Karakalpak | |
---|---|
Qaraqalpaq tili, Қарақалпақ тили, قاراقالپاق تىلى | |
Native to | Central Asia |
Region | Karakalpakstan |
Ethnicity | Karakalpaks |
Native speakers | 871,970 (2023) [1] |
Turkic
| |
Karakalpak alphabet (Latin, Cyrillic, Arabic script) | |
Official status | |
Official language in | Uzbekistan |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-2 | kaa |
ISO 639-3 | kaa |
Glottolog | kara1467 |
Map showing locations of Karakalpak (red) within Uzbekistan | |
Karakalpak (Qaraqalpaq tili) is a Turkic language spoken by Karakalpaks in Karakalpakstan. It is divided into two dialects, Northeastern Karakalpak and Southwestern Karakalpak. It developed alongside Nogai and neighbouring Kazakh languages, being markedly influenced by both. Typologically, Karakalpak belongs to the Kipchak branch of the Turkic languages, thus being closely related to and highly mutually intelligible with Kazakh and Nogai. [2] [3] [4]
Karakalpak is a member of the Kipchak branch of Turkic languages, which includes Kazakh, Bashkir, Tatar, Kumyk, Karachay, Nogai and Kyrgyz. Due to its proximity to Turkmen and Uzbek, some of Karakalpak's vocabulary and grammar has been influenced by Uzbek and Turkmen. Like the vast majority of Turkic languages, Karakalpak has vowel harmony, is agglutinative and has no grammatical gender. Word order is usually subject–object–verb.
Karakalpak is spoken mainly in the Karakalpakstan Autonomous Republic of Uzbekistan. Approximately 2,000 people in Afghanistan and smaller diaspora in parts of Russia, Kazakhstan, Turkey and other parts of the world speak Karakalpak.
Karakalpak has official status in the Karakalpakstan Autonomous Republic.
Ethnologue identifies two dialects of Karakalpak: Northeastern and Southwestern. Menges mentions a third possible dialect spoken in the Fergana Valley. The Southwestern dialect has /tʃ/ for the Northeastern /ʃ/.
Karakalpak has 25 native consonant phonemes and regularly uses four non-native phonemes in loan words. Non-native sounds are shown in parentheses.
Labials | Alveolar | Post-alv./ Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m ⟨m/м⟩ | n ⟨n/н⟩ | ŋ ⟨ń/ң⟩ | ||||
Stop | voiceless | p ⟨p/п⟩ | t ⟨t/т⟩ | k ⟨k/к⟩ | q ⟨q/қ⟩ | ||
voiced | b ⟨b/б⟩ | d ⟨d/д⟩ | ɡ ⟨g/г⟩ | ||||
Affricate | ( t͡s ⟨c/ц⟩) | ( t͡ʃ ⟨ch/ч⟩) | |||||
Fricative | voiceless | ( f ⟨f/ф⟩) | s ⟨s/с⟩ | ʃ ⟨sh/ш⟩ | x ⟨x/х⟩ | h ⟨h/ҳ⟩ | |
voiced | ( v ⟨v/в⟩) | z ⟨z/з⟩ | ʒ ⟨j/ж⟩ | ɣ ⟨ǵ/ғ⟩ | |||
Approximant | l ⟨l/л⟩ | j ⟨y/й⟩ | w ⟨w/ў⟩ | ||||
Rhotic | r ⟨r/р⟩ |
Front | Back | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
spread | rounded | spread | rounded | |
Close | i ⟨i/и⟩ | y ⟨ú/ү⟩ | ɯ ⟨ı/ы⟩ | u ⟨u/у⟩ |
Mid | e ⟨e/е⟩ | œ ⟨ó/ө⟩ | o ⟨o/о⟩ | |
Open | æ ⟨á/ә⟩ | a ⟨a/а⟩ |
Vowel harmony functions in Karakalpak much as it does[ clarification needed ] in other Turkic languages. Words borrowed from Russian or other languages may not observe rules of vowel harmony, but the following rules usually apply:[ What are the rules for Karakalpak words? ]
Vowel | May be followed by: |
---|---|
a | a,ɯ |
æ | e,i |
e | e,i |
i | e,i |
o | a,o,u,ɯ |
œ | e,i,œ,y |
u | a,o,u |
y | e,œ,y |
ɯ | a,ɯ |
Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
1st person | мен/men 'I' | бизлер/bizler 'we' |
2nd person | сен/sen 'you' | сизлер/sizler 'you (pl.)' |
3rd person | ол/ol 'he/she/it' | олар/olar 'they' |
Karakalpak was written in the Arabic and Persian script until 1932, in the Latin script from 1928 to 1940, after which Cyrillic was introduced. Following Uzbekistan's independence in 1991, the decision was made to drop Cyrillic and revert to the Latin alphabet. Whilst the use of Latin script is now widespread in Tashkent, its introduction into Karakalpakstan remains gradual. [5]
