Pumi language

Last updated
Pumi
Prinmi
psshinv mivཕྷྷྲིནཀ་མིཀ་, prienv mivཕྲནཀ་མིཀ་, psshonv mefཕྷྷྲོནཀ་མེས་, prinv mevཕྲིནཀ་མེཀ་, chinv mifཁྲིནཀ་མིས་
Native to China
Region Sichuan, Yunnan
Ethnicity Pumi
Native speakers
(54,000 cited 1999) [1]
Language codes
ISO 639-3 Either:
pmi  – Northern Pumi
pmj  – Southern Pumi
Glottolog pumi1242

The Pumi language (also known as Prinmi[ citation needed ]) is a Qiangic language used by the Pumi people, an ethnic group from Yunnan, China, as well as by the Tibetan people of Muli in Sichuan, China. [2] [3] Most native speakers live in Lanping, Ninglang, Lijiang, Weixi and Muli.

Contents

The autonym of the Pumi is pʰʐə̃55mi55 in Western Prinmi, pʰɹĩ55mi55 in Central Prinmi, and pʰʐõ55mə53 in Northern Prinmi with variants such as pʰɹə̃55mə55 and tʂʰə̃55mi53. [3] [4]

In Muli Bonist priests read religious texts in Tibetan, which needs to be interpreted into Prinmi.[ citation needed ] An attempt to teach Pumi children to write their language using the Tibetan script has been seen in Ninglang. [5] A pinyin-based Roman script has been proposed, but is not commonly used. [6]

Dialects

Earlier works suggest there are two branches of Pumi (southern and northern), and they are not mutually intelligible. Ding (2014) proposes three major groups: Western Prinmi (spoken in Lanping), Central Prinmi (spoken in southwestern Ninglang, Lijiang, Yulong and Yongsheng) and Northern Prinmi (spoken in northern Ninglang and Sichuan). [7]

Lu (2001)

Dialects of Pumi include the following (Lu 2001). [3]

Southern (22,000 speakers)
Northern (55,000 speakers)

Sim (2017)

Sims (2017) [8] lists the following dialects of Pumi.

Sims (2017) [8] reconstructs high tones and low tones for Proto-Prinmi.

Documentation

Transcribed, translated and annotated audio documents in the Pumi language are available from the Pangloss Collection. [17] They concern Northern dialects of Pumi.

Phonology

Pumi Consonants
LabialDentalRetroflexPalatalVelar
Nasalvoiceless[ m̥ ][ n̥ ][ ŋ̥ ]
voiced[ m ][ n ][ ŋ ]
Plosivevoiceless[ p ][ t ][ ʈ ][ k ]
aspirated[ pʰ ][ tʰ ][ ʈʰ ][ kʰ ]
voiced[ b ][ d ][ ɖ ][ ɡ ]
Affricatevoiceless[ ts ][ ʈʂ ][ tɕ ]
aspirated[ tsʰ ][ ʈʂʰ ][ tɕʰ ]
voiced[ dz ][ ɖʐ ][ dʑ ]
Fricativevoiceless[ s ][ ʂ ][ ɕ ][ x ]
voiced[ z ][ ʐ ][ ʑ ][ ɣ ]
Lateralvoiceless[ ɬ ]
voiced[ l ]
Approximantvoiceless[ ɹ̥ ]
voiced[ w ][ ɹ ][ j ]
Oral Vowels of Pumi
FrontCentralBack
Close[i/iᵊ][ ɨ ][ ʉ ][ u ]
Close-Mid[ e ][ ɤ ][ o ]
Mid[ ə ]
Open-Mid[ ɛ ][ ɜ ]
Near-Open[ ɐ ]
Open[ a ][ ɑ ]
Nasal Vowels of Pumi
FrontCentralBack
Close[ĩ]
Close-Mid[ õ ]
Mid[ ə̃ ]
Open-Mid[ ɛ̃ ]
Near-Open[ ɐ̃ ]

Orthography

The pinyin-based Roman script for Pumi has been proposed, but yet to be promoted.

