Q

Last updated

Q
Q q
Latin letter Q.svg
Usage
Writing system Latin script
Type Alphabetic and logographic
Language of origin Greek language
Latin language
Sound values(Table)
/ˈkjuː/
In  Unicode U+0051, U+0071
Alphabetical position17
History
Development
Q
Q
Time periodUnknown to present
Descendants  Ƣ
  Ɋ
 
  Ԛ
Sisters Φ
Ф
ק
ق
ܩ


𐎖

Փ փ
Ֆ ֆ
Other
Associated graphs q(x)
Writing directionLeft-to-right
This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA).For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.For the distinction between [ ], / / and  , see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

Q, or q, is the seventeenth letter of the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide. Its name in English is pronounced /ˈkj/ , most commonly spelled cue, but also kew, kue, and que. [1]

Contents

History

Egyptian hieroglyph
wḏ
Phoenician
Qoph
Western Greek
Koppa
Etruscan
Q
Latin
Q
Q
PhoenicianQ-01.svg Greek Koppa normal.svg EtruscanQ-01.svg Capitalis monumentalis Q.SVG

The Semitic sound value of Qôp was /q/ (voiceless uvular stop), and the form of the letter could have been based on the eye of a needle, a knot, or even a monkey with its tail hanging down. [2] [3] [4] /q/ is a sound common to Semitic languages, but not found in many European languages. [lower-alpha 1] In common with other glyphs derived from the Proto-Sinaitic script, the letter has been suggested to have its roots in Egyptian hieroglyphs. [5] [6]

In an early form of Ancient Greek, qoppa (Ϙ) probably came to represent several labialized velar stops, among them /kʷ/ and /kʷʰ/. [7] As a result of later sound shifts, these sounds in Greek changed to /p/ and /pʰ/ respectively. [8] Therefore, qoppa was transformed into two letters: qoppa, which stood for the number 90, [9] and phi (Φ), which stood for the aspirated sound /pʰ/ that came to be pronounced /f/ in Modern Greek. [10] [11]

The Etruscans used Q in conjunction with V to represent /kʷ/, and this usage was copied by the Romans with the rest of their alphabet. [4] In the earliest Latin inscriptions, the letters C, K and Q were all used to represent the two sounds /k/ and /ɡ/, which were not differentiated in writing. Of these, Q was used before a rounded vowel (e.g. EQO 'ego'), K before /a/ (e.g. KALENDIS 'calendis'), and C elsewhere. [12] Later, the use of C (and its variant G) replaced most usages of K and Q: Q survived only to represent /k/ when immediately followed by a /w/ sound. [13]

In Turkey between 1928 and 2013 the use of the letter Q, alongside X and W, was banned from official government documents, such as street signs and brochures. The letter forms part of the Kurdish alphabet but is not present in Turkish. [14]

Typographic variants

The five most common typographic presentations of the capital letter Q Q typographic styles.svg
The five most common typographic presentations of the capital letter Q
A long-tailed Q as drawn by French typographer Geoffroy Tory in his 1529 book, Champfleury Champfleury letter Q illustration Geoffroy Tory (1529).png
A long-tailed Q as drawn by French typographer Geoffroy Tory in his 1529 book, Champfleury
The printed long-tailed Q was inspired by ancient Roman square capitals: this long-tailed Q, used here in the Latin word "POPVLVSQVE", was carved into Trajan's column c. AD 113. Base columna trajana.jpg
The printed long-tailed Q was inspired by ancient Roman square capitals: this long-tailed Q, used here in the Latin word "POPVLVSQVE", was carved into Trajan's column c. AD 113.
A short trilingual text showing the proper use of the long- and short-tailed Q. The short-tailed Q is only used when the word is shorter than the tail; the long-tailed Q is even used in all-capitals text. Short tailed Q vs long tailed Q text example.svg
A short trilingual text showing the proper use of the long- and short-tailed Q. The short-tailed Q is only used when the word is shorter than the tail; the long-tailed Q is even used in all-capitals text.

