Ethnic group or nation that does not possess its own state
This article is about a nation lacking a nation state. For a community lacking a government, see Stateless society. For persons lacking state affiliation, see Statelessness.
A stateless nation is an ethnic group or nation that does not possess its own sovereign state.[1] Use of the term implies that such ethnic groups has the right to self-determination, to establish an independent nation-state with its own government.[2][3] Members of stateless nations may be citizens of the country in which they live, or they may be denied citizenship by that country. Stateless nations are usually not represented in international sports or in international organisations such as the United Nations. Nations without a state are classified as fourth-world nations.[4][5][6] Some stateless nations have a history of statehood, while some were always stateless.
Stateless nations can have large populations; for example, the Kurds have an estimated population of over 30 million people, which makes them one of the largest stateless nations.[10]
Nation-states and nations without states
The symbiotic relationship between nations and states arose in Western Europe during the 18th century, and it was exported to the rest of the world through colonial rule. Whereas the Western European nation-states are at present relinquishing some of their powers to the European Union, many of the former colonies are now the zealous defenders of the concept of national statehood.[3] However, not all peoples within multi-cultural states consider themselves stateless nations. As not all states are nation states, there are ethnic groups who live in multinational states that are not considered "stateless nations".
Only a small fraction of the world's national groups have associated nation states; the rest are distributed in one or more states. While there are over 3000 estimated nations in the world, there were only 193 member states of the United Nations as of 2011, of which fewer than 20 are considered to be ethnically homogeneous nation states. Thus nation states are not as common as often assumed, and stateless nations are the overwhelming majority of nations in the world.[3]
Consequences of colonialism and imperialism
During the imperial and colonial era, powerful nations extended their influence outside their homeland; resulting in many colonized nations ceasing to be self-governing and being described as stateless nations thereafter.[11] Some nations have been victims of "carve-outs" that left their homeland divided among several countries. Even today, the colonial boundaries form modern national boundaries. These boundaries often differ from cultural boundaries which results in situations wherein people who speak the same language or have the same culture are divided by national borders; for example, New Guinea is split into the regions of West Papua (a former Dutch colony) and Papua New Guinea (a former Australian colony).[12] During decolonization, the colonial powers imposed a unified state structure irrespective of the ethnic differences and granted independence to their colonies as a multinational state. This led to successor states with many minority ethnic groups in them, which increased the potential for ethnic conflicts.[13][14][15][16] Some of these minority groups campaigned for self-determination. Stateless nations were not protected in all countries and as a result, they became victims of atrocities such as discrimination, ethnic cleansing, genocide, forced assimilation, and the exploitation of labor and natural resources.[17][18]
Nationalism and stateless nations
People with a common origin, history, language, culture, customs, or religion can turn into a nation through the awakening of national consciousness.[19] A nation can exist without a state, as is exemplified by the stateless nations. Citizenship is not always the nationality of a person.[20] In a multinational state different national identities can coexist or compete: for example, in BritainEnglish nationalism, Scottish nationalism, and Welsh nationalism exist and are held together by British nationalism.[21] Nationalism is often connected to separatism because a nation is considered to achieve completeness through its independence.[22]
Throughout history, numerous nations declared their independence, but not all succeeded in establishing a state. Even today, there are active autonomy and independence movements around the world. The claim of the stateless nations to self-determination is often denied due to geopolitical interests and increasing globalization of the world.[23][24][25][26] Stateless nations sometimes show solidarity with other stateless nations and maintain diplomatic relations.[27][28]
Unionism vs separatism
Not all ethnic groups claim to be a nation or aspire to be a separate state. Some of them see themselves as part of the multinational state they are located in and believe that their interests are well represented in it. The favoring of a united single state is associated with unionism (such as Pakistani nationalism, Indian nationalism, and Belgian nationalism) [citation needed]). In many countries, unionism is also encouraged by governments and separatism is considered illegal.
