Stateless nation

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A stateless nation is an ethnic group or nation that does not possess its own sovereign state. [1] Use of the term implies that such ethnic groups has the right to self-determination, to establish an independent nation-state with its own government. [2] [3] Members of stateless nations may be citizens of the country in which they live, or they may be denied citizenship by that country. Stateless nations are usually not represented in international sports or in international organisations such as the United Nations. Nations without a state are classified as fourth-world nations. [4] [5] [6] Some stateless nations have a history of statehood, while some were always stateless.

Contents

History

The term was coined in 1983 by political scientist Jacques Leruez in his book L'Écosse, une nation sans État about the peculiar position of Scotland within the British state. It was later adopted and popularized by Scottish scholars such as David McCrone, Michael Keating and T. M. Devine. [7]

Ethnicities described as stateless nations can be dispersed across a number of states (for example, the Yoruba people found in the African states of Nigeria, Benin and Togo) or form the native population of a province within a larger state (such as the Uyghur people in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region within the People's Republic of China). Some stateless nations historically had a state, which was absorbed by another; for example, Tibet's declaration of independence in 1913 was not recognized, and it was reunited in 1951 by the People's Republic of China - which claims that Tibet is an integral part of China, while the Tibetan government-in-exile maintains that Tibet is an independent state under an unlawful occupation. [8] [9] Some ethnic groups were once a stateless nation that later became a nation state (for example, the nations of the Balkans such as the Croats, Serbs, Bosniaks, Slovenes, Montenegrins and Macedonians that were once part of the multinational state of Yugoslavia and gained independence during the breakup of Yugoslavia).[ citation needed ]

Stateless nations can have large populations; for example, the Kurds have an estimated population of over 30 million people, which makes them one of the largest stateless nations. [10]

Nation-states and nations without states

The symbiotic relationship between nations and states arose in Western Europe during the 18th century, and it was exported to the rest of the world through colonial rule. Whereas the Western European nation-states are at present relinquishing some of their powers to the European Union, many of the former colonies are now the zealous defenders of the concept of national statehood. [3] However, not all peoples within multi-cultural states consider themselves stateless nations. As not all states are nation states, there are ethnic groups who live in multinational states that are not considered "stateless nations".

Only a small fraction of the world's national groups have associated nation states; the rest are distributed in one or more states. While there are over 3000 estimated nations in the world, there were only 193 member states of the United Nations as of 2011, of which fewer than 20 are considered to be ethnically homogeneous nation states. Thus nation states are not as common as often assumed, and stateless nations are the overwhelming majority of nations in the world. [3]

Consequences of colonialism and imperialism

During the imperial and colonial era, powerful nations extended their influence outside their homeland; resulting in many colonized nations ceasing to be self-governing and being described as stateless nations thereafter. [11] Some nations have been victims of "carve-outs" that left their homeland divided among several countries. Even today, the colonial boundaries form modern national boundaries. These boundaries often differ from cultural boundaries which results in situations wherein people who speak the same language or have the same culture are divided by national borders; for example, New Guinea is split into the regions of West Papua (a former Dutch colony) and Papua New Guinea (a former Australian colony). [12] During decolonization, the colonial powers imposed a unified state structure irrespective of the ethnic differences and granted independence to their colonies as a multinational state. This led to successor states with many minority ethnic groups in them, which increased the potential for ethnic conflicts. [13] [14] [15] [16] Some of these minority groups campaigned for self-determination. Stateless nations were not protected in all countries and as a result, they became victims of atrocities such as discrimination, ethnic cleansing, genocide, forced assimilation, and the exploitation of labor and natural resources. [17] [18]

Nationalism and stateless nations

People with a common origin, history, language, culture, customs, or religion can turn into a nation through the awakening of national consciousness. [19] A nation can exist without a state, as is exemplified by the stateless nations. Citizenship is not always the nationality of a person. [20] In a multinational state different national identities can coexist or compete: for example, in Britain English nationalism, Scottish nationalism, and Welsh nationalism exist and are held together by British nationalism. [21] Nationalism is often connected to separatism because a nation is considered to achieve completeness through its independence. [22]

Throughout history, numerous nations declared their independence, but not all succeeded in establishing a state. Even today, there are active autonomy and independence movements around the world. The claim of the stateless nations to self-determination is often denied due to geopolitical interests and increasing globalization of the world. [23] [24] [25] [26] Stateless nations sometimes show solidarity with other stateless nations and maintain diplomatic relations. [27] [28]

Unionism vs separatism

Not all ethnic groups claim to be a nation or aspire to be a separate state. Some of them see themselves as part of the multinational state they are located in and believe that their interests are well represented in it. The favoring of a united single state is associated with unionism (such as Pakistani nationalism, Indian nationalism, and Belgian nationalism) [ citation needed ]). In many countries, unionism is also encouraged by governments and separatism is considered illegal.