Initials:
LetterIPALetterIPALetterIPALetterIPALetterIPA
b[ p ]p[ pʰ ]bb[ b ]m[ m ]hm[ m̥ ]
d[ t ]t[ tʰ ]dd[ d ]n[ n ]hn[ n̥ ]
g[ k ]k[ kʰ ]gg[ ɡ ]h[ x ]hh[ ɣ ]
j[ tɕ ]q[ tɕʰ ]jj[ dʑ ]x[ ɕ ]xx[ ʑ ]
z[ ts ]c[ tsʰ ]zz[ dz ]s[ s ]ss[ z ]
zh[ ʈʂ ]ch[ ʈʂʰ ]zzh[ ɖʐ ]sh[ ʂ ]ssh[ ʐ ]
zr[ ʈ ], [ ʈʂ /kʴ]cr[ ʈʰ ], [ ʈʂʰ /kʴʰ]zzr[ ɖ ], [ ɖʐ /ɡʴ]l[ l ]lh[ ɬ ]
brpʴprpʴʰbbrbʴr[ ɹ ]hr[ ɹ̥ ]
ng[ ŋ ]hng[ ŋ̥ ]w[ w ]y[ j ]
Rimes:
LetterIPALetterIPALetterIPALetterIPA
i[i/iᵊ]u[ u ]ui[ɥi/wi]e[ ə ]
ie[jɛ/e]iu[ju]uee[ɥe/we]
ii[ɨ/ə]uu[uə/ʉ]ue[ɥɛ/wɛ/wə]üa[ɥɐ]
in[ĩ/ə̃]ien[(j)ɛ̃/ĩ]uen[ɥɛ̃/wɛ̃/wĩ]uin[ɥĩ]
o[o/ɤ]io[(j)ɐw/ɨɤ]on[ õ ]ion[jõ]
a[ ɑ ]ia[jɐ/jɜ]ua[wɑ/wɜ]uan[wɐ̃/wɜ̃]
aa[ a ]uaa[wa]an[ ɐ̃ ]
ea[ɜ/ɛ]ai[ɜj]uai[wɜj]

Tones:

Grammar

A reference grammar of the Wadu dialect of Pumi is available online. [18] A grammar of Central Pumi is also available. [19]

Example

PumiEnglish
Tèr gwéjè dzwán thèr phxèungphxàr sì.
Timitae llìnggwe zreungzrun stìng.		He has broken several hammers.
This man is crying and shouting all the time.

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References

  1. ↑ Northern Pumi at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
    Southern Pumi at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  2. ↑ Ding, Picus S. (2003). "Prinmi: A Sketch of Niuwozi". In Thurgood, Graham; LaPolla, Randy (eds.). The Sino-Tibetan Languages. London: Routledge Press. pp. 588–601.
  3. 1 2 3 Lu 2001
  4. ↑ Ding 2014 , chapter 1
  5. ↑ "Shínián, xiāngcūn "hánguī" zǒujìn xiànxué "pǔmǐbān"" 十年，乡村“韩规”走进县学“普米班”. Dàzhòng wǎng大众网 (in Chinese). 2011-10-07.
  6. ↑ Ding, Picus Sizhi (2007). "Challenges in Language Modernization in China: The Case of Prinmi" (PDF). In David, Maya; Nicholas Ostler; Caesar Dealwis (eds.). Working Together for Endangered Languages: Research Challenges and Social Impacts (Proceedings of FEL XI). Bath, England: Foundation for Endangered Languages. pp. 120–126. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-07-26.
  7. ↑ Ding 2014 , chapter 1
  8. 1 2 Sims, Nathaniel (2017). The Suprasegmental Phonology of Proto-Rma (Qiang) in Comparative Perspective. Presented at the 50th International Conference on Sino-Tibetan Languages and Linguistics, Beijing, China.
  9. 1 2 Huang, Bufan 黄布凡; Dai, Qingxia 戴庆厦, eds. (1992). Zàng-Miǎn yǔzú yǔyán cíhuì藏緬語族語言詞匯[A Tibeto-Burman Lexicon] (in Chinese). Beijing: Zhongyang minzu xueyuan chubanshe.
  10. 1 2 Sun, Hongkai 孙宏开; et al. (1991). Zàng-Miǎnyǔ yǔyīn hé cíhuì藏缅语语音和词汇[Tibeto-Burman Phonology and Lexicon] (in Chinese). Beijing: Zhongguo shehui kexue chubanshe.
  11. ↑ Jacques 2011b
  12. ↑ "Nínglàng Yízú Zìzhìxiàn Yǒngníng Xiāng Yǒngníng Cūnwěihuì Zhōngwǎ Zìráncūn" 宁蒗彝族自治县永宁乡永宁村委会中瓦自然村 [Zhongwa Natural Village, Yongning Village Committee, Yongning Township, Ninglang Yi Autonomous County]. ynszxc.net (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2019-01-22.
  13. ↑ Daudey 2014
  14. ↑ "Nínglàng Yízú Zìzhìxiàn Xīnyíngpán Xiāng Xīnyíngpán Cūnwěihuì Niúwōzǐ Zìráncūn" 宁蒗彝族自治县新营盘乡新营盘村委会牛窝子自然村 [Niuwozi Natural Village, Xinyingpan Village Committee, Xinyingpan Township, Ninglang Yi Autonomous County]. ynszxc.net (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2019-01-22.
  15. ↑ Ding, Picus Shizhi (2001). "The Pitch-Accent System of Niuwozi Prinmi" (PDF). Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area. 24 (2): 57–83.
  16. ↑ Matisoff, James A. (1997). "Dàyáng Pumi Phonology and Adumbrations of Comparative Qiangic" (PDF). The Mon-Khmer Studies Journal. 27: 171–213.
  17. ↑ "Pumi corpus". The Pangloss Collection.
  18. ↑ Daudey 2014
  19. ↑ Ding 2014

Bibliography

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