List of stateless nations
The following is a list of ethnic and national groups where there exist notable independence movements as evidenced by standalone Wikipedia articles.
States made bold under the "homeland" column are countries of the respective ethnic groups which are native to them and still host the majority (more than half) of their population.
Many groups seek for total independence from Italy, while some just want more autonomy and recognition of Venetian language and people. Historically occupied the independent Republic of Venice.
Afrikaners are historically an ethno-racial group (although some today deracialize the identity to include Afrikaans-speaking Coloured people). Demand autonomy or total secession from South Africa. Historically occupied the Dutch Cape colony but did expand elsewhere into the once independent Boer republics.
Historically occupied the Kingdom of Champa. The Cham in Vietnam are only recognized as a minority, and not as an indigenous people by the Vietnamese government their indigeneity to the region.
First appeared on maps around 100BC under Germanic tribes, later becoming Polish under Mieszko the 1st at around 1000AD and moving between The Holy Roman Empire, Prussia, Germany, Czechia and Poland for the next 1000 years but were strongly Polonized due to heavy restrictions from Poland in the 20th Century. Further, forming separatist organizations could land you in jail for even 25 Years.
↑ Can also help with understanding the cultural/ethnic proximity with other people of that paternal language group, but not necessarily. The largest language family is not recommended, as a large number of cells would contain similar content.
Pomaks are Bulgarian-speaking Muslims inhabiting Bulgaria, northwestern Turkey, and northeastern Greece. The c. 220,000 strong ethno-confessional minority in Bulgaria is recognized officially as Bulgarian Muslims by the government. The term has also been used as a wider designation, including also the Slavic Muslim populations of North Macedonia and Albania.
In religious studies, an ethnic religion or ethnoreligion is a religion or belief associated with notions of heredity and a particular ethnicity. Ethnic religions are often distinguished from universal religions, such as Christianity or Islam, which are not limited in ethnic, national or racial scope.
Ardabil province is one of the 31 provinces of Iran. Its capital is the city of Ardabil. The province is in the northwest of the country, in Region 3, bordering the Republic of Azerbaijan, and the Iranian provinces of East Azerbaijan, Zanjan, and Gilan. Spanning an area of 18,011 km2, and established in 1993, Ardabil was carved out of the eastern part of East Azerbaijan Province.
The Khakas are a Turkic indigenous people of Siberia, who live in the republic of Khakassia, Russia. They speak the Khakas language.
Northern Thrace or North Thrace, also called Bulgarian Thrace, constitutes the northern and largest part of the historical region of Thrace. It is located in Southern Bulgaria and includes the territory south of the Balkan Mountains and east of the Mesta River, bordering Western Thrace and East Thrace in the south, and the Black Sea in the east. It encompasses Sredna Gora, the Upper Thracian Plain, and 90% of the Rhodopes.
The Maba, also called Bargo or Wadai people, are a Sunni Muslim ethnic group found primarily in the mountains of Wadai region in eastern Chad and southern Sudan. Their population is estimated to be about 542,000. Other estimates place the total number of Bargo people in Sudan to be about 28,000.
Riffians or Rifians are a Berber ethnic group originally from the Rif region of northeastern Morocco. Communities of Riffian immigrants are also found in southern Spain, Netherlands and Belgium as well as elsewhere in Western Europe. They are overwhelmingly Sunni Muslims, but retain their pre-Islamic traditions such as high status for Riffian women.
An ethnic flag is a flag that symbolizes a certain ethnic group. Ethnic flags are often introduced to the ethnic community through the respective cultural or political ethnic movements. They are popular among diasporas, ethnic minorities, and some ethnic majorities, especially in multiethnic countries.
The Shaheed Khalsa Force was a Khalistani group which claimed credit for marketplace bombings in New Delhi in 1997. The group was previously unknown.