List of stateless nations

The following is a list of ethnic and national groups where there exist notable independence movements as evidenced by standalone Wikipedia articles.

States made bold under the "homeland" column are countries of the respective ethnic groups which are native to them and still host the majority (more than half) of their population.

PeopleFlagLanguagesLanguage family [lower-alpha 1] Predominant religionPopulationContinentStatesHomeland [lower-alpha 2] Irredentist movementNotes
Cantonese [29] [30]
Great Cantonia Flag.svg
Cantonese Sino-Tibetan languages Chinese folk religion, Taoism, Buddhism, Christianity (Protestantism and Roman Catholicism)68,000,000Asia China Guangdong Cantonese nationalism Historically occupied the Nanyue kingdom.
Pashtuns
Flag of Pashtunistan.svg
Pashto language Iranian languages Islam (Sunni, Shia)42,000,000–50,000,000 [31] [32] Asia Pakistan, Afghanistan Pashtunistan Pashtun nationalism
Kurds [33]
Flag of Kurdistan.svg
Kurdish languages, (originally) Arabic, Turkish, Persian (assimilation) Iranian languages Islam (Sunni, Shia, Alevi), Zoroastrianism, Yarsanism, Yazidism 30,000,000–45,000,000 [34] [35] Asia Turkey, Iran, Iraq, Syria (homeland), Germany (largest diaspora) Kurdistan Kurdish nationalism, Kurdish–Turkish conflict, Kurdish-Iranian conflict, Iraqi–Kurdish conflict, and Kurdish–Syrian conflict, 2017 Kurdistan Region independence referendum Regional autonomy achieved in Iraqi Kurdistan and Rojava. [36] Data rough due to censuses not taking ethnicity in homeland countries.
Oromo people [37]
Flag of the Oromo Liberation Front.svg
Oromo Cushitic languages Christian, Muslim, Waaqeffanna 41,693,650 [38] Africa Ethiopia, Kenya Oromia Oromo conflict
Yoruba people [33]
Oduduwa flag.jpg
Yoruba language Volta-Congo languages Christianity, Islam, Yoruba religion 35,000,000 [39] [40] Africa Nigeria, Benin and Togo, Ghana Yorubaland Oodua Peoples Congress
Igbo people [41]
Flag of Biafra.svg
Igbo, English Volta-Congo languages Christianity (primarily Roman Catholicism with significant Protestant minorities), Indigenous beliefs30,000,000 [42] Africa Nigeria (almost exclusively) Igboland Movement for the Actualization of the Sovereign State of Biafra, Indigenous People of Biafra Attempted secession from Nigeria in 1967 sparked the Nigerian Civil war.
Occitan people [43]
Flag of Occitania (with star).svg
Occitan, French, Italian, Spanish Romance languages Roman Catholicism 16,000,000Europe France, Monaco, Italy and Spain (Val d'Aran) Occitania Occitan nationalism (Occitan Party, Partit de la Nacion Occitana, Libertat)Seek self-determination, greater autonomy or total secession from France.
Assamese people [44] [45] [46]
Flag of United Liberation Front of Asom.svg
Assamese language Indo-Aryan languages Hinduism 15,000,000 [47] Asia India Assam Assam separatist movements, ULFA Insurgency in Northeast India Seeks greater regional autonomy for natives of Assam or total secession from India. [48]
Uyghur people [49] [50]
Kokbayraq flag.svg
Uyghur language Turkic languages Sunni Islam 15,000,000 [51] Asia China, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan East Turkestan (Uyghuristan)Irredentism is politically fragmented (East Turkestan Liberation Organization, East Turkestan independence movement)Limited autonomy in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region.
Hazaras Flag of Hazaristan.svg Hazaragi dialect of Persian Language Iranian Languages Islam

