Voiced velar nasal | |||
---|---|---|---|
ŋ | |||
IPA Number | 119 | ||
Audio sample | |||
Encoding | |||
Entity (decimal) | ŋ | ||
Unicode (hex) | U+014B | ||
X-SAMPA | N | ||
Braille | |||
|
The voiced velar nasal, also known as agma, from the Greek word for 'fragment', is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. It is the sound of ng in English sing as well as n before velar consonants as in English and ink. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ŋ⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is N
. The IPA symbol ⟨ ŋ ⟩ is similar to ⟨ɳ⟩, the symbol for the retroflex nasal, which has a rightward-pointing hook extending from the bottom of the right stem, and to ⟨ ɲ ⟩, the symbol for the palatal nasal, which has a leftward-pointing hook extending from the bottom of the left stem. Both the IPA symbol and the sound are commonly called 'eng' or 'engma'.
While almost all languages have /m/ and /n/ as phonemes, /ŋ/ is rarer. [1] Half of the 469 languages surveyed in Anderson (2008) had a velar nasal phoneme; as a further curiosity, many of them limit its occurrence to the syllable coda. The velar nasal does not occur in many of the languages of the Americas, the Middle East, or the Caucasus, but it is extremely common among Australian Aboriginal languages, languages of Sub-Saharan Africa, East Asian and Southeast Asian languages, and Polynesian languages. In many languages that do not have the velar nasal as a phoneme, such as the Romance languages, it occurs as an allophone of /n/ before velar consonants. This kind of assimilation can even be found in languages with phonemic voiced velar nasals, such as English. An example of this phenomenon is the word income; its underlying representation, /ˈɪnˌkʌm/, can be realized as either [ˈɪnˌkʌm] or [ˈɪŋˌkʌm].
An example of a language that lacks a phonemic or allophonic velar nasal is Russian, in which /n/ is pronounced as laminal denti-alveolar [ n̪ ] even before velar consonants. [2]
Some languages have the pre-velar nasal, [3] which is articulated slightly more front compared with the place of articulation of the prototypical velar nasal, though not as front as the prototypical palatal nasal - see that article for more information.
Conversely, some languages have the post-velar nasal, [4] which is articulated slightly behind the place of articulation of a prototypical velar nasal, though not as back as the prototypical uvular nasal.
Features of the voiced velar nasal:
Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Albanian | ngaqë | [ŋɡacə] | 'because' | ||
Aleut [5] | chaang/ча̄ӈ | [tʃɑːŋ] | 'five' | ||
Arabic | Hejazi [ citation needed ] | مــنــقل/mingal | [mɪŋɡal] | 'brazier' | Allophone of /n/ before velar stops. See Hejazi Arabic phonology |
Armenian | Eastern [6] | ընկեր /ënker | [əŋˈkɛɾ] | 'friend' | Allophone of /n/ before velar consonants |
Assamese | ৰং /ŗông | [ɹɔŋ] | 'color' | ||
Asturian | non | [nõŋ] | 'no' | Allophone of /n/ in word-final position, either before consonants other than velar stops or vowel-beginning words or before a pause. | |
