Voiceless upper-pharyngeal plosive

Voiceless upper-pharyngeal plosive
ꞯ
q˗
ʡ̟
Audio sample
source  · help
Encoding
Entity (decimal)	ꞯ
Unicode (hex)	U+A7AF
Image

The voiceless upper-pharyngeal plosive or stop is a rare consonant.

Pharyngeal consonants are typically pronounced at two regions of the pharynx, upper and lower. The lower region is epiglottal, so the upper region is often abbreviated as merely 'pharyngeal'. Among widespread speech sounds in the world's languages, the upper pharynx produces a voiceless fricative [ ħ ] and a voiced sound that ranges from fricative to (more commonly) approximant, [ ʕ ]. The epiglottal region produces the plosive [ ʡ ] as well as sounds that range from fricative to trill, [ ʜ ] and [ ʢ ]. Because the latter pair is most often trilled and rarely simply fricative, these consonants have been classified together as simply pharyngeal, and distinguished as plosive, fricative/approximant and trill. ^[1]

Features

Features of the voiceless upper-pharyngeal stop:

• Its manner of articulation is occlusive, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. Since the consonant is also oral, with no nasal outlet, the airflow is blocked entirely, and the consonant is a plosive.
• Its place of articulation is upper pharyngeal, which means it is articulated with the tongue root against the back of the throat (the pharynx) and then retracting the root of the tongue to the mid to high part of the pharynx.
• Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords.
• It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
• It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
• Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

No language is known to have a phonemic upper pharyngeal plosive. The Nǁng language (Nǀuu) is claimed to have an upper pharyngeal place of articulation among its click consonants— clicks in Nǁng have a rear closure that is said to vary between uvular or upper pharyngeal, depending on the click type. ^[2] However, if the place were truly pharyngeal, they could not occur as nasal clicks, which they do. ^[2]

Otherwise, upper pharyngeal plosives are only known from disordered speech. They appear for example in the speech of some children with cleft palate, as compensatory backing of stops to avoid nasalizing them. The extIPA provides the letter ⟨ꞯ⟩ (a small-capital Q), to transcribe such a voiceless upper pharyngeal plosive. ^{[3] [4]}

See also

• Voiced upper-pharyngeal plosive

References

1. John Esling (2010) 'Phonetic Notation', in Hardcastle, Laver & Gibbon (eds) The Handbook of Phonetic Sciences, 2nd ed., p. 695.
2. Miller, Amanda L., Johanna Brugman, Bonny Sands, Levi Namaseb, Mats Exter, and Chris Collins. 2009a. 'Differences in airstream and posterior place of articulation among Nǀuu clicks.' Journal of the International Phonetic Association 39(2): 132.
3. Ball, Martin J.; Howard, Sara J.; Miller, Kirk (2018). "Revisions to the extIPA chart". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 48 (2): 155–164. doi:10.1017/S0025100317000147. S2CID   151863976.
4. Duckworth et al. (1990) Extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet for the transcription of atypical speech. Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics 4: 4 p. 275