mostly Shia

10,000,000-14,000,000Asia Afghanistan Hazaristan Persecution of Hazaras Hazara nationalism
Zulu people [ citation needed ]
Conjectural flag of Zululand (1884-1897) by Roberto Breschi taken from The South African Flag Book by A.P.Burgers.png
Zulu language Volta-Congo languages Christianity, Zulu religion 12,159,000Africa South Africa, Lesotho, Zimbabwe, Eswatini KwaZulu-Natal Inkatha Freedom Party Limited autonomy in the KwaZulu-Natal region, which maintains a traditional Zulu king.
Romani people [52]
Flag of the Romani people.svg
Romani language Indo-Aryan languages Christianity, Islam, Hinduism 12,000,000 [53] Worldwide, mostly Eastern Europe and AmericasOriginally North India; [54] Romanistan (proposed country)The Romani people are a non-territorial nation.
Kongo people [ citation needed ]
Flag of Musikongo.svg
Kongo language, Lingala, Portuguese, French Volta-Congo languages Christianity (Catholicism and Protestantism), African Traditional Religion 10,000,000Africa Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Angola Kongo Kongo nationalism, Bundu dia Kongo Historically occupied the independent Kingdom of Kongo.
Baloch people [ citation needed ]
Flag of the Baloch People.svg
Balochi Iranian languages Sunni Islam 10,000,000 [55] Asia Pakistan , Iran, Afghanistan (homeland), UAE (diaspora) Balochistan Balochistan conflict, Baloch nationalism Seeks total independence from Pakistan.
Andalusians [ citation needed ]
Flag of Andalucia.svg
Andalusian Spanish, English (in Gibraltar) Romance languages Christianity (Roman Catholicism)9,500,000Europe Spain, Gibraltar Andalusia Andalusian nationalism See also Nationalisms and regionalisms of Spain.
Catalans [56] [57]
Flag of Catalonia.svg
Catalan, Occitan Romance languages Roman Catholicism, Agnosticism 8,500,000 [58] Europe Spain, Italy, Andorra and France Catalan Countries Catalan independence movement, Catalan nationalism See also Nationalisms and regionalisms of Spain.
Québécois [59]
Flag of Quebec.svg
French Romance languages Christianity (Roman Catholicism)8,215,000America Canada Quebec Quebec sovereignty movement, Quebec nationalism The total population of the Province of Quebec is 8.2 million, of which over 80% are French speakers.
Mon people [ citation needed ]
Flag of the Mon National Party.svg
Mon language Monic languages Buddhism 8,145,500Asia Myanmar, Thailand Mon State Mon Nationalism, Mon National Party, All Mon Region Democracy Party Historically occupied the Mon kingdoms.
Hongkongers [60] [61] [62]
Flag of Hong Kong (1959-1997).svg
Hong Kong Cantonese, Hong Kong English Sino-Tibetan languages Christianity (Protestantism and Roman Catholicism), Buddhism, Chinese folk religion, Taoism, Islam 7,498,100 [63] Asia China Hong Kong Hong Kong independence movement Limited autonomy in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
Karen people [ citation needed ]
Flag of the Karen National Union.svg
S'gaw Karen language Karenic languages Christianity, Theravada Buddhism 7,000,000Asia Myanmar, Thailand Kawthoolei Karen nationalism, Karen National Union, Karen National Liberation Army
Maya peoples [ citation needed ]
Maya flag.svg
Mayan languages Mayan languages Christianity (Catholicism), Maya religion 7,000,000America Guatemala, Mexico, Belize, Honduras, El Salvador Mesoamerica Pan-Maya movement, Rigoberta Menchú, Zapatista Army of National Liberation Historically occupied the Maya civilization.
Tibetan people [ citation needed ]
Flag of Tibet.svg