Uppercase "Q"

Depending on the typeface used to typeset the letter Q, the letter's tail may either bisect its bowl as in Helvetica, [16] meet the bowl as in Univers, or lie completely outside the bowl as in PT Sans. In writing block letters, bisecting tails are the fastest to write, as they require less precision. All three styles are considered equally valid, with most serif typefaces having a Q with a tail that meets the circle, while sans-serif typefaces are more equally split between those with bisecting tails and those without. [17] Typefaces with a disconnected Q tail, while uncommon, have existed since at least 1529. [18] A common method among type designers to create the shape of the Q is by simply adding a tail to the letter O. [17] [19] [20]

Old-style serif fonts, such as Garamond, may contain two uppercase Qs: one with a short tail to be used in short words, and another with a long tail to be used in long words. [18] Some early metal type fonts included up to 3 different Qs: a short-tailed Q, a long-tailed Q, and a long-tailed Q-u ligature. [15] This print tradition was alive and well until the 19th century, when long-tailed Qs fell out of favor; even recreations of classic typefaces such as Caslon began being distributed with only short Q tails. [21] [15] American typographer D. B. Updike, who was known to disapprove of the long-tailed Q, celebrated their demise in his 1922 book Printing Types, claiming that Renaissance printers made their Q tails longer and longer simply to "outdo each other". [15] Latin-language words, which are much more likely than English words to contain "Q" as their first letter, have also been cited as the reason for their existence. [15] The long-tailed Q had fallen out of use with the advent of early digital typography, as many early digital fonts could not choose different glyphs based on the word that the glyph was in, but it has seen something of a comeback with the advent of OpenType fonts and LaTeX, both of which can automatically typeset the long-tailed Q when it is called for and the short-tailed Q when it is not. [22] [23]

Owing to the allowable variation between letters Q; [17] [24] as &, Q is often cited as a letter that gives type designers a greater opportunity at self-expression. [4] Identifont is an automatic typeface identification service that identifies typefaces by asking questions about their appearance and later asks about the Q tail if the "sans-serif" option is chosen. [25] In the Identifont database, the distribution of Q tails is: [26]

Q tail type Serif Sans-serif
Bisecting14612719
Meets bowl33634521
Outside bowl271397
"2" shape ()304428
Inside bowl129220
Total55288285
Q tails (serif) pie chart.svg
Q tails (sans-serif) pie chart.svg

Some type designers prefer one "Q" design over another: Adrian Frutiger, famous for the airport typeface that bears his name, remarked that most of his typefaces feature a Q tail that meets the bowl and then extends horizontally. [20] Frutiger considered such Qs to make for more "harmonious" and "gentle" typefaces. [20] "Q" often makes the list of their favorite letters; for example, Sophie Elinor Brown, designer of Strato, [27] has listed "Q" as being her favorite letter. [28] [29]

Lowercase "q"

A comparison of the glyphs of <q>  and <g>  Q and g comparison.svg
A comparison of the glyphs of q and g

The lowercase "q" is usually seen as a lowercase "o" or "c" with a descender (i.e., downward vertical tail) extending from the right side of the bowl, with or without a swash (i.e., flourish), or even a reversed lowercase p. The "q"'s descender is usually typed without a swash due to the major style difference typically seen between the descenders of the "g" (a loop) and "q" (vertical). When handwritten, or as part of a handwriting font, the descender of the "q" sometimes finishes with a rightward swash to distinguish it from the letter "g" (or, particularly in mathematics, from the digit "9").

Use in writing systems

Pronunciation of q by language
OrthographyPhonemes
Afar /ʕ/
Albanian //
Azeri /ɡ/
Standard Chinese (Pinyin)/t͡ɕʰ/
Dogrib [ clarification needed ]/ɣ/
English [ k w ]
Fijian /ᵑɡ/
French / k y /
Galician / k w /
German / k w /
Hadza /!/
Indonesian / k w /
Italian / k w /
Ket (UNA)/q/~//, /ɢ/
K'iche //
Kiowa //
Kurdish /q/
Maltese /ʔ/
Menominee /ʔ/
Mi'kmaq /x/
Mohegan-Pequot //
Nuxalk //
Portuguese /k/
Sasak /ʔ/
Somali /q/~/ɢ/
Sotho /!kʼ/
Spanish / k w /
Swedish / k w /
Uzbek /q/
Vietnamese / k w /
Võro /ʔ/
Wolof //
Xhosa /!/
Zulu /!/

