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This is an index of sociology articles. For a shorter list, see List of basic sociology topics.
ableism — abortion — absolute poverty — achieved status — acute disease — adaptation — adultism — affect control theory — affirmative action — affluent alienation — age grade — age structure — aging in place — ageism — agency — AGIL Paradigm — aggregate — ageism — agrarian society — agribusiness — AIDS — air pollution — alcoholism — altermodern — alienation — alien land law — alternative society — altruism — alzheimer's disease — Amae — amalgamation — Americanization — Anabaptist — anarchy — androgyny — animal abuse — animism — anomia — anomie — anthropology — antipositivism — antisemitism — apartheid — apollonian — applied science — approach — appropriate technology — The Archaeology of Knowledge — arms race — arms trade — arranged marriage — asceticism — Asch conformity experiments — ascribed status — assimilation — assisted living — attribution theory — autarky — authentic act — authoritarian personality — authoritarianism — authority — autocracy — automation — avant-garde
baby boomer — balance of power — base and superstructure — The Bell Curve — belonging — berdache — biological determinism — bioethics — biosocial theory — Black Power — Black Panther Party — blended family — boomerang generation — bourgeoisie — brainwashing — bricolage — bureaucracy — bureaucratic collectivism — bureaucratization — bystander effect
capitalism — capitalists — carrying capacity — cash crop — caste — caste system — Catholic Worker — Catholicism — causation — cause marketing — charismatic movement — CBD — Chicago Area Project — Chicago school — Chicano — child labor — chronic disease — church — citizen — citizenship — civil disorder — civil inattention — civil religion — civil rights — civil society — clan — class — class conflict — class consciousness — class structure — classism — cognition — cohabitation — cold war — collective action — collective behavior — collective consciousness —collective punishment — collective representation — collective violence — colonialism — commodity — commodity chain — commodity fetishism — communal riot — communication — communism — community — community care — comparable worth — comparative sociology — complex society — computational sociology — conflict theory — conformity — conglomerates — conscience collective — consciousness — consensus decision-making — consensus reality —consumerism — content analysis — contingent work — contradiction — conversation analysis — core countries — corporation — correlation — corruption — Counterculture — counter-revolutionary — coup d'état — created environment — creole language — crime — critical theory — crowd psychology — crude birth rate — crude death rate — cult — cultural bias — cultural capital — cultural deprivation — cultural imperialism — cultural lag — cultural materialism — cultural pluralism — cultural relativism — cultural reproduction — cultural system — cultural transmission — cultural universal — culture — culture of poverty — culture wars — curative medicine
Darwinism — death — debt bondage — deconstruction — defensive medicine — deforestation — deinstitutionalisation — democracy — demographic transition — demography — dependency theory — dependent variable — depletion — desertification — deskilling — deterrence theory — devaluation — developmental state — deviance — deviance amplification — deviant subculture — dialectic — diaspora — differential association — differentiation — diffusion — dionysian — discourse — discrimination — division of labour — division of labour — domestic worker — domestic violence — double standard — doubling time — dramaturgical perspective — Disneyfication — dyad — dysfunction — dystopia
ecologism — ecology — economic determinism — ecological modernization — economic interdependence — economies of scale — economy — ecosystem — education — education system — egalitarianism — elder abuse — elite — elite religion — embourgeoisement thesis — emigration — empirical studies — encounter — endogamy — entrepreneur — entropy — environmentalism — environmental sociology — epistemology — estate — ethnic group — ethnic minority — ethnicity — ethnocentrism — ethnography — ethnomethodology — ethnostatistics - eutrophication — evolution — evolutionary sociology — evolutionism — exclusivist — existentialism — exogamy — experiment — exponential growth — export-processing zone — extended family
false consciousness — family — fascism — fecundity — feedback — femininity — feminism — Ferdinand Tönnies Society — fertility — fetishism — feudalism — First World — flextime plan — folk religion — forces of production — Fordism — forms of activity and interpersonal relations — functionalism — functions — fundamentalism — futures studies — futurist — futurology
gang — GDP — gemeinschaft — Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft — gender — gendered division of labour — gendering — genealogy of power/knowledge — generalized other — generalized other — genetic engineering — genocide — gentrification — geopolitics — German Society for Sociology — gesellschaft — gestalt psychology — ghetto — globalization — glocalisation — GNP — government — Great Depression — grounded theory — group action — group behaviour — group dynamics — The Great Transformation — Green Revolution — greenhouse effect — gross domestic product — gross national product — guerrilla movement
habitus — health maintenance organization — hegemony — heterophobia — heterosexuality — hidden curriculum — higher circles — higher education — Hispanic — historical materialism — historical sociology — holocaust — homelessness — homophobia — homosexuality — house work — hunter-gatherer — human ecology — hybridity — hyperreality — hypothesis — honour killing