Tibetan language, Chinese language Sino-Tibetan languages Buddhism 7,000,000 [64] Asia China, India, Nepal Tibet Tibetan independence movement Limited autonomy in the Tibet Autonomous Region. Historically occupied the Tibetan Empire.
Riffian people [ citation needed ]
Flag of the Republic of the Rif.svg
Riffian language, Arabic Afroasiatic Islam 6,000,000 [65] Africa Morocco and Spain Rif Rif War, Rif Republic 95% of the land is controlled by Morocco with the rest being controlled by the Spanish territories of Ceuta and Melilla as autonomous cities.
Shan people [ citation needed ]
Flag of the Shan State.svg
Shan language, Thai Kra-Dai Buddhism 6,000,000Asia Myanmar Shan State Shan State Army, Declaration of independence in 2005; see also Hso Khan Pha Historically occupied the Shan states.
Kashmiri people [ citation needed ]
Kashmir independent.svg
Kashmiri language Indo-Aryan languages Islam 5,600,000Asia India, Pakistan and China Kashmir Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir Administered by India (Kashmir Valley, Jammu, Ladakh), Pakistan (Azad Kashmir, Gilgit-Baltistan) and China (Aksai Chin).
Valencians [ citation needed ]
Flag of the Land of Valencia (official).svg
Catalan, Spanish Romance languages Roman Catholicism [66] 5,111,706Europe Spain Valencian Community Valencian nationalism See also Nationalisms and regionalisms of Spain.
Moro people [ citation needed ]
Flag of Bangsamoro.svg
Filipino language, other Philippine languages Islam 5,100,000Asia Philippines Muslim Mindanao Moro autonomy The Moro people of Muslim Mindanao has since been granted autonomy as the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region with the adoption of the Bangsamoro Organic Law.
Circassians [ citation needed ]
Flag of Adygea.svg
Circassian language, Russian Circassian languages Islam 5,000,000Europe Russia Circassia Russo-Circassian War, Circassian nationalism 95–97% of Circassians were killed or exiled by Russia during the Circassian genocide. [67]
Venetian people [ citation needed ]
Flag of Veneto.svg
Venetian language Romance languages Catholicism 5,000,000 (est.)Europe Italy Veneto Venetian nationalism Many groups seek for total independence from Italy, while some just want more autonomy and recognition of Venetian language and people. Historically occupied the independent Republic of Venice.
Sicilian people [68]
Sicilian Flag.svg
Sicilian, Italian, Gallo-Italic of Sicily, Arbëresh Romance languages Christianity (Roman Catholicism)5,000,000 (only Sicily)Europe Italy Sicily Sicilian nationalism, Sicilian Action MovementRegional autonomy in Sicily.
Bretons People
Flag of Brittany (Gwenn ha du).svg
Breton, Gallo, French, Celtic languages Roman Catholicism 4,800,000Europe France Brittany Breton nationalism Seek self-determination, greater autonomy or total secession from France.
Hmong people [ citation needed ]
Hmong Flag (UNPO).svg
Hmong language Hmong-Mien Languages Animism 4,000,000Asia Laos, China, Vietnam, Myanmar and Thailand Hmong ChaoFa Federated State Insurgency in Laos
Kabyle people [ citation needed ]
Flag-kabyle.svg
Kabyle language, Algerian Arabic Berber languages Islam 4,000,000 [69] Africa Algeria Kabylia Movement for the Autonomy of Kabylie, Provisional Government of Kabylia
Rohingya people [ citation needed ]
Rohingya flag.svg
Rohingya language Islam 3,600,000Asia Myanmar Rohang State Rohingya conflict The Rohingyas are not recognized as a native ethnic group by Burmese government. [70]
Afrikaners [ citation needed ]
Afrikaner Vryheidsvlag.svg
Afrikaans Christianity (mainly Protestantism)3,500,000Africa South Africa and Namibia Western Cape,