English

In English, the digraph qu most often denotes the cluster /kw/ ; however, in borrowings from French, it represents /k/ , as in 'plaque'. See the list of English words containing Q not followed by U. Q is the second least frequently used letter in the English language (after Z), with a frequency of just 0.1% in words. Q has the fourth fewest English words where it is the first letter, after X, Z, and Y.

Other languages

In most European languages written in the Latin script, such as Romance and Germanic languages, q appears almost exclusively in the digraph qu. In French, Occitan, Catalan, and Portuguese, qu represents /k/ or /kw/; in Spanish, it represents /k/. qu replaces c for /k/ before front vowels i and e, since in those languages c represents a fricative or affricate before front vowels. In Italian, qu represents [kw] (where [w] is the semivowel allophone of /u/). In Albanian, Q represents /c/, as in Shqip.

It is not considered to be part of the Cornish (Standard Written Form), Estonian, Icelandic, Irish, Latvian, Lithuanian, Polish, Serbo-Croatian, Scottish Gaelic, Slovenian, Turkish, or Welsh alphabets.

q has a wide variety of other pronunciations in some European languages and in non-European languages that have adopted the Latin alphabet.

Other systems

The International Phonetic Alphabet uses q for the voiceless uvular stop.

Other uses

Ancestors and siblings in other alphabets

Derived signs, symbols and abbreviations

Other representations

Computing

Character information
PreviewQq
Unicode nameLATIN CAPITAL LETTER QLATIN SMALL LETTER QFULLWIDTH LATIN CAPITAL LETTER QFULLWIDTH LATIN SMALL LETTER Q
Encodingsdecimalhexdechexdechexdechex
Unicode 81U+0051113U+007165329U+FF3165361U+FF51
UTF-8 815111371239 188 177EF BC B1239 189 145EF BD 91
Numeric character reference &#81;&#x51;&#113;&#x71;&#65329;&#xFF31;&#65361;&#xFF51;
EBCDIC family216D815298
ASCII [lower-alpha 2] 815111371

Other

See also

Notes

  1. See references at Voiceless uvular stop#Occurrence
  2. Also for encodings based on ASCII, including the DOS, Windows, ISO-8859 and Macintosh families of encodings.

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References

  1. "Q", Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edition (1989).
    Merriam-Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged (1993) lists "cue" and "kue" as current. James Joyce used "kew"; it and "que" remain in use.
  2. Travers Wood, Henry Craven Ord Lanchester, A Hebrew Grammar, 1913, p. 7. A. B. Davidson, Hebrew Primer and Grammar, 2000, p. 4 Archived 2017-02-04 at the Wayback Machine . The meaning is doubtful. "Eye of a needle" has been suggested, and also "knot" Harvard Studies in Classical Philology vol. 45.
  3. Isaac Taylor, History of the Alphabet: Semitic Alphabets, Part 1, 2003: "The old explanation, which has again been revived by Halévy, is that it denotes an 'ape,' the character Q being taken to represent an ape with its tail hanging down. It may also be referred to a Talmudic root which would signify an 'aperture' of some kind, as the 'eye of a needle,' ... Lenormant adopts the more usual explanation that the word means a 'knot'.
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  18. 1 2 Vervliet, Hendrik D. L. (January 1, 2008). The Palaeotypography of the French Renaissance: Selected Papers on Sixteenth-century Typefaces. BRILL. pp. 58 (a) 54 (b). ISBN   978-9004169821. Archived from the original on February 21, 2022. Retrieved November 19, 2020.
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  26. "3: $ style". Identifont. Archived from the original on February 3, 2017. Retrieved February 2, 2017. To get the numbers in the table, click Question 1 (serif or sans-serif?) or Question 2 (Q shape) and change the value. They appear under X possible fonts.
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