The Digor or West Ossetians are a subgroup of the Ossetians (Alans). They speak the Digor dialect of the Eastern Iranian Ossetian language, which in USSR was considered a separate language until 1937. Starting from 1932 it is considered just a dialect of Ossetian language. The speakers of the other dialect - Iron - do not understand Digor, although the Digor usually understand East Ossetian, as it was the official language of the Ossetian people and officially taught in schools. In the 2002 Russian Census 607 Digors were registered, but in the 2010 Russian Census their number was only 223. It was estimated that there are 100,000 speakers of the dialect, most of whom declared themselves Ossetians. The Digor mainly live in Digorsky, Irafsky, Mozdoksky districts and Vladikavkaz, North Ossetia–Alania, also in Kabardino-Balkaria, Turkey and Syria.
The Jungle Party was a secessionist party active in northern Iran during 1940s. The party was founded by armed rebels and some of Mirza Kuchik Khan's old associates who tried to revive the Persian Socialist Soviet Republic created in 1921 and used its red flag as a symbol. It allied with the Iran Party, Tudeh Party of Iran, Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan and Azerbaijani Democratic Party in 1946.
The Emirate of Cyrenaica came into existence when Sayyid Idris unilaterally proclaimed Cyrenaica an independent Senussi emirate on 1 March 1949, backed by the United Kingdom. Sayyid Idris proclaimed himself Emir of Cyrenaica at a 'national conference' in Benghazi. The recognition by the UK failed to influence the attitude of the United Nations, and Britain and France were directed to prepare Libya's independence in a resolution passed on 21 November 1949. The independence of the Kingdom of Libya was declared on 24 December 1951, and on 27 December, Emir Idris was enthroned as King Idris I.
Sarawak Dayak Iban Association (SADIA) is a community organization representing the Iban community of Sarawak. Formerly known as the Dayak Federation, it was formed in 1919 and renamed to its current title in 1984.
Urmia Plain is a region in the West Azerbaijan Province of Iran. It lies between Lake Urmia to the east, and the Turkish border to the west. It contains the city of Urmia.
The political union of Samoa and American Samoa, both of which are part of the Samoan Islands, has been proposed ever since their current status was established in the first half of the 20th century under the Tripartite Convention, and even earlier: In 1919, Western Samoa, formerly a German protectorate, expressed a desire to unite with American Samoa. The Samoan people in both Western Samoa and American Samoa share ethnicity and culture, but their islands have remained politically separated. After World War I, the western islands were incorporated as the Western Samoa Trust Territory under British administration from 1920–1946, and under New Zealand administration from 1946 to 1962. The Inter-Samoan Consultative Committee was established in 1955 to promote cooperation between the two. Richard Barrett Lowe, the governor of American Samoa from 1953 to 1956, said during his tenure that it had been decided that reunification with Western Samoa was not to be discussed by the Committee. In 1969, a political commission in American Samoa rejected a proposal for unification with Western Samoa.
The Front for the Liberation of Champa was a Cham nationalist organisation active in Ninh Thuan province and the Central Highlands of Vietnam. It was founded in 1962 and merged with the Central Highlands Liberation Front and the Liberation Front of Kampuchea Krom to form the United Front for the Liberation of Oppressed Races (FULRO) in 1964.
The flag of the Aromanians is an unofficial ethnic flag used by some of the Aromanians, an ethnic group from the Balkans. They are scattered in Albania, Bulgaria, Greece, North Macedonia, Romania and Serbia and their estimates range from 350,000 to 3 million people. There is no official Aromanian entity in any of these countries.
Brahuistan, also known as Brahvistan is a region in Balochistan in what are now Pakistan and Afghanistan primarily inhabited by the Brahuis, an ethnic group which natively speaks the Brahui language. In the twenty-first century, Brahui nationalism has been developed around the idea of a separate Brahuistan, consisting of Kalat in Pakistan and Registan in Afghanistan.
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↑ James B. Minahan, Encyclopedia of Stateless Nations 2nd Edition: Ethnic and National Groups around the World 2016 p.422
↑ Minahan, James (2002). Encyclopedia of the stateless nations: ethnic and national groups around the world. Vol.3. Westport: Greenwood Press. p.1321. ISBN978-0-313-31617-3.