Volkstaat

Afrikaner Nationalism, Freedom Front, Cape independence, Cape Independence Party Afrikaners are historically an ethno-racial group (although some today deracialize the identity to include Afrikaans-speaking Coloured people). Demand autonomy or total secession from South Africa. Historically occupied the Dutch Cape colony but did expand elsewhere into the once independent Boer republics.
Assyrians [71]
Flag of Assyria.svg
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic, Turoyo, Chaldean Neo-Aramaic Semitic languages Christianity (Chaldean Catholicism Syriac Christianity)3,300,000 [72] Asia Syria, Iraq, Iran and Turkey Assyria, Beth Nahrain (Mesopotamia) Assyrian nationalism, Assyrian independence movement Historically occupied the Assyrian empire.
Basque people [57]
Flag of the Basque Country.svg
Basque, French, Spanish Language isolate Christianity (Roman Catholicism)3,000,000 [73] Europe France and Spain Basque Country Basque nationalism See also Nationalisms and regionalisms of Spain.
Iraqi Turkmen people [ citation needed ]
Flag of Iraq Turkmen FrontVEC.svg
Turkish language, Azerbaijani language Islam 3,000,000Asia Iraq Turkmeneli Iraqi Turkmen Front Not to be confused with Syrian Turkmen of Latakia or Central Asian Turkmens of Turkmenistan who share only their ethnonym. [74]
Welsh people [57]
Flag of Wales 2.svg
Welsh, English Celtic languages Christianity (Protestantism, Catholic minority)3,000,000Europe United Kingdom Wales Welsh independence, Welsh nationalism, Meibion Glyndŵr, Plaid Cymru Regional autonomy in Wales. Historically occupied the independent kingdoms of Wales (Gwynedd, Powys, Dyfed, Seisyllwg, Morgannwg, and Gwent).
Galician people [57]
Flag of Galicia.svg
Galician language, Spanish Romance languages Christianity (Roman Catholicism)2,800,000Europe Spain Galicia Galician nationalism and Galician Regionalism See also Nationalisms and regionalisms of Spain. Historically occupied the Kingdom of Galicia.
Kachin people [ citation needed ]
Kachin Independence Army flag.svg
Jingpo, Zaiwa, Maru, Lashi, Azi Buddhism, Christianity, Animism 2,750,000 (2002) [75] Asia Myanmar Kachin State Kachin Independence Army, Kachin Independence Organisation, Kachin conflict The tribes of Kachin Hills form the Kachin Nation.
Aragonese people [ citation needed ]
Flag of Aragon.svg
Aragonese language, Spanish Romance languages Christianity (Roman Catholicism)2,278,000 (Spain only) [76] Europe Spain Aragon Aragonese nationalism See also Nationalisms and regionalisms of Spain. Historically occupied the Kingdom of Aragon.
Meitei people [ citation needed ]
Flag of Kangleipak.svg
Meitei language Sino-Tibetan languages Hinduism 2,500,000Asia India Imphal Valley, Manipur UNLF, PLA, Insurgency in Manipur, Anglo-Manipur War Historically occupied the Kingdom of Manipur.
Chechen people [ citation needed ]
Flag of Chechen Republic of Ichkeria.svg
Chechen language, Russian Islam 2,000,000Europe Russia Chechnya Chechen insurgency, Chechen Republic of Ichkeria Regional autonomy in Chechnya.
Naga people [ citation needed ]
Unofficial flag of Nagaland.svg
Tibeto-Burman dialects / Nagamese creole Christianity 2,000,000Asia India Nagaland Naga National Council, Insurgency in Northeast India Seeks greater regional autonomy or complete separatation from India.
Pastusos  [ es ] [77]
Flag of San Juan de Pasto.svg
Andean Spanish Romance languages Roman Catholicism 1,700,000-1,900,000America Colombia and Ecuador Estado Soberano del Sur  [ es ]Decimistas Loyal to Spanish Monarchy during Colombian War of Independence; it annexed to Ecuador in 1830-1832 and 1840. It tried to establish a federal state in late 19th Century.
Sardinian people [78] [79] [43] [80]
Bandera nacionalista sarda.svg
Sardinian, Corso-Sardinian, Italian, Catalan, Ligurian Romance languages Christianity (Roman Catholicism)1,661,521Europe Italy Sardinia Sardinian nationalism National devolution, further autonomy or total secession from Italy.

Sardinians are a recognised minority ethnic group in Italy.

Ryukyuan people [ citation needed ]
Flag of Ryukyu.svg
Ryukyuan, Japanese Buddhism 1,600,000 [81] Asia Japan Ryukyu Islands Ryukyu independence movement Historically occupied the Ryukyu Kingdom.
Frisians [ citation needed ]
Flag of Frisia.svg
Frisian, Dutch, German, Danish Germanic Languages Christianity and Paganism (Protestantism and Asatru)1,125,000Europe Netherlands, Denmark, and Germany Frisia Frisian National Party, Groep fan Auwerk The creation of a new Frisian state. Historically occupied the Frisian Kingdom.
Ahwazi Arabs [ citation needed ]
Flag of Arabistan.svg
Arabic, Persian (assimilation) Semitic languages Shia Islam 1,320,000 [82] Asia Iran Al Ahwaz Arab separatism in Khuzestan Democratic Solidarity Party of Ahwaz Ahwazi includes 30 tribes which see themselves as a distinct Arab nation. [83] Seek self-determination, greater autonomy or total secession from Iran.
Friulian people [ citation needed ]
Bandiere dal Friul.svg
Friulian Romance languages Catholicism 2,000,000 (est.)Europe Italy Friuli Friuli Movement Friuli is an autonomous region of Italy, but there are also other views as to what status it should have.

Friulians are a recognised minority ethnic group in Italy.