The Cyrillic, Latin, and Arabic alphabets are shown below with their equivalent representations in the IPA. Cyrillic letters with no representation in the Latin alphabet are marked with asterisks. The last changes to the new Karakalpak alphabet were made in 2016: instead of letters with apostrophes, letters with acutes were introduced. [6]
Cyrillic | Latin | Arabic | IPA |
---|---|---|---|
А а | A a | ا / ـا | /a/ |
Ә ә | A' a' (Á á) | ە / ـە | /æ/ |
Б б | B b | ب | /b/ |
В в | V v | ۋ | /v/ |
Г г | G g | گ | /ɡ/ |
Ғ ғ | G' g' (Ǵ ǵ) | ع | /ɣ/ |
Д д | D d | د | /d/ |
Е е | E e | ە / ـە | /e/ |
Ё ё* | yo | یو | /jo/ |
Ж ж | J j | ج | /ʒ/ |
З з | Z z | ز | /z/ |
И и | I i | ى / ىـ | /i/ |
Й й | Y y | ي / يـ | /j/ |
К к | K k | ك | /k/ |
Қ қ | Q q | ق | /q/ |
Л л | L l | ل | /l/ |
М м | M m | م | /m/ |
Н н | N n | ن | /n/ |
Ң ң | N' n' (Ń ń) | ڴ | /ŋ/ |
О о | O o | و | /o/ |
Ө ө | O' o' (Ó ó) | و | /œ/ |
П п | P p | پ | /p/ |
Р р | R r | ر | /r/ |
С с | S s | س | /s/ |
Т т | T t | ت | /t/ |
У у | U u | وُ | /u/ |
Ү ү | U' u' (Ú ú) | وُ | /y/ |
Ў ў | W w | ۋ | /w/ |
Ф ф | F f | ف | /f/ |
Х х | X x | ح | /x/ |
Ҳ ҳ | H h | ه / هـ | /h/ |
Ц ц | C c | تس | /ts/ |
Ч ч | Ch ch | چ | /tʃ/ |
Ш ш | Sh sh | ش | /ʃ/ |
Щ щ* | sch | شش | /ʃtʃ/ |
Ъ ъ* | |||
Ы ы | İ ı (I ı) | ى / ىـ | /ɯ/ |
Ь ь* | |||
Э э | E e | ە / ـە | /e/ |
Ю ю* | yu | يوُ | /ju/ |
Я я | ya | يا | /ja/ |
Before 2009, C was written as TS; I and Í were written as dotted and dotless I; and the letters with apostrophe are now letters with acute. [7]
Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights [8]
Karakalpak text | English translation |
---|---|
Барлық Barlıq адамлар adamlar өз óz қәдир-қымбаты qádir-qımbatı және jáne ҳуқықларында huqıqlarında еркин erkin ҳәм hám тең teń болып bolıp туўылады. tuwıladı. Оларға Olarǵa ақыл aqıl ҳәм hám ҳүждан hújdan берилген berilgen болып, bolıp, бир-бирине bir-birine туўысқанлық tuwısqanlıq руўхындағы ruwxındaǵı қатнаста qatnasta болыўы bolıwı тийис. tiyis. | All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. |
The Turkic languages are a language family of more than 35 documented languages, spoken by the Turkic peoples of Eurasia from Eastern Europe and Southern Europe to Central Asia, East Asia, North Asia (Siberia), and West Asia. The Turkic languages originated in a region of East Asia spanning from Mongolia to Northwest China, where Proto-Turkic is thought to have been spoken, from where they expanded to Central Asia and farther west during the first millennium. They are characterized as a dialect continuum.
Kazakh or Qazaq is a Turkic language of the Kipchak branch spoken in Central Asia by Kazakhs. It is closely related to Nogai, Kyrgyz and Karakalpak. It is the official language of Kazakhstan and a significant minority language in the Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture in Xinjiang, north-western China, and in the Bayan-Ölgii Province of western Mongolia. The language is also spoken by many ethnic Kazakhs throughout the former Soviet Union, Germany, and Turkey.
Uzbek, formerly known as Turki, is a Karluk Turkic language spoken by Uzbeks. It is the official and national language of Uzbekistan and formally succeeded Chagatai, an earlier Karluk language also known as "Turki", as the literary language of Uzbekistan in the 1920s.
Kyrgyz is a Turkic language of the Kipchak branch spoken in Central Asia. Kyrgyz is the official language of Kyrgyzstan and a significant minority language in the Kizilsu Kyrgyz Autonomous Prefecture in Xinjiang, China and in the Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region of Tajikistan. There is a very high level of mutual intelligibility between Kyrgyz, Kazakh, and Altay. A dialect of Kyrgyz known as Pamiri Kyrgyz is spoken in north-eastern Afghanistan and northern Pakistan. Kyrgyz is also spoken by many ethnic Kyrgyz through the former Soviet Union, Afghanistan, Turkey, parts of northern Pakistan, and Russia.
