Scottish Gaelic orthography has evolved over many centuries and is heavily etymologizing in its modern form. This means the orthography tends to preserve historical components rather than operating on the principles of a phonemic orthography where the graphemes correspond directly to phonemes. This allows the same written form in Scottish Gaelic to result in a multitude of pronunciations, depending on the spoken variant of Scottish Gaelic. For example, the word coimhead ('watching') may result in [ˈkʰõ.ət̪], [ˈkʰɔ̃jət̪], [ˈkʰɤi.ət̪], or [ˈkʰɛ̃.ət̪]. Conversely, it allows the sometimes highly divergent phonetic forms to be covered by a single written form, rather than requiring multiple written forms.
The alphabet (Scottish Gaelic: aibidil, formerly Beith Luis Nuin from the first three letters of the Ogham alphabet) now used for writing Scottish Gaelic consists of the following Latin script letters, whether written in Roman type or Gaelic type:
⟨a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, l, m, n, o, p, r, s, t, u⟩[1]
Vowels may be accented with a grave accent but accented letters are not considered distinct letters.[1] Prior the 1981 Gaelic Orthographic Convention (GOC), Scottish Gaelic traditionally used acute accents on ⟨a, e, o⟩ to denote close-midlong vowels, clearly graphemically distinguishing ⟨è⟩/ɛː/ and ⟨é⟩/eː/, and ⟨ò⟩/ɔː/ and ⟨ó⟩/oː/. However, since the 1981 GOC and its 2005 and 2009 revisions, standard orthography only uses the grave accent.[2][lower-alpha 1] Since the 1980s, the acute accent has not been used in Scottish high school examination papers, and many publishers have adopted the Scottish Qualifications Authority's orthographic conventions for their books.[3] Despite this, traditional spelling is still used by some writers and publishers, although not always intentionally.[4] In Nova Scotia, the 2009 Gaelic language curriculum guidelines follow the 2005 GOC orthography, but do not change the traditional spelling of words and phrases common to Nova Scotia or in pre–spelling-reform literature.[5]
Letter names
The early Medieval treatiseAuraicept na n-Éces ('The Scholars' Primer') describes the origin of alphabets from the Tower of Babel. It assigns plant names and meanings to the Ogham alphabet, to a lesser extent to Norse Younger Futhark runes, and by extension to Latin letters when used to write Gaelic. Robert Graves' book The White Goddess has been a major influence on assigning divinatory meanings to the tree symbolism. (See also Bríatharogam.) Some of the names differ from their modern equivalents (e.g. dair > darach, suil > seileach).
The consonant letters generally correspond to the consonant phonemes as shown in this table. See Scottish Gaelic phonology for an explanation of the symbols used. Consonants are "broad" (velarised) when the nearest vowel letter is one of ⟨a, o, u⟩ and "slender" (palatalised) when the nearest vowel letter is one of ⟨e, i⟩. A back vowel is one of the following; [o(ː)ɔ(ː)ɤ(ː)u(ː)ɯ(ː)a(ː)au]; a front vowel is any other kind of vowel.
leotha/lɔ.ə/, piuthar/pju.əɾ/, cnòthan/kɾɔː.ən/ beatha/pɛhə/, fathan/fahan/, a mhàthair/əvaːhɪɾʲ/
initially
broad
/h/
mo thòn/mɔhɔːn/, do thaigh/t̪ɔhɤʝ/
slender, before front vowel
/h/
thig/hikʲ/, ro thinn/rˠɔhiːɲ/
slender, before back vowel
/hj/
do theaghlach/t̪ɔhjɔːl̪ˠəx/, glé thiugh/kleːhju/
Vowels
Many of the rules in this section only apply in stressed syllables. In unstressed syllables, the range of vowels is highly restricted, with mainly /ə/, /ɪ/ or /a/ appearing and on occasion /ɔ/. Only certain vowel graphs appear in unstressed syllables: ⟨a, ai, e, ea, ei, i⟩ and very infrequently ⟨o, oi, u, ui⟩.
⟨bh, dh, gh, mh⟩ are commonly pronounced as vowels or are deleted if they are followed by a consonant. For example, in cabhag the ⟨bh⟩ is usually /v/ but in cabhlach the ⟨bh⟩ has turned into an /u/ vowel, yielding /au/ rather than /av/ in the first syllable.