Tuareg people [ citation needed ]
MNLA flag.svg
Tuareg language Islam 1,200,000Africa Mali and Niger Azawad National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad, Tuareg rebellion (2012), Northern Mali conflict National devolution, further autonomy or total secession from Mali.
Mapuche [ citation needed ]
Flag of the Mapuches.svg
Mapudungun Christianity (Roman Catholicism)1,000,000 [84] America Argentina and Chile Wallmapu Mapuche conflict
Asturian people [ citation needed ]
Flag of Asturias.svg
Andecha Astur.svg
Asturian language, Spanish Romance languages Christianity (Roman Catholicism)1,925,000 (2020)Europe Spain and Portugal Asturias Asturian nationalism See also Nationalisms and regionalisms of Spain.
Lezgins [ citation needed ]
Lezgian flag.svg
Lezgian Islam 800,000+Europe Russia, Azerbaijan Lezgistan Lezgin Nationalism Unification of the Lezgin people in Azerbaijan and Dagestan (Russia).
Fur people [ citation needed ]
Flag of Darfur.svg
Fur, Arabic Islam 800,000 [85] Africa Sudan Dafur War in Darfur, SLM/A Historically occupied the Sultanate of Darfur.
Māori people [ citation needed ]
Tino Rangatiratanga Maori sovereignty movement flag.svg
Māori, English Christianity with native750,000Oceania New Zealand New Zealand Māori protest movement
Macanese [86]
Flag of the Government of Portuguese Macau (1976-1999).svg
Macanese Cantonese, Macanese Portuguese Sino-Tibetan languages Chinese folk religion, Taoism, Buddhism, Christianity (Roman Catholicism and Protestantism)678,800Asia China Macau Macau independence movement Limited autonomy in the Macau Special Administrative Region.
Karakalpaks [ citation needed ]
Flag of Karakalpakstan.svg
Karakalpak language Islam 620,000Asia Uzbekistan Karakalpakstan Karakalpak Nationalism Regional autonomy in Karakalpakstan.
Hawaiian people [ citation needed ]
Flag of Hawaii.svg
Hawaiian language Christianity (Catholicism and Protestantism) with native527,000Oceania United States Hawaii Hawaiian sovereignty movement Historically occupied the Kingdom of Hawaii.
Moravians [ citation needed ]
Czech (Moravian), Slovak Traditionally Roman Catholicism presently Irreligion 525,000 [87] [88] Europe Czech Republic and Slovakia Moravia Moravians Historically occupied Great Moravia.
Silesian People
Flag of Upper Silesia.png
Silesian (includes Silesian German)German, Czech, Polish Slavic languages Catholicism 500,000Europe Germany, Poland, Czechia Silesia Silesian Autonomy Movement, Silesian Independence Movement First appeared on maps around 100BC under Germanic tribes, later becoming Polish under Mieszko the 1st at around 1000AD and moving between The Holy Roman Empire, Prussia, Germany, Czechia and Poland for the next 1000 years but were strongly Polonized due to heavy restrictions from Poland in the 20th Century further, forming separatist organizations could land you jailed for 25 Years.
Ogoni people [ citation needed ]
Flag of the Ogoni people.svg
Ogoni language Christianity with native500,000Africa Nigeria Ogoniland Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People
Crimean Tatars
Flag of the Crimean Tatar people.svg
Crimean Tatar, Russian, Ukrainian Islam 500,000Europe Ukraine Crimea Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People

