 2015). "Under Pressure: campaigns that persuaded companies to change the world". The Guardian. Retrieved March 4, 2017.
  27. ↑ Bullert, B.J. (2000). "Progressive Public Relations, Sweatshops and the Net". Political Communication. 17 (4): 403–407. doi:10.1080/10584600050179022. S2CID   143456293.
  28. ↑ Skapinker, Michael (2010-06-01). "Nestlé learns to see the wood for the trees". Financial Times. ISSN   0307-1766 . Retrieved 2017-03-04.
  29. ↑ "Inside the Huge JFK Airport Protest Over Trump's Muslim Ban". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 2017-11-11.
  30. ↑ "Furious customers are deleting the Uber app after drivers went to JFK airport during a protest and strike". Business Insider. Retrieved 2017-11-11.
  31. ↑ Isaac, Mike (2017-02-02). "Uber C.E.O. to Leave Trump Advisory Council After Criticism". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved 2017-03-04.
  32. ↑ Isaac, Mike (2017-02-02). "Uber C.E.O. to Leave Trump Advisory Council After Criticism". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved 2017-11-11.
  33. ↑ Schleifer, Theodore. "Donald Trump: 'Maybe we should boycott Starbucks'". CNN Politics. Retrieved 2017-11-04.
  34. ↑ Schleifer, Theodore. "Donald Trump: 'Maybe we should boycott Starbucks'". CNN Politics. Retrieved 2017-11-11.
  35. ↑ Schleifer, Theodore. "Donald Trump: 'Maybe we should boycott Starbucks'". CNN Politics. Retrieved 2017-11-04.
  36. ↑ "Trump Supporters Vow to Boycott Starbucks Over CEO's Plan to Hire Refugees". Fox News. January 31, 2017.
  37. ↑ "Real-time social media analytics for #deleteuber - Keyhole". keyhole.co. Retrieved 2017-11-27.
  38. ↑ "The up-to-date list of companies that sell Trump brands". #grabyourwallet. Retrieved 2017-11-27.
  39. ↑ "Pressure grows on McDonald's and Coca-Cola to suspend Russia operations". Guardian. Retrieved 2022-03-21.
  40. ↑ Schleifer, Theodore. "Donald Trump: 'Maybe we should boycott Starbucks'". CNNPolitics. Retrieved 2017-11-04.
  41. ↑ Davis, Julie Hirschfeld (2017-09-24). "Trump Calls for Boycott if N.F.L. Doesn't Crack Down on Anthem Protests". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved 2017-11-04.
  42. ↑ "Why Are Celebrities Deleting Their Uber Accounts? Everything You Need to Know About the Boycott". PEOPLE.com. 2017-01-30. Retrieved 2017-11-04.
  43. 1 2 "Celebrities Boycott Twitter After Rose McGowan's Suspension". Bloomberg.com. 2017-10-13. Retrieved 2017-11-11.
  44. ↑ Takei, George (2017-01-29). "Lyft donates $1mil to ACLU while Uber doubles down on its support for Trump. #DeleteUber". @GeorgeTakei. Retrieved 2017-11-27.
  45. ↑ Burros, Marian (June 2, 1976). Strengthening Consumer Activism. The Washington Post
  46. ↑ Rao, Hayagreeva (1998-01-01). "Caveat Emptor: The Construction of Nonprofit Consumer Watchdog Organizations". American Journal of Sociology. 103 (4): 912–961. doi:10.1086/231293. ISSN   0002-9602. S2CID   143250168.
  47. 1 2 Grant, Nico (June 13, 2017). "Uber's Culture Led One Tech Company to Boycott It on Moral Grounds" . Bloomberg News .
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.