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↑ Minahan, James (2002). Encyclopedia of the stateless nations: ethnic and national groups around the world. Vol.2. Westport: Greenwood Press. p.738. ISBN978-0-313-31617-3.
↑ Minahan, James (2002). Encyclopedia of the stateless nations: ethnic and national groups around the world. Vol.1. Westport: Greenwood Press. p.168. ISBN978-0-313-31617-3.
↑ Minahan, James (2002). Encyclopedia of the stateless nations: ethnic and national groups around the world. Vol.1. Westport: Greenwood Press. p.443. ISBN978-0-313-31617-3.
↑ Minahan, James (2002). Encyclopedia of the stateless nations: ethnic and national groups around the world. Vol.4. Westport: Greenwood Press. p.1697. ISBN978-0-313-31617-3.
↑ Minahan, James (2002). Encyclopedia of the stateless nations: ethnic and national groups around the world. Vol.4. Westport: Greenwood Press. p.1714. ISBN978-0-313-31617-3.
↑ Minahan, James (2002). Encyclopedia of the stateless nations: ethnic and national groups around the world. Vol.4. Westport: Greenwood Press. p.1987. ISBN978-0-313-31617-3.
↑ Minahan, James (2002). Encyclopedia of the stateless nations: ethnic and national groups around the world. Vol.1. Westport: Greenwood Press. p.323. ISBN978-0-313-31617-3.
↑ Minahan, James (2002). Encyclopedia of the stateless nations: ethnic and national groups around the world. Vol.2. Westport: Greenwood Press. p.940. ISBN978-0-313-31617-3.
↑ Minahan, James (2002). Encyclopedia of the stateless nations: ethnic and national groups around the world. Vol.1. Westport: Greenwood Press. p.367. ISBN978-0-313-31617-3.
↑ Minahan, James (2002). Encyclopedia of the stateless nations: ethnic and national groups around the world. Vol.2. Westport: Greenwood Press. p.863. ISBN978-0-313-31617-3.
↑ Minahan, James (2002). Encyclopedia of the stateless nations: ethnic and national groups around the world. Vol.1. Westport: Greenwood Press. p.311. ISBN978-0-313-31617-3.
↑ Minahan, James (2002). Encyclopedia of the stateless nations: ethnic and national groups around the world. Vol.1. Westport: Greenwood Press. p.46. ISBN978-0-313-31617-3.
↑ Minahan, James (2002). Encyclopedia of the stateless nations: ethnic and national groups around the world. Vol.3. Westport: Greenwood Press. p.1328. ISBN978-0-313-31617-3.
↑ Jeffrey Cole, Ethnic Groups of Europe: An Encyclopedia 2011 p.38
↑ Minahan, James (2002). Encyclopedia of the stateless nations: ethnic and national groups around the world. Vol.4. Westport: Greenwood Press. p.1928. ISBN978-0-313-31617-3.
↑ Minahan, James (2002). Encyclopedia of the stateless nations: ethnic and national groups around the world. Vol.4. Westport: Greenwood Press. p.2046. ISBN978-0-313-31617-3.
↑ Minahan, James (2002). Encyclopedia of the stateless nations: ethnic and national groups around the world. Vol.2. Westport: Greenwood Press. p.870. ISBN978-0-313-31617-3.
↑ Minahan, James (2002). Encyclopedia of the stateless nations: ethnic and national groups around the world. Vol.3. Westport: Greenwood Press. p.1219. ISBN978-0-313-31617-3.
↑ Minahan, James (2002). Encyclopedia of the stateless nations: ethnic and national groups around the world. Vol.1. Westport: Greenwood Press. p.163. ISBN978-0-313-31617-3.
↑ Minahan, James (2002). Encyclopedia of the stateless nations: ethnic and national groups around the world. Vol.1. Westport: Greenwood Press. p.436. ISBN978-0-313-31617-3.