Tatars in Republic of Crimea Deportation of the Crimean Tatars

Previously an autonomous republic within Ukraine, after being invaded and annexed by Russia in 2014. The Crimean Tatars are currently seeking autonomy. [89]
Sahrawi people [90]
Flag of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic.svg
Hassaniya Arabic (native), Berber languages (native), Modern Standard Arabic (written only), and Spanish (lingua franca) Islam (Sunni Islam (Maliki), Sufism)500,000 [91] Africa Morocco, Algeria, Mauretania Western Sahara Western Sahara conflict, Polisario Front, Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Partially controlled by the self-proclaimed Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic and partially occupied by Morocco.
Chams [ citation needed ]
Bandera Front Alliberament Cham.svg
Cham language Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism 400,000Asia Vietnam South Central Coast United Front for the Liberation of Oppressed Races, Cham rights movement [92] Historically occupied the Kingdom of Champa. The Cham in Vietnam are only recognized as a minority, and not as an indigenous people by the Vietnamese government their indigeneity to the region.
Corsican people [ citation needed ]
Flag of Corsica.svg
Corsican, French, Ligurian, Italian Romance languages Christianity (Roman Catholicism 322,120Europe France Corsica Corsica Libera Territorial collectivity in France.
Navajo [ citation needed ]
Navajo flag.svg
Navajo language, Navajo language, Navajo Sign Language Navajo Traditional, Christianity (principally Roman Catholicism)300,460America United States Navajo Nation Navajo Wars Regional autonomy on the Navajo Nation.
Lakota people [ citation needed ]
Pine Ridge Flag.svg
Lakota, English Christianity with native170,000 [93] America United States Lakotah Sioux Wars, Lakota Freedom Movement Live on several autonomous Native American reservations.
Sami people [ citation needed ]
Sami flag.svg
Sami languages, Norwegian, Swedish, Finnish, Russian Christianity (principally Lutheran), Animism 80,000 (est.) [94] Europe Finland, Norway, Russia and Sweden Sapmi Sámi politics Have their own Parliaments in Norway, Sweden, and Finland but Sami groups usually seek more territorial autonomy.
Inuit [ citation needed ]
Flag of Inuit people.jpg
Inuit languages, Danish, English, Russian Christianity with native135,991America Inuit Nunangat Greenland Referendum Semi-autonomous rule in Greenland with autonomy within the Kingdom of Denmark.
Yupik peoples [ citation needed ]
Flag of Alaska.svg
Yupik languages, English, Russian Christianity with native35,567 (est.)Asia and America Russia and the United States Siberia and Alaska Calista Corporation, Bristol Bay Native Corporation
Pamiris [ citation needed ]
Flag of the Pamiris.svg
Pamir languages Islam 135,000 [95] Asia Tajikistan Badakhshan Pamiri nationalism, Lali Badakhshan party, Tajikistani Civil War Regional autonomy in Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region
Faroese people [ citation needed ]
Flag of the Faroe Islands.svg
Faroese language, Danish Christianity (principally Lutheran)66,000Europe Denmark Faroe Islands Faroese independence movement Regional autonomy in Faroe Islands.
Sorbs [ citation needed ]
Flag of Sorbs.svg
Sorbian language, German Christianity (Roman Catholicism)60,000–70,000 (est.)Europe Germany Lusatia Domowina Divided into Upper Sorbs and Lower Sorbs.
Scanians
Skanska flaggan.svg
Skånska, Svenska, DanskaGermanic languagesLutheran Christians100,000EuropeSweden Skåneland SkånepartietWas an autonomous part of Danmark until 1658 when it became part of Sweden after the treaty of Roskilde.
Raizals
Flag of Raizal nationalists.svg
San Andrés–Providencia Creole, English Germanic languagesChristianity (Baptism)30,000AmericaColombia Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina Archipelago Movement for Ethnic Native Self-Determination  [ es ]
Lombard people
Flag of Milan.svg
Lombard language Romance languages Christianity (Roman Catholic, Ambrosian Rite)3,500,000 (est.)EuropeItaly, Switzerland Lombardy (historical region) Lombard nationalism, Pro Lombardy Independence, Lombard League
Ladin people
Flag of Ladinia.svg
Ladin language Romance languages Christianity (Catholic Church)35,000EuropeItaly Ladinia Recognised ethnic minority in Italy.

See also

Notes

  1. Can also help with understanding the cultural/ethnic proximity with other people of that paternal language group, but not necessarily. The largest language family is not recommended, as a large number of cells would contain similar content.
  2. Proposed or historical homeland desired.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Irredentism</span> Territorial claim

Irredentism is one state's desire to annex the territory of another state. This desire can be motivated by ethnic reasons because the population of the territory is ethnically similar to the population of the parent state. Historical reasons may also be responsible, i.e., that the territory previously formed part of the parent state. However, difficulties in applying the concept to concrete cases have given rise to academic debates about its precise definition. Disagreements concern whether either or both ethnic and historical reasons have to be present and whether non-state actors can also engage in irredentism. A further dispute is whether attempts to absorb a full neighboring state are also included. There are various types of irredentism. For typical forms of irredentism, the parent state already exists before the territorial conflict with a neighboring state arises. However, there are also forms of irredentism in which the parent state is newly created by uniting an ethnic group spread across several countries. Another distinction concerns whether the country to which the disputed territory currently belongs is a regular state, a former colony, or a collapsed state.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nation state</span> Political term for a state that is based around a nation

A nation-state is a political unit where the state, a centralized political organization ruling over a population within a territory, and the nation, a community based on a common identity, are congruent. It is a more precise concept than "country", since a country does not need to have a predominant national or ethnic group.

Nationalism is an idea or movement that holds that the nation should be congruent with the state. As a movement, it presupposes the existence and tends to promote the interests of a particular nation, especially with the aim of gaining and maintaining its sovereignty (self-governance) over its perceived homeland to create a nation-state. It holds that each nation should govern itself, free from outside interference (self-determination), that a nation is a natural and ideal basis for a polity, and that the nation is the only rightful source of political power. It further aims to build and maintain a single national identity, based on a combination of shared social characteristics such as culture, ethnicity, geographic location, language, politics, religion, traditions and belief in a shared singular history, and to promote national unity or solidarity. There are various definitions of a "nation", which leads to different types of nationalism. The two main divergent forms are ethnic nationalism and civic nationalism.

A nation is a type of social organization where a collective identity, a national identity, has emerged from a combination of shared features across a given population, such as language, history, ethnicity, culture, territory or society. Some nations are constructed around ethnicity while others are bound by political constitutions.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Self-determination</span> The right of all people to freely participate in the political procedures of their government

Self-determination refers to a people's right to form its own political entity, and internal self-determination is the right to representative government with full suffrage.