Bambara | ŋonI | [ŋoni] | 'guitar' | ||
Bashkir | мең / meñ | ⓘ | 'one thousand' | ||
Basque | hanka | [haŋka] | 'leg' | ||
Bengali | রঙ /rông | [ɾɔŋ] | 'color' | ||
Bulgarian [7] | тънко /tănko | [ˈtɤŋko] | 'thin' | ||
Cantonese | 昂 / ngòhng | [ŋɔːŋ˩] | 'raise' | See Cantonese phonology | |
Catalan [8] | sang | [ˈsɑ̃ŋ(k)] | 'blood' | See Catalan phonology | |
Cebuano | ngano | [ˈŋano] | 'why' | ||
Chamorro | ngånga' | [ŋɑŋaʔ] | 'duck' | ||
Chukchi | ӈыроӄ /ṇyroq | [ŋəɹoq] | 'three' | ||
Czech | tank | [taŋk] | 'tank' | See Czech phonology | |
Dinka | ŋa | [ŋa] | 'who' | ||
Danish | sang | [sɑŋˀ] | 'song' | See Danish phonology | |
Dutch [9] | angst | [ɑŋst] | 'fear' | See Dutch phonology | |
Eastern Min | 疑 / ngì | [ŋi53] | 'suspect' | ||
English | sing | ⓘ | 'sing' | Restricted to the syllable coda. See English phonology | |
Faroese | ong | [ɔŋk] | 'meadow' | ||
Fijian | gone | [ˈŋone] | 'child' | ||
Filipino | ngayón | [ŋaˈjon] | 'now' | ||
Finnish | kangas | [ˈkɑŋːɑs] | 'cloth' | Occurs in native vocabulary only intervocally (as a geminate) and before /k/. See Finnish phonology | |
French [10] | Standard | camping | ⓘ | 'camping' | Occurs only in words borrowed from English or Chinese. See French phonology |
Southern France | pain | ⓘ | 'bread' | For many speakers, [ŋ] acts as a substitute for the nasalization of the preceding vowel, which may still be partially nasal. It is one of the most typical traits of varieties of French influenced by an Occitan substrate. | |
Galician | unha | [ˈuŋa] | 'one' (f.) | ||
Gan | 牙 /nga | [ŋa] | 'tooth' | ||
German | lang | [laŋ] | 'long' | See Standard German phonology | |
Greek | άγχος / anchos | ['aŋxo̞s] | 'Stress' | See Modern Greek phonology | |
Hakka | Sixian | 我 / ngô | [ŋai˨˦] | 'I' | |
Hebrew | Standard | אנגלית /anglit | [aŋɡˈlit] | 'English language' | Allophone of /n/ before velar stops. See Modern Hebrew phonology |
Sephardi | עין /nayin | [ŋaˈjin] | 'Ayin' | See Sephardi Hebrew | |
Hiligaynon | buang | [bu'äŋ] | 'crazy/mentally unstable' | ||
Hindustani | Hindi | रंग / रङ्ग /raṅg | [rəŋg] | 'color' | See Hindustani phonology |
Urdu | رن٘گ /raṅg | ||||
Fiji Hindustani | Rang | ||||
Hungarian | ing | [iŋɡ] | 'shirt' | Allophone of /n/. See Hungarian phonology | |
Icelandic | göng | [ˈkœy̯ŋk] | 'tunnel' | See Icelandic phonology | |
Ilocano | ngalngal | [ŋalŋal] | 'to chew' | ||
Inuktitut | ᐴᙳᐆᖅ / puunnguuq | [puːŋŋuːq] | 'dog' | ||
Inuvialuktun | qamnguiyuaq | [qamŋuijuaq] | 'snores' | ||
Irish | a nglór | [ˌə̃ˈŋl̪ˠoːɾˠ] | 'their voice' | Occurs word-initially as a result of the consonantal mutation eclipsis. See Irish phonology | |
Italian [11] | anche | [ˈaŋke] | 'also' | Allophone of /n/ before /k/ and /ɡ/. See Italian phonology | |
Itelmen | қниң | [qniŋ] | 'one' | ||
Japanese | Standard | 南極 / nankyoku | [naŋkʲokɯ] | 'the South Pole' | See Japanese phonology |
Eastern dialects [12] | 鍵 / kagi | [kaŋi] | 'key' | ||
Javanese | ꦱꦺꦔꦏ꧀ /Sengak | [səŋŋak] | stink | Additional /ŋ/ caused by vowel after /ŋ/ sounding | |
Jin | Yuci | 我 /ngie | [ŋie] | 'I' | |