Letters
Phoneme(s)
Examples
abh, amh
/au/
cabhlach/kʰaul̪ˠəx/, samhradh/s̪auɾəɣ/
adh, agh
/ɤː/
adhbran/ɤːpɾan/, ladhran/l̪ˠɤːɾan/
aidh
/ai/
snaidhm/s̪n̪ˠaim/
aigh
/ɤi/
saighdear/s̪ɤitʲəɾ/, maighdean/mɤitʲən/
eagh
/ɤː/
do theaghlach/t̪əhjɤːl̪ˠəx/
eamh
/ɛu/
geamhradh/kʲɛuɾəɣ/, leamhrag/ʎɛuɾak/
iodh, iogh
/iə/
tìodhlaic/tʰʲiəl̪ˠɪʰkʰʲ/, ioghnadh/iənəɣ/
ogh
/oː/
foghnaidh/foːnɪ/, roghnaich/rˠoːnɪç/
oibh
/ɤi/
goibhle/kɤilə/, goibhnean/kɤinən/
oigh
/ɤi/
oighre/ɤiɾʲə/, sloighre/s̪l̪ˠɤiɾʲə/
oimh
/ɔi/
doimhne/t̪ɔiɲə/, doimhneachd/t̪ɔiɲəxk/
uimh
/ui/
cuimhne/kʰuiɲə/, cuimhneachadh/kʰuiɲəxəɣ/
Epenthetic vowels
Where an ⟨l, n, r⟩ is followed (or in the case of ⟨m⟩, preceded) by a ⟨b, bh, ch, g, gh, m, mh⟩, an epenthetic vowel is inserted between the two. This is usually a copy of the vowel that preceded the ⟨l, n, r⟩. Examples; Alba/al̪ˠapə/, marbh/maɾav/, tilg/tʰʲilikʲ/, arm/aɾam/, iomradh/imiɾəɣ/.
If this process would lead to the sound sequence /ɛɾɛ/, the epenthetic vowel is an /a/ in many dialects, e.g dearg/tʲɛɾak/.
Defunct combinations
The acute accent is no longer used in standard Scottish Gaelic orthography, although it may be encountered in late 20th century writings, and occasionally in contemporary writings, especially in Canadian Gaelic.
Letter(s)
Phoneme(s)
Examples
á
/a/
ás/as/
é, éi
/eː/
Dùn Éideann/dunˈeːtʲən̪ˠ/, éirigh/eːɾʲɪ/
ó, ói
/oː/
bó/poː/, cóig/kʰoːkʲ/, mór/moːɾ/
Certain spellings have also been regularised where they violate pronunciation rules. "Tigh" in particular can still be encountered in house names and certain place names, notably Tighnabruaich and Eilean Tigh.
So → Seo
Sud → Siud
Tigh → Taigh
Notes
↑ Windows PCs and Chromebooks supplied in the British Isles have an English-Irish keyboard mapping by default, which includes support for accute accents as standard (using AltGr+a to produce á, for example). To produce grave accents (as in à for example, produced using `a) the user must install a "UK extended" mapping, available free from Microsoft and Google.
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There is no standard variety of Scottish Gaelic; although statements below are about all or most dialects, the north-western dialects are discussed more than others as they represent the majority of speakers.
↑ "Gaelic Orthographic Conventions 2009"(PDF). Scottish Qualifications Authority, publication code BB4616. Retrieved 2022-05-17. First published by the Scottish Certificate of Education Examination Board (SCEEB) in 1981 and revised by the Scottish Qualifications Authority (SQA) in 2005 and again in 2009.
↑ Bauer, Michael; Ó Maolalaigh, Roibeard; Wherrett, Rob (2009). Survey of Gaelic Corpus Technology(PDF) (Technical report). University of Glasgow. p.148. In the survey (n=103), 48.1% of respondents said they used GOC; 4.7% used "a traditional system"; 16% used a mixture of GOC and traditional orthography in the same text; and 9.4% used a mixture, depending upon context. 18.9% of respondents said they were unsure what orthography they used. Among translators responding, 94.7% used GOC; excluding translators, only 44% consistently used GOC and 23% were unsure what spelling system they used.
↑ Gàidhlig 3–9/Gaelic 3–9 Guide(PDF) (Technical report). Halifax, Nova Scotia: Department of Education and Early Childhood Development. 2009. p.7.
Sources
Bauer, Michael (2011). Blas Na Gàidhlig: The Practical Guide to Scottish Gaelic Pronunciation. Akerbeltz. ISBN978-1-907165-00-9.
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