An ethnicity or ethnic group is a group of people who identify with each other on the basis of perceived shared attributes that distinguish them from other groups. Those attributes can include a people of a common language, culture, common sets of ancestry, traditions, society, religion, history, or social treatment. The term ethnicity is often used interchangeably with the term nation, particularly in cases of ethnic nationalism.

Separatism is the advocacy of cultural, ethnic, tribal, religious, racial, regional, governmental, or gender separation from the larger group. As with secession, separatism conventionally refers to full political separation. Groups simply seeking greater autonomy are usually not considered separatists. Some discourse settings equate separatism with religious segregation, racial segregation, or sex segregation, while other discourse settings take the broader view that separation by choice may serve useful purposes and is not the same as government-enforced segregation. There is some academic debate about this definition, and in particular how it relates to secessionism, as has been discussed online.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ethnic religion</span> Religion associated with a particular ethnicity

In religious studies, an ethnic religion is a religion or belief associated with notions of heredity and a particular ethnicity. Ethnic religions are often distinguished from universal religions, such as Christianity or Islam, which are not limited in ethnic, national or racial scope.

Below are the articles listing active separatist movements by continent:

Regionalism is a political ideology that seeks to increase the political power, influence and self-determination of the people of one or more subnational regions. It focuses on the "development of a political or social system based on one or more" regions, and/or the national, normative, or economic interests of a specific region, group of regions or another subnational entity, gaining strength from or aiming to strengthen the "consciousness of and loyalty to a distinct region with a homogeneous population", similarly to nationalism. More specifically, "regionalism refers to three distinct elements: movements demanding territorial autonomy within unitary states; the organization of the central state on a regional basis for the delivery of its policies including regional development policies; political decentralization and regional autonomy".

A multinational state or a multinational union is a sovereign entity that comprises two or more nations or states. This contrasts with a nation state, where a single nation accounts for the bulk of the population. Depending on the definition of "nation", a multinational state is usually multicultural or multilingual, and is geographically composed of more than one country, such as the countries of the United Kingdom.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Polish nationalism</span> Political ideology that promotes the interests of Polish nation

Polish nationalism is a nationalism which asserts that the Polish people are a nation and which affirms the cultural unity of Poles. British historian of Poland Norman Davies defines nationalism as "a doctrine ... to create a nation by arousing people's awareness of their nationality, and to mobilize their feelings into a vehicle for political action."

Post-colonial anarchism is a term used to describe anarchism in an anti-imperialist framework. Whereas traditional anarchism arose from industrialized Western nations—and thus sees history from their perspective—post-colonial anarchism approaches the same principles of anarchism from the perspective of colonized peoples. It is highly critical of the contributions of the established anarchist movement, and seeks to add what it sees as a unique and important perspective. The tendency is strongly influenced by indigenism, anti-state forms of nationalism, and anarchism among ethnic minorities, among other sources.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rifians</span> Berber ethnic group

Riffians or Rifians are a Berber ethnic group originally from the Rif region of northeastern Morocco. Communities of Riffian immigrants are also found in southern Spain, Netherlands and Belgium as well as elsewhere in Western Europe. They are overwhelmingly Sunni Muslims, but retain their pre-Islamic traditions such as high status for Riffian women.

An ethnic flag is a flag that symbolizes a certain ethnic group. Ethnic flags are often introduced to the ethnic community through the respective cultural or political ethnic movements. They are popular among diasporas, ethnic minorities, and some ethnic majorities, especially in multiethnic countries.

The Aromanians in North Macedonia, also known as the Vlachs, are an officially recognised minority group of North Macedonia numbering some 9,695 people according to the 2002 census. They are concentrated in Kruševo, Štip, Bitola and Skopje.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Montenegrin nationalism</span> Nationalism that asserts that Montenegrins are a nation

Montenegrin nationalism is the nationalism that asserts that Montenegrins are a nation and promotes the cultural unity of Montenegrins.

Ethnic nationalism, also known as ethnonationalism, is a form of nationalism wherein the nation and nationality are defined in terms of ethnicity, with emphasis on an ethnocentric approach to various political issues related to national affirmation of a particular ethnic group.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Front for the Liberation of Champa</span>

The Front for the Liberation of Champa was a Cham nationalist organisation active in Ninh Thuan province and the Central Highlands of Vietnam. It was founded in 1962 and merged with the Central Highlands Liberation Front and the Liberation Front of Kampuchea Krom to form the United Front for the Liberation of Oppressed Races (FULRO) in 1964.

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