Turkmen, sometimes referred to as Turkmen Turkic or Turkmen Turkish, is a Turkic language of the Oghuz branch spoken by the Turkmens of Central Asia. It has an estimated 4.3 million native speakers in Turkmenistan, and a further 719,000 speakers in northeastern Iran and 1.5 million people in northwestern Afghanistan, where it has no official status. Turkmen is also spoken to lesser varying degrees in Turkmen communities of Uzbekistan and Tajikistan and by diaspora communities, primarily in Turkey and Russia.
Uyghur or Uighur is a Turkic language written in a Uyghur Perso-Arabic script with 8–13 million speakers, spoken primarily by the Uyghur people in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of Western China. Apart from Xinjiang, significant communities of Uyghur speakers are also located in Kazakhstan, Pakistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Uzbekistan, and various other countries have Uyghur-speaking expatriate communities. Uyghur is an official language of the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region; it is widely used in both social and official spheres, as well as in print, television, and radio. Other ethnic minorities in Xinjiang also use Uyghur as a common language.
Karakalpakstan, officially the Republic of Karakalpakstan, is an autonomous republic of Uzbekistan. It spans the northwestern portion of Uzbekistan. The capital is Nukus. Karakalpakstan covers an area of 166,590 km2 (64,320 sq mi), and has a population of about 2 million people. Its territory covers the classical land of Khwarezm, which in classical Persian literature was known as Kāt (کات).
Bashkir or Bashkort is a Turkic language belonging to the Kipchak branch. It is co-official with Russian in Bashkortostan. It is spoken by 1.09 million native speakers in Russia, as well as in Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Estonia and other neighboring post-Soviet states, and among the Bashkir diaspora. It has three dialect groups: Southern, Eastern and Northwestern.
Crimean Tatar, also called Crimean, is a moribund Kipchak Turkic language spoken in Crimea and the Crimean Tatar diasporas of Uzbekistan, Turkey, Romania, and Bulgaria, as well as small communities in the United States and Canada. It should not be confused with Tatar, spoken in Tatarstan and adjacent regions in Russia; the two languages are related, but belong to different subgroups of the Kipchak languages, while maintaining a significant degree of mutual intelligibility. Crimean Tatar has been extensively influenced by nearby Oghuz dialects and is also mutually intelligible with them, to varying degrees.
Nogai also known as Noğay, Noghay, Nogay, or Nogai Tatar, is a Turkic language spoken in Southeastern European Russia, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Ukraine, Bulgaria, Romania and Turkey. It is the ancestral language of the Nogais. As a member of the Kipchak branch, it is closely related to Kazakh, Karakalpak and Crimean Tatar. In 2014 the first Nogai novel was published, written in the Latin alphabet.
The Karakalpaks or Qaraqalpaqs, are a Turkic ethnic group native to Karakalpakstan in Northwestern Uzbekistan. During the 18th century, they settled in the lower reaches of the Amu Darya and in the (former) delta of Amu Darya on the southern shore of the Aral Sea. The name "Karakalpak" comes from two words: qara meaning "black" and qalpaq meaning "hat". The Karakalpaks number nearly 871,970 worldwide, out of which about 726,000 live in the Karakalpakstan region of Uzbekistan.
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Oe or barred O is a letter of the Cyrillic script.
The Arabic script is the writing system used for Arabic and several other languages of Asia and Africa. It is the second-most widely used alphabetic writing system in the world, the second-most widely used writing system in the world by number of countries using it, and the third-most by number of users.
The Kipchak languages are a sub-branch of the Turkic language family spoken by approximately 28 million people in much of Central Asia and Eastern Europe, spanning from Ukraine to China. Some of the most widely spoken languages in this group are Kazakh, Kyrgyz and Tatar.
The Uzbek language has been written in various scripts: Latin, Cyrillic and Arabic. The language traditionally used Arabic script, but the official Uzbek government under the Soviet Union started to use Cyrillic in 1940, which is when widespread literacy campaigns were initiated by the Soviet government across the Union. In Uzbekistan, the Latin script was officially reintroduced, along with Cyrillic, in 1992, and a full transition to Latin script is awaiting implementation. In neighboring Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan, people use Cyrillic. In the Xinjiang region of China, some Uzbek speakers write using Cyrillic, others with an alphabet based on the Uyghur Arabic alphabet. Uzbeks of Afghanistan also write the language using Arabic script, and the Arabic Uzbek alphabet is taught at some schools in the country.
Siberian Tatar is a Turkic language spoken in Western Siberia, Russia, primarily in the oblasts of Tyumen, Novosibirsk, Omsk but also in Tomsk and Kemerovo. According to Marcel Erdal, due to its particular characteristics, Siberian Tatar can be considered as a bridge to Siberian Turkic languages.
The emblem of Karakalpakstan is one of the official symbols of Karakalpakstan, an autonomous republic within Uzbekistan. It was approved on April 9, 1993. The coat of arms was developed from a sketch by Karakalpak artist Jollybai Izentaev based on the emblem of Uzbekistan.