↑ Minahan, James (2002). Encyclopedia of the stateless nations: ethnic and national groups around the world. Vol.2. Westport: Greenwood Press. p.618. ISBN978-0-313-31617-3.
↑ Minahan, James (2002). Encyclopedia of the stateless nations: ethnic and national groups around the world. Vol.1. Westport: Greenwood Press. p.211. ISBN978-0-313-31617-3.
↑ Minahan, James (2002). Encyclopedia of the stateless nations: ethnic and national groups around the world. Vol.3. Westport: Greenwood Press. p.1180. ISBN978-0-313-31617-3.
↑ Minahan, James (2002). Encyclopedia of the stateless nations: ethnic and national groups around the world. Vol.3. Westport: Greenwood Press. p.1457. ISBN978-0-313-31617-3.
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↑ James B. Minahan, Encyclopedia of Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups around the World, 2nd Edition: Ethnic and National Groups around the World 2016 p.13
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↑ Minahan, James (2002). Encyclopedia of the stateless nations: ethnic and national groups around the world. Vol.2. Westport: Greenwood Press. p.624. ISBN978-0-313-31617-3.
↑ Minahan, James (2002). Encyclopedia of the stateless nations: ethnic and national groups around the world. Vol.2. Westport: Greenwood Press. p.934. ISBN978-0-313-31617-3.
↑ Minahan, James (2002). Encyclopedia of the stateless nations: ethnic and national groups around the world. Vol.3. Westport: Greenwood Press. p.1174. ISBN978-0-313-31617-3.
↑ Minahan, James (2002). Encyclopedia of the stateless nations: ethnic and national groups around the world. Vol.3. Westport: Greenwood Press. p.1074. ISBN978-0-313-31617-3.
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↑ Minahan, James (2002). Encyclopedia of the stateless nations: ethnic and national groups around the world. Vol.2. Westport: Greenwood Press. p.921. ISBN978-0-313-31617-3.
↑ Minahan, James (2002). Encyclopedia of the stateless nations: ethnic and national groups around the world. Vol.3. Westport: Greenwood Press. p.1444. ISBN978-0-313-31617-3.
↑ Minahan, James (2002). Encyclopedia of the stateless nations: ethnic and national groups around the world. Vol.2. Westport: Greenwood Press. p.719. ISBN978-0-313-31617-3.
↑ Minahan, James (2002). Encyclopedia of the stateless nations: ethnic and national groups around the world. Vol.3. Westport: Greenwood Press. p.1302. ISBN978-0-313-31617-3.
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↑ Minahan, James (2002). Encyclopedia of the stateless nations: ethnic and national groups around the world. Vol.3. Westport: Greenwood Press. p.1334. ISBN978-0-313-31617-3.
↑ The American Indian and Alaska Native Population: 2010
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↑ Sámi people (14 December 2015). "Sámi in Sweden". sweden.se. Archived from the original on 15 January 2021. Retrieved 19 February 2023.
↑ Minahan, James (2002). Encyclopedia of the stateless nations: ethnic and national groups around the world. Vol.2. Westport: Greenwood Press. p.595. ISBN978-0-313-31617-3.
↑ Minahan, James (2002). Encyclopedia of the stateless nations: ethnic and national groups around the world. Vol.4. Westport: Greenwood Press. p.1746. ISBN978-0-313-31617-3.
↑ Minahan, James (2002). Encyclopedia of the stateless nations: ethnic and national groups around the world. Vol.3. Westport: Greenwood Press. p.1068. ISBN978-0-313-31617-3.
Sources
Keating, Michael (2001), Nations Against the State: The New Politics of Nationalism in Quebec, Catalonia and Scotland (Seconded.), Palgrave
Duany, Jorge (2008). "Nation on the move: the construction of cultural identities in Puerto Rico and the diaspora". American Ethnologist. 27 (1). Wiley: 5–30. doi:10.1525/ae.2000.27.1.5. ISSN0094-0496.
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