Kagayanen [13] | manang | [manaŋ] | 'older sister' | ||
Kazakh | мың / myń | [məŋ] | 'thousand' | ||
Kyrgyz | миң /miñ | [miŋ] | |||
Ket | аяң /ajaņ | [ajaŋ] | 'to damn' | ||
Khasi | ngap | [ŋap] | 'honey' | ||
Khmer |
|
| See Khmer phonology | ||
Korean | 성에 / seonge | [sʌŋe] | 'window frost' | See Korean phonology | |
Kurdish | Northern | ceng | [dʒɛŋ] | 'war' | See Kurdish phonology |
Central | جهنگ /ceng | ||||
Southern | |||||
Luganda | ŋaaŋa | [ŋɑːŋɑ] | 'hornbill' | ||
Luxembourgish [14] | keng | [kʰæŋ] | 'nobody' | See Luxembourgish phonology | |
Macedonian | aнглиски /angliski | [ˈaŋɡliski] | 'English' | Occurs occasionally as an allophone of /n/ before /k/ and /ɡ/. See Macedonian phonology | |
Malay | Malaysian and Indonesian | bangun | [ˈbaŋʊn] | 'wake up' | |
Kelantan-Pattani | sini | [si.niŋ] | 'here' | See Kelantan-Pattani Malay | |
Terengganu | ayam | [a.jaŋ] | 'chicken' | See Terengganu Malay | |
Malayalam [5] | മാങ്ങ/mān̄n̄a | [maːŋŋɐ] | 'mango' | ||
Mandarin | Standard | 北京 /Běijīng | [peɪ˨˩tɕiŋ˥] | 'Beijing' | Restricted to the syllable coda. See Mandarin phonology |
Sichuanese | 我/ngo3 | [ŋɔ˨˩] | 'I' | ||
Marathi | रंग /ranga | [rəŋə] | 'colour' | See Marathi phonology | |
Mari | еҥ/eng | [jeŋ] | 'human' | ||
Mongolian | тэнгэр / teŋger | [teŋger] | 'sky' | ||
Nepali | नङ /nang | [nʌŋ] | 'nail' | See Nepali phonology | |
Nganasan | ӈаӈ/ngang | [ŋaŋ] | 'mouth' | ||
Nivkh | ңамг/ngamg | [ŋamɡ] | 'seven' | ||
North Frisian | Mooring | kåchelng | [ˈkɔxəlŋ] | 'stove' | |
Northern Min | 外/ngui | [ŋui] | 'outside' | ||
Northern Sámi [15] | Eastern Finnmark | maŋis | [mɒːŋiːs] | 'behind' | |
Western Finnmark | máŋga | [mɑːŋˑka] | 'many' | [ŋ] has merged with [ɲ] in Western Finnmark, except before velar stops. | |
Norwegian | gang | [ɡɑŋ] | 'hallway' | See Norwegian phonology | |
Odia | ଏବଂ /ebang | [ebɔŋ] | 'and' | ||
Okinawan | nkai | [ŋkai] | 'to' | Allophone of [n] before velars, before consonants in an onset cluster, and also word-finally in some dialects. | |
Ottoman Turkish | یڭی /yeŋi | 'new' | |||
Panjabi | Gurmukhi | ਰੰਗ/rang | [rəŋ] | 'color' | |
Shahmukhi | رنگ /rang | ||||
Persian | Iranian Persian | [ræŋg] | Allophone of /n/ before velar plosives. See Persian phonology | ||
Pipil | nemanha | [nemaŋa] | 'later' | ||
Polish [16] | bank | [bäŋk] | 'bank' | Allophone of /n/ before /k,ɡ,x/; post-palatal before /kʲ,ɡʲ/. [17] [18] See Polish phonology | |
Portuguese | manga | [ˈmɐ̃(ŋ)ɡɐ] | 'mango' | Occurs occasionally in slow, careful speech, as an allophone of /n/ before /ɡ/ and /k/, when the speaker does not delete the /n/ by fusing it with the preceding vowel. | |
Occitan | Provençal | vin | [viŋ] | 'wine' | |
Rapanui | hanga | [haŋa] | 'bay' | Sometimes written ⟨g⟩ in Rapanui | |
Romanian | Țara Moților Transylvanian [19] | câine | ['kɨŋi] | 'dog' | Corresponds to [ n ] in standard Romanian. See Romanian phonology |
Samoan | gagana | [ŋaˈŋana] | 'language' | ||
Serbo-Croatian [20] | stanka / станка | [stâːŋka] | 'pause' | Allophone of /n/ before /k,ɡ,x/. [20] See Serbo-Croatian phonology | |