'I' and the 'me' — iatrogenesis — ideal type — identity — identity politics — ideology — imagined communities — immigration — imperialism — ingroup — income — independent variable — industrial democracy — industrial production — industrial society — industrial sociology — industrialisation — industrialization of war — infant mortality— informal economy — information technology —infrastructure — inner city — instinct — institution — institutional discrimination — imprinting — institutional racism — insurgency — intelligence — intelligence quotient — intelligentsia — intentional community — interaction — interest group — intergenerational mobility — internal colonialism — international division of labor — interpersonal violence — interpretive
Japanization — Jim Crow laws — jingoism — Judaism — justice, distributive — juvenile delinquency
labeling theory — labour power — laissez-faire — late modernity — Latino/a — latent function — law — legitimacy — legitimation crisis — Leipzig school — lesbianism — liberal democracy — life-course — life-cycle — life expectancy — lifeworld — limited war — literacy — local knowledge — longevity — longitudinal study — looking-glass self — love — luddism — luddite — lumpenproletariat
macrosociology — malthusianism — managed care —managerial class — manifest function — marginalization — marriage — Marxism — masculinity — mass action — mass media — mass society — master status — materialism — matriarchy — matrilineality — matrilocal residence — McDonaldization — mean — means of production — mechanical solidarity — mechanization — median — medicaid — medical gaze — medical model — medicalization — medicare — megalopolis — mental disorder —mercantilism — medical sociology — meritocracy — metanarrative — methodology — microsociology — middle class — militarism — military-industrial complex — millenarianism — minority group — mixed economy — mode — mode of production — mode of reproduction — modernity — modernization — monogamy — monopoly — monotheism — moral panic — mores — mortality rate — multiculturalism — multilineal evolution — multinational corporation — murder
nation state — nationalism — nature — neocolonialism — neoliberalism — neo-locality — new international division of labour — non-state actor — non-tariff barriers to trade — norm — normal type — normlessness — nuclear family
objectivity — oligarchy — oligopoly — ontological security — ontology — organic solidarity — organization — organizational behavior — organizational studies — organized crime
paradigm — participant observation — participatory democracy — pastoral society — patient dumping — patriarchal — patriarchy — patrilineality — peasant — peer group — periphery countries — phenomenology — Physician Assistant — plea bargaining — pluralism — pluralist theory — police brutality — political economy — political party — politics — political sociology — pollution — polyandry — polyarchy — polygamy — polygyny — polylogism — polytheism — popular culture — positivism — post-Fordism — post-realism — post-structuralism — post-industrial society — postmodernism — postmodernity — poverty — power — power elite — pragmatism — on pragmatic sociology, for now, see: George Herbert Mead — prejudice — primary deviance — Primary and secondary groups — primary labor market — primary sector — private health care — privatism — profanity — professionalism — profession — proletariat — prostitution — proto-globalization — psychopathy — psychosis — public order crime — public health — public sphere — purchasing power parity —
race — racism — radical — rape — rationalisation process — rationality — rationalization — realism — rebellion — recidivism — reciprocity — reductionism — reflexive — reflexivity — reform movement — reify — relations of production — relative deprivation — relative poverty — relativism — religion — remodernism — representative democracy — research methods — reserve army of labour — resocialization — retirement home — revolution — riot — risk — rite of passage — ritual — role — role conflict — rural sociology — ruling class — ruling elite
sacred — sampling — sampling frame — sanction — Sapir–Whorf hypothesis — scapegoating — schizophrenia — science — scientific management — Second World — secondary data — secondary deviance — secondary group — secondary labor market — sect — secularization — self — self-consciousness — semi-periphery countries — semiotics — serial monogamy — serial reciprocity — sex — sex role — sexism — sexual harassment — sexual script — sick role — significant other — simulation — snowball sampling — for entries beginning with social, see sections below — socialism — socialization — society — sociobiology — sociocultural context — sociocultural evolution — for entries beginning with sociological, see sections below — sociology — for entries beginning with sociology of, see sections below — solid waste — solidarity — sovereignty — split labor market theory — standing army — state (polity) — stateless nation — status — status generalization — status group — status inconsistency — status offense — stem cell — stepfamily — stereotype — stigma — stigmatise — Strategic Defense Initiative — stratification — strike — structural unemployment — structuration — structure — subculture — suburbanization — surplus value — surveillance — survey — symbol — Symbolic Convergence Theory — symbolic interactionism — symbolic system — systems theory
