Southern Uzbek language

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Southern Uzbek
اۉزبېکچه, اۉزبېکی, اۉزبېک تورکچه‌سی
Uzbek language in nastaliq.jpg
Native to Afghanistan
Ethnicity Uzbeks
Speakers L1: 3.5 million (2017) [1]
L2: 1.1 million (2022) [1]
Early forms
Perso-Arabic
Official status
Official language in
Afghanistan (3rd most spoken language)
Recognised minority
language in
  • China
Regulated by Afghan Ministry of Education
Language codes
ISO 639-3 uzs
Glottolog sout2699
Linguasphere db 44-AAB-da, db
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Southern Uzbek, also known as Afghan Uzbek, is the southern variant of the Uzbek language, spoken chiefly in Afghanistan with up to 4.6 million speakers including first and second language speakers. [1] It uses the Perso-Arabic writing system in contrast to the language variant of Uzbekistan.

Contents

Southern Uzbek is intelligible with the Northern Uzbek spoken in Uzbekistan to a certain degree. However, it has differences in grammar and also many more loan words from Dari, the local New Persian variety, in which many Southern Uzbek speakers are proficient. [3]

Southern Uzbek Alphabet

A 1911 text in Southern Uzbek Adib-i sani.jpg
A 1911 text in Southern Uzbek

Southern Uzbek is written using the Perso-Arabic writing system called Arab Yozuv عرب یازوو ("Arab Script"). The writing system is for the most part identical to Persian alphabet, with 3 additional letters. These include two vowels, "اۉ / ۉ" and "اې / ې" (optional in writing, and substitutable in practice by "او / و" and "ای / ی" respectively), which are meant to represent the sounds represented in Uzbek Latin Script with "E e" and "Oʻ oʻ". The alphabet also includes a combined consonant letter "نگ", formerly (and currently in writing systems such as Uyghur) shown with the letter "ڭ". This letter represents the sound /ŋ/, and represented in the Latin writing system with "-ng". This letter makes the Voiced velar nasal sound, where in English one can for example hear when pronouncing the word "wingman".

Uzbek has 6 vowels, and it has lost its vowel harmony rules, unlike other Turkic languages. [4]

Table of Vowels in Uzbek Arabic Alphabet (with alif at the beginning of words) [5] [6]
Notes IPA ArabicLatinCyrillic
FinalMedialInitial
[æ ~ ɑ]ـَهـَاَA aА а
[ɒ ~ ɔ]ـاآ‌ O oО о
[i]ـِیـِیـاِیـI iИ и
In unvocalized spelling, it may be substituted by ی. Final -e is limited to Persian loanwords.[e]ـېـېـ اېـE eЭ э / Е е
Final -e is limited to Persian loanwords.
For loanwords from other languages than Persian, ـِه is preferred to transliterate -e.
ـِهN/AN/A
Only used in Persian and Arabic loanwords.[i, e]N/Aـِ اِI i
E e
И и
Э э / Е е
[u]ـُواُو‌ U uУ у
In unvocalized spelling, it may be substituted by و.[o]ـۉاۉOʻ oʻЎ ў
Only used in Persian and Arabic loanwords.[u, o]N/AـُاُU u
Oʻ oʻ
У у
Ў ў

Other than the additional combined letter "نگ / -ng", the consonants of Uzbek Arabic Alphabet are identical to that of Persian. Thus, there indeed is a case of various letters representing the same sound, as is the case in Persian. But the letters "ث، ح، ذ، ژ، ص، ض، ط، ظ، ع" are not used for writing of native Uzbek words. They are solely used for writing of loanwords from Arabic, Persian, or any of the European languages.

LetterLatin IPA
FinalMedialInitialIsolated
ـبـبـبـبB b/b/
ـپـپـپـپP p/p/
ـتـتـتـتT t/t/
ـثـثـثـثS s/s/
ـجـجـجـجJ j/dʒ/
ـچـچـچـچCh ch/tʃ/
ـحـحـحـحH h/h/
ـخـخـخـخX x/x/
ـدددD d/d/
ـذذذZ z/z/
ـرررR r/r/
ـزززZ z/z/
ـژژژJ j/ʒ/
ـسـسـسـسS s/s/
ـشـشـشـشSh Sh/ʃ/
ـصـصـصـصS s/s/
ـضـضـضـضZ z/z/
ـطـطـطـطT t/t/
ـظـظـظـظZ z/z/
ـعـعـعـعʻ/ʔ/
ـغـغـغـغGʻ gʻ/ɣ~ʁ/
ـفـفـفـفF f/f/
ـقـقـقـقQ q/q/
ـکـکـکـکK k/k/
ـگـگـگـگG g/g/
ـمـمـمـمM m/m/
ـنـنـنـنN n/n/
ـنگـنگـ-نگ-ng/ŋ/
ـوووV v/v/
ـهـهـهـهH h/h/
ـیـیـیـی‌ Y y/j/
-ـئـ / ـأ / ـؤئـ / أ / ؤءʻ/ʔ/

See also

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References

  1. 1 2 3 Southern Uzbek at Ethnologue (27th ed., 2024) Closed Access logo transparent.svg
  2. Scott Newton (20 November 2014). Law and the Making of the Soviet World: The Red Demiurge. Routledge. p. 232. ISBN   978-1-317-92978-9.
  3. "Uzbek, Southern".
  4. Asamura, Takao. “Longing for Legacy: Vowel Harmony in the Uzbek Standard Language, 1924-1934.” Russian and East European Studies 2007, no. 36 (2007): 48–60. https://doi.org/10.5823/jarees.2007.48.
  5. Sjoberg, Andrée F. (1963). Uzbek Structural Grammar (PDF). Uralic and Altaic Series. Vol. 18. Bloomington: Indiana University. pp. 16–18.
  6. Uzbek Turki to Persian/Dari Dictionary, authored by D. Faizullah Aimaq (فرهنگ تورکی اوزبیکی به فارسی/ دری، تألیف داکتر فیض الله ایماق) (Archive)

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