Seri | comcáac | [koŋˈkaak] | 'Seri people' | ||
Shona | n'anga | [ŋaŋɡa] | 'traditional healer' | ||
Slovene | tank | [ˈt̪âːŋk] | 'tank' | ||
Southern Min | Hokkien | 黃/n̂g | [ŋ̍˨˦] | 'yellow' | |
Teochew | 黃/ng5 | [ŋ̍55] | |||
Spanish [21] | All dialects | domingo | [d̪o̞ˈmĩŋɡo̞] | 'Sunday' | Allophone of /n/ before velar consonants. See Spanish phonology |
Galician Spanish, Andalusian, Canarian, and most Caribbean dialects | alquitrán | [alkiˈtɾaŋ] | 'tar' | Allophone of /n/ in word-final position regardless of what follows. | |
Swahili | ng'ombe | [ŋombɛ] | 'cow' | ||
Swedish | ingenting | [ɪŋɛnˈtʰɪŋ] | 'nothing' | See Swedish phonology | |
Tamil | இங்கே/in̄gē | [iŋgeː] | 'here' | ||
Telugu | వాఙ్మయం | [ʋaːŋmajam] | 'Literature' | Allophone of anuswara when followed by velar stop | |
Tibetan | Standard | ང/nga | [ŋa˩˧] | 'I' | |
Thai | งาน /ngaan | [ŋaːn] | 'work' | ||
Nuer - Thok Nath | ŋa | [ŋa] | 'who?' or 'Is who?' | ||
Tongan | tangata | [taŋata] | 'man' | ||
Tuamotuan | rangi / ragi | [raŋi] | 'sky' | ||
Tundra Nenets | ӈэва /ŋəwa | [ŋæewa] | 'head' | ||
Tupi | monhang | [mɔɲaŋ] | 'to make' | See Tupian Phonology | |
Turkmen | müň | [myŋ] | 'thousand' | ||
Tyap | nɡɡwon | [ŋɡʷən] | 'child' | ||
Uzbek | ming | [miŋ] | 'thousand' | ||
Venetian | man | [maŋ] | 'hand' | ||
Vietnamese [22] | ngà | [ŋaː˨˩] | 'ivory' | See Vietnamese phonology | |
Welsh | rhwng | [r̥ʊŋ] | 'between' | ||
West Frisian | kening | [ˈkeːnɪŋ] | 'king' | ||
Wu | 五/ng | [ŋ˩˧] | 'five' | ||
Xhosa | ing'ang'ane | [iŋaŋaːne] | 'hadada ibis' | ||
Xiang | 熬/ngau | [ŋau] | 'to boil' | ||
Yi | ꉢ / nga | [ŋa˧] | 'I' | ||
Yup'ik | ungungssiq | [uŋuŋssiq] | 'animal' | ||
Zapotec | Tilquiapan [23] | yan | [jaŋ] | 'neck' | Word-final allophone of lenis /n/ |
Velars are consonants articulated with the back part of the tongue against the soft palate, the back part of the roof of the mouth.
A dental consonant is a consonant articulated with the tongue against the upper teeth, such as, . In some languages, dentals are distinguished from other groups, such as alveolar consonants, in which the tongue contacts the gum ridge. Dental consonants share acoustic similarity and in Latin script are generally written with consistent symbols.
The voiceless velar plosive or stop is a type of consonantal sound used in almost all spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨k⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is k
.
The voiced velar plosive or stop is a type of consonantal sound used in many spoken languages.
The voiceless alveolar, dental and postalveolarplosives are types of consonantal sounds used in almost all spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents voiceless dental, alveolar, and postalveolar plosives is ⟨t⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is t
. The voiceless dental plosive can be distinguished with the underbridge diacritic, ⟨t̪⟩ and the postalveolar with a retraction line, ⟨t̠⟩, and the Extensions to the IPA have a double underline diacritic which can be used to explicitly specify an alveolar pronunciation, ⟨t͇⟩.