social actions — social activism — social actor — social analysis — social animal — social anthropology — social phobia — social assistance — social artifact — social attitude — social balance theory — social behavior — social bookmarking — social capital — social center — social change — social character — social chauvinism — social choice function — social choice theory — social circle — social class — social club — social closure — social cognition — social commentary — social complexity — social computing — social condenser — social conflict — social conservatism — social contact — social contract — social construction — social constructionism — social construction of technology — social context — social control — social cost — Social Credit — social cycle theory — social dance — social Darwinism — social democracy — social demography — social development — social diffusion theory — social dilemma — social disobedience — social disorganization — social division — social ecology — social effect of evolutionary theory — social effects of rock and roll — social elite — social engineering — social environment — social enterprise — social epistemology — social equality — social evolution — social exchange theory — social fact — social fobia — social forces — social forum — social function — social geography — social geometry — social good — social group — social guidance film — social hacking — social hierarchy — social history — social housing — social hygiene movement — social identity — social implosion — social indicator — social inequality — social influence — social informatics — social infrastructure — social injustice — social insect — social institution — social insurance — social interaction — social issues — social judgment theory — social justice — social learning theory — social liberalism — social life — social loafing — social mania — social model of disability — social mobility — social movement — social network — social norm — social order — social organisation — social parasitism — social phenomenon — social philosophy — social policy — social position — social positivism — social power — social pressure — social prestige — social problem — social progress — social psychology — social rank — social reality — social reform — social relation - social reproduction — social research — social resonance — social responsibility — social risk — social risk positions — social robot — social role — social rule — social sciences — social simulation — social skills — social space — social statistics — social status — social stereotype — social stigma — social stratification — social structure — social studies — social support — social system — social theory — social unrest — social work — social trend — social science fiction — Social Solidarity — social work
sociology books — sociological framework — sociological imagination — sociological naturalism — sociological paradigm — sociological perspective — sociological positivism — sociological theory
sociology of aging — sociology of architecture — sociology of art — sociology of the body — sociology of childhood — sociology of conflict — sociology of deviance — sociology of disaster — sociology of education — sociology of emotions — sociology of the family — sociology of fatherhood — sociology of film — sociology of food — sociology of gender — sociology of government — sociology of health and illness — sociology of the history of science — sociology of immigration — sociology of knowledge — sociology of language — sociology of law — sociology of leisure — sociology of markets — sociology of medicine — sociology of the military — sociology of music — sociology of punishment — sociology of race — sociology of religion — sociology of science and technology — sociology of sport — sociology of terrorism — sociology of work-sociology of motherhood
taboo — Taylorization — technology — terrorism — tertiary sector of economic activity — the Enlightenment — the Renaissance — theoretical approach — theory — Third World — total institution — total war — totalitarianism — totemism — totem — trading network — traditional state — transgender — transnational company — trust — temperament
unconscious — underclass — underdevelopment — unemployment — unilineal evolution — unintended consequences — unions — universal health care — upper class — urban ecology — urban renewal — urbanism — urbanization — urban sociology
value — value-added theory — verstehen — vertical mobility — Vested interest (communication theory) — victimless crime — violence — visual sociology
wealth — wealthfare — welfare — welfare state — whisper campaign — white-collar crime — white flight — white guilt — white privilege — women's liberation movement — work — working class — world-systems theory
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The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to the discipline of sociology:
David Émile Durkheim, professionally known simply as Émile Durkheim, was a French sociologist. Durkheim formally established the academic discipline of sociology and is commonly cited as one of the principal architects of modern social science, along with both Karl Marx and Max Weber.
In sociology, anomie or anomy is a social condition defined by an uprooting or breakdown of any moral values, standards or guidance for individuals to follow. Anomie is believed to possibly evolve from conflict of belief systems and causes breakdown of social bonds between an individual and the community.
Karl Marx's theory of alienation describes the estrangement of people from aspects of their human nature as a consequence of the division of labour and living in a society of stratified social classes. The alienation from the self is a consequence of being a mechanistic part of a social class, the condition of which estranges a person from their humanity.
Conflict theories are perspectives in political philosophy and sociology which argue that individuals and groups within society interact on the basis of conflict rather than agreement, while also emphasizing social psychology, historical materialism, power dynamics, and their roles in creating power structures, social movements, and social arrangements within a society. Conflict theories often draw attention to power differentials, such as class conflict, or a conflict continuum. Power generally contrasts historically dominant ideologies, economies, currencies or technologies. Accordingly, conflict theories represent attempts at the macro-level analysis of society.
