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The field of articulatory phonetics is a subfield of phonetics that studies articulation and ways that humans produce speech. Articulatory phoneticians explain how humans produce speech sounds via the interaction of different physiological structures. Generally, articulatory phonetics is concerned with the transformation of aerodynamic energy into acoustic energy. Aerodynamic energy refers to the airflow through the vocal tract. Its potential form is air pressure; its kinetic form is the actual dynamic airflow. Acoustic energy is variation in the air pressure that can be represented as sound waves, which are then perceived by the human auditory system as sound.
The voiceless velar lateral fricative is a rare speech sound. As one element of an affricate, it is found for example in Zulu and Xhosa. However, a simple fricative has only been reported from a few languages in the Caucasus and New Guinea.
The palato-alveolar ejective affricate is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The sound is represented in the International Phonetic Alphabet with ⟨t͡ʃʼ⟩. In some languages it is equivalent to a palatal ejective.
The alveolar lateral ejective affricate is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨t͡ɬʼ⟩, and in Americanist phonetic notation it is ⟨ƛʼ⟩.
The voiceless palatal lateral affricate is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. There are two ways it can be represented: extIPA ⟨c͜𝼆⟩ or strict IPA ⟨c͜ʎ̥˔⟩.
The voiceless velar lateral affricate is a relatively uncommon speech sound found as a phoneme in the Caucasus and as an allophone in several languages of eastern and southern Africa. In strict IPA, it needs to be transcribed with diacritics, but a proper letter exists in extIPA: ⟨k͜𝼄⟩.
The velar lateral ejective affricate is a rare type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨k𝼄ʼ⟩.
The velar ejective affricate is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨kxʼ⟩. is a common realization of a velar ejective often transcribed, and it is rare for a language to distinguish and, though several of the Nguni languages do so, as well as the Northeast Caucasian language Karata-Tukita.
The palatal lateral ejective affricate is a rare type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨c͜𝼆ʼ⟩.
The voiceless velar affricate is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbols in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound are ⟨k͡x⟩ and ⟨k͜x⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is k_x. The tie bar may be omitted, yielding ⟨kx⟩ in the IPA and kx in X-SAMPA.
The voiceless uvular affricate is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbols in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represent this sound are ⟨q͡χ⟩ and ⟨q͜χ⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is q_X. The tie bar may be omitted, yielding ⟨qχ⟩ in the IPA and qX in X-SAMPA.
Pulmonic-contour clicks, also called sequential linguo-pulmonic consonants, are consonants that transition from a click to an ordinary pulmonic sound, or more precisely, have an audible delay between the front and rear release of the click. All click types have linguo-pulmonic variants, which occur as both stops and affricates, and are attested in four phonations: tenuis, voiced, aspirated, and murmured. At least a voiceless linguo-pulmonic affricate is attested from all Khoisan languages of southern Africa, as well as (reportedly) from the Bantu language Yeyi from the same area, but they are unattested elsewhere.
Ejective-contour clicks, also called sequential linguo-glottalic consonants, are consonants that transition from a click to an ejective sound, or more precisely, have an audible delay between the front and rear release of the click. All click types have linguo-glottalic variants, which occur as both stops and affricates, and may be voiced. At least a voiceless linguo-glottalic affricate is attested from all Khoisan languages of southern Africa, as well as from the Bantu language Yeyi from the same area, but they are unattested elsewhere.
The uvular ejective affricate is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨q͡χʼ⟩. It is found in some North American languages of the Pacific Northwest such as Wintu and Lillooet, southern African languages such as Gǀui and ǂʼAmkoe, and in many of the languages of the Caucasus, especially a number of the Daghestanian languages, though in none of these is there a phonemic distinction between and, and in many and are allophones. A number of languages of southern Africa have a sound, commonly transcribed, that may be ambiguous between velar and uvular.
The voiced uvular affricate is a rare type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbols in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represent this sound are ⟨ɢ͡ʁ⟩ and ⟨ɢ͜ʁ⟩. The tie bar may be omitted, yielding ⟨ɢʁ⟩.
The voiced velar lateral affricate is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɡ͜ʟ̝⟩, though in extIPA ⟨ɡ͜𝼄̬⟩ is preferred. This consonant exists in the Hiw and Ekagi languages.
The voiced uvular lateral approximant is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ʟ̠⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is L\_-. ⟨ʟ̠⟩ may also represent the pharyngeal or epiglottal lateral approximant, a physically possible sound that is not attested in any language. The letter for a back-velar in the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet, ⟨ᴫ⟩, may also be used.
The dental ejective affricate is a type of consonantal sound. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨t̪͡θʼ⟩.
The voiced palatal lateral affricate is a rare consonantal sound, found in the Sandawe language. There are two ways it can be represented: traditional IPA ⟨ɟ͜ʎ̝⟩ or extIPA ⟨ɟ͜𝼆̬⟩.
The voiced retroflex lateral affricate is a rare consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet is ⟨ɖ͡ɭ˔⟩ or (implied) ⟨ɖ͡𝼅⟩; the latter is also extIPA.