The voiced bilabial plosive or stop is a type of consonantal sound used in many spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨b⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is b
. The voiced bilabial stop occurs in English, and it is the sound denoted by the letter ⟨b⟩ in obey (oU"beI
).
The voiceless uvular plosive or stop is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. It is pronounced like a voiceless velar plosive, except that the tongue makes contact not on the soft palate but on the uvula. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨q⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is q
.
The voiced bilabial nasal is a type of consonantal sound which has been observed to occur in about 96% of spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨m⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is m
. The bilabial nasal occurs in English, and it is the sound represented by "m" in map and rum. Very few languages are known to lack this sound. A small number of languages have been observed to lack independent nasal phonemes altogether, such as Quileute, Makah, and Central Rotokas.
The voiced labial–velar approximant is a type of consonantal sound, used in certain spoken languages, including English. It is the sound denoted by the letter ⟨w⟩ in the English alphabet; likewise, the symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨w⟩, or rarely, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is w
. In most languages it is the semivocalic counterpart of the close back rounded vowel. In inventory charts of languages with other labialized velar consonants, will be placed in the same column as those consonants. When consonant charts have only labial and velar columns, may be placed in the velar column, (bi)labial column, or both. The placement may have more to do with phonological criteria than phonetic ones.
The voiced palatal approximant, or yod, is a type of consonant used in many spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨j⟩. The equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is j
, and in the Americanist phonetic notation it is ⟨y⟩. Because the English name of the letter J, jay, starts with, the approximant is sometimes instead called yod (jod), as in the phonological history terms yod-dropping and yod-coalescence.
The voiced palatal nasal is a type of consonant used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɲ⟩, a lowercase letter n with a leftward-pointing tail protruding from the bottom of the left stem of the letter. The equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is J
. The IPA symbol ⟨ɲ⟩ is visually similar to ⟨ɳ ⟩, the symbol for the retroflex nasal, which has a rightward-pointing hook extending from the bottom of the right stem, and to ⟨ŋ⟩, the symbol for the velar nasal, which has a leftward-pointing hook extending from the bottom of the right stem.
The voiced uvular nasal is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɴ⟩, a small capital version of the Latin letter n; the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is N\
.
The voiced palatal plosive or stop is a type of consonantal sound in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɟ⟩, a barred dotless ⟨j⟩ that was initially created by turning the type for a lowercase letter ⟨f⟩. The equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is J\
.
The voiced uvular plosive or stop is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɢ⟩, a small capital version of the Latin letter g, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is G\
.
The voiceless palatal plosive or stop is a type of consonantal sound used in some vocal languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨c⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is c
.
The voiceless uvular fricative is a type of consonantal sound that is used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨χ⟩, the Greek chi. The sound is represented by ⟨x̣⟩ in Americanist phonetic notation. It is sometimes transcribed with ⟨x⟩ in broad transcription.
In phonetics, a trill is a consonantal sound produced by vibrations between the active articulator and passive articulator. Standard Spanish ⟨rr⟩ as in perro, for example, is an alveolar trill.
In phonetics, nasalization is the production of a sound while the velum is lowered, so that some air escapes through the nose during the production of the sound by the mouth. Examples of archetypal nasal sounds include and.
Doubly articulated consonants are consonants with two simultaneous primary places of articulation of the same manner. They are a subset of co-articulated consonants. They are to be distinguished from co-articulated consonants with secondary articulation; that is, a second articulation not of the same manner. An example of a doubly articulated consonant is the voiceless labial–velar plosive, which is a and a pronounced simultaneously. On the other hand, the voiceless labialized velar plosive has only a single stop articulation, velar, with a simultaneous approximant-like rounding of the lips. In some dialects of Arabic, the voiceless velar fricative has a simultaneous uvular trill, but this is not considered double articulation either.
Palatals are consonants articulated with the body of the tongue raised against the hard palate. Consonants with the tip of the tongue curled back against the palate are called retroflex.