Political sociology is an interdisciplinary field of study concerned with exploring how governance and society interact and influence one another at the micro to macro levels of analysis. Interested in the social causes and consequences of how power is distributed and changes throughout and amongst societies, political sociology's focus ranges across individual families to the state as sites of social and political conflict and power contestation.
Environmental sociology is the study of interactions between societies and their natural environment. The field emphasizes the social factors that influence environmental resource management and cause environmental issues, the processes by which these environmental problems are socially constructed and define as social issues, and societal responses to these problems.
The term new social movements (NSMs) is a theory of social movements that attempts to explain the plethora of new movements that have come up in various western societies roughly since the mid-1960s which are claimed to depart significantly from the conventional social movement paradigm.
Collective consciousness, collective conscience, or collective conscious is the set of shared beliefs, ideas, and moral attitudes which operate as a unifying force within society. In general, it does not refer to the specifically moral conscience, but to a shared understanding of social norms.
Sociology as a scholarly discipline emerged, primarily out of Enlightenment thought, as a positivist science of society shortly after the French Revolution. Its genesis owed to various key movements in the philosophy of science and the philosophy of knowledge, arising in reaction to such issues as modernity, capitalism, urbanization, rationalization, secularization, colonization and imperialism.
Unilineal evolution, also referred to as classical social evolution, is a 19th-century social theory about the evolution of societies and cultures. It was composed of many competing theories by various anthropologists and sociologists, who believed that Western culture is the contemporary pinnacle of social evolution. Different social status is aligned in a single line that moves from most primitive to most civilized. This theory is now generally considered obsolete in academic circles.
Social movement theory is an interdisciplinary study within the social sciences that generally seeks to explain why social mobilization occurs, the forms under which it manifests, as well as potential social, cultural, political, and economic consequences, such as the creation and functioning of social movements.
Deviance or the sociology of deviance explores the actions and/or behaviors that violate social norms across formally enacted rules as well as informal violations of social norms. Although deviance may have a negative connotation, the violation of social norms is not always a negative action; positive deviation exists in some situations. Although a norm is violated, a behavior can still be classified as positive or acceptable.
Marxian class theory asserts that an individual's position within a class hierarchy is determined by their role in the production process, and argues that political and ideological consciousness is determined by class position. A class is those who share common economic interests, are conscious of those interests, and engage in collective action which advances those interests. Within Marxian class theory, the structure of the production process forms the basis of class construction.
Articles in social and political philosophy include:
Sociology is the scientific study of human society that focuses on society, human social behavior, patterns of social relationships, social interaction, and aspects of culture associated with everyday life. Regarded as a part of both the social sciences and humanities, sociology uses various methods of empirical investigation and critical analysis to develop a body of knowledge about social order and social change. Sociological subject matter ranges from micro-level analyses of individual interaction and agency to macro-level analyses of social systems and social structure. Applied sociological research may be applied directly to social policy and welfare, whereas theoretical approaches may focus on the understanding of social processes and phenomenological method.
This bibliography of sociology is a list of works, organized by subdiscipline, on the subject of sociology. Some of the works are selected from general anthologies of sociology, while other works are selected because they are notable enough to be mentioned in a general history of sociology or one of its subdisciplines.
Classical Marxism is the body of economic, philosophical, and sociological theories expounded by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in their works, as contrasted with orthodox Marxism, Marxism–Leninism, and autonomist Marxism which emerged after their deaths. The core concepts of classical Marxism include alienation, base and superstructure, class consciousness, class struggle, exploitation, historical materialism, ideology, revolution; and the forces, means, modes, and relations of production. Marx's political praxis, including his attempt to organize a professional revolutionary body in the First International, often served as an area of debate for subsequent theorists.
Marxist philosophy or Marxist theory are works in philosophy that are strongly influenced by Karl Marx's materialist approach to theory, or works written by Marxists. Marxist philosophy may be broadly divided into Western Marxism, which drew from various sources, and the official philosophy in the Soviet Union, which enforced a rigid reading of what Marx called dialectical materialism, in particular during the 1930s. Marxist philosophy is not a strictly defined sub-field of philosophy, because the diverse influence of Marxist theory has extended into fields as varied as aesthetics, ethics, ontology, epistemology, social philosophy, political philosophy, the philosophy of science, and the philosophy of history. The key characteristics of Marxism in philosophy are its materialism and its commitment to political practice as the end goal of all thought. The theory is also about the struggles of the proletariat and their reprimand of the bourgeoisie.
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to Marxism:
