Voiceless palatal lateral fricative

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Voiceless palatal lateral fricative
𝼆
ʎ̥˔
Audio sample
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Encoding
Entity (decimal)𝼆
Unicode (hex)U+1DF06
Voiceless palatal lateral approximant
ʎ̥
IPA number 157 402A
Encoding
X-SAMPA L_0

The voiceless palatal lateral fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in a few spoken languages.

Contents

This sound is somewhat rare; Dahalo has both a palatal lateral fricative and an affricate; Hadza has a series of palatal lateral affricates. In Bura, it is the realization of palatalized /ɬʲ/ and contrasts with [ʎ].

The extensions to the IPA transcribes this sound with the letter ⟨𝼆⟩ (⟨ʎ⟩ with a belt, analogous to ⟨ɬ⟩ for the voiceless alveolar lateral fricative), which was added to Unicode in 2021.

If distinction is necessary, the voiceless alveolo-palatal lateral fricative may be transcribed as ⟨ɬ̠ʲ⟩ (retracted and palatalized ⟨ɬ⟩) or as advanced ⟨𝼆̟⟩; these are essentially equivalent, since the contact includes both the blade and body (but not the tip) of the tongue. The equivalent X-SAMPA symbols are K_-_j or K_-' and L_0_+_r, respectively. A non-IPA letter ⟨ȴ̊˔⟩ (devoiced and raised ⟨ȴ⟩, which is an ordinary "l", plus the curl found in the symbols for alveolo-palatal sibilant fricatives ⟨ ɕ , ʑ ⟩) can be used.

Some scholars also posit a voiceless palatal lateral approximant distinct from the fricative. The approximant may be represented in the IPA as ⟨ʎ̥⟩.

Features

Features of the voiceless palatal lateral fricative:

Occurrence

LanguageWord IPA MeaningNotes
Bura [ example needed ]Contrasts with /l, ʎ, ɬ, ɮ, ʎ̝̊/.
Dahalo [𝼆aːbu]'leaf'Contrasts with [ ɬ ] and [ɬʷ]
Faroese [1] kjálki [ˈt͡ʃʰaʎ̥t͡ʃɪ]'jaw'Allophone of /l/. [1] See Faroese phonology
Inupiaq [2] sikł̣aq[sik𝼆̟ɑq]'pickaxe'Alveolo-palatal; [2] also described as an approximant. [3] Contrasts with voiceless /ɬ/ and voiced /ʎ/ and /l/.
nuiŋił̣ł̣uni[nuiŋi𝼆̟ːuni]'because it did not appear'
Kumeyaay [4] kałyəxwiiw[kɑ𝼆əxʷeːw]'skunk'Rare in word-initial position. [4] Contrasts with voiceless /ɬ/ and voiced /ʎ/ and /l/.
Norwegian Trondheim subdialect of Trøndersk [5] alt [ɑʎ̥c]'everything, all'Allophone of /ʎ/ before /c/. [5] See Norwegian phonology
Some subdialects of Trøndersk [5] tatle [tɑʎ̥]'acting silly'According to some scholars, [6] [7] it is a phoneme that contrasts with /ʎ/ (as in /tɑʎ/ 'softwood'.) [5] See Norwegian phonology
Scottish Gaelic [8] coilltean [ˈkʰɤiʎ̥tʲən]'woods'Allophone of /ʎ/ before /tʲ/. [8]
Turkish [9] dil [ˈd̟iʎ̟̊]'tongue'Devoiced allophone of alveolo-palatal /l/, frequent finally and before voiceless consonants. [9] See Turkish phonology
Xumi Lower [10] [ʎ̥˖o˦]'spirit'Described as an approximant. Alveolo-palatal; contrasts with the voiced /ʎ/. [10] [11]
Upper [11] [ʎ̥˖ɛ˦]'flavorless'

Notes

  1. 1 2 Árnason (2011), p. 115.
  2. 1 2 MacLean (1980), p. XX.
  3. ↑ Kaplan (1981), p. 29.
  4. 1 2 Langdon (1966), p. 33.
  5. 1 2 3 4 Vanvik (1979), p. 37.
  6. ↑ Such as Vanvik (1979)
  7. ↑ An example of a scholar disagreeing with this position is Scholtz (2009). On page 15, she provides a phoneme chart for Trøndersk, in which /ʎ/ is included. Under the phoneme chart she writes "Vanvik also lists /ʎ̥/ as an underlying phoneme, but that’s ridiculous." She provides no further explanation for that.
  8. 1 2 Mac Gill-Fhinnein (1966), p. 11.
  9. 1 2 Zimmer & Orgun (1999), pp. 154–155.
  10. 1 2 Chirkova & Chen (2013), pp. 365, 367–368.
  11. 1 2 Chirkova, Chen & Kocjančič Antolík (2013), pp. 382–383.

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References

See also

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