Dargin writing

Last updated

Dargin writing is a written form of communication representing the North East Caucasian Dargin language. This language has approximately 439,000 speakers, most of whom live in the Russian republic of Dagestan. Additionally, Dargin writing is used in the Russian Republics of Kalmykia, Khantia-Mansia, and Chechnya, as well as nearby countries of Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan. [1] [2]

Contents

Arabic script

Dargin manuscript from 1908 Darginskaia rukopis' 1908 g.jpg
Dargin manuscript from 1908

The Dargins used the Arabic alphabet for centuries before the adoption of Latin.

The Arabic alphabet for Dargwa, before it was replaced by Latin in 1928, looked like this:

Dargin Arabic alphabet (1920-1928) [3] [4]
Arabic
(Cyrillic equivalent)
[ IPA ]
آ / ـا
‌( А а )
[ a ]
أ / ـأ
‌( Я я )
[ æ ]
ئە / ـە
‌(Е е / Э э)
[ e ]
ب
‌(Б б)
[ b ]
پ
‌(П п‌)
[ p ]
ت
‌(Т т)
[ t ]
Arabic
(Cyrillic equivalent)
[ IPA ]
ث
‌(С с)
[ s ]
ج
‌(ЧӀ чӀ)
[ t͡ʃʼ ]
ڃ
‌(Є є)
[ ç ]
چ
‌(Ч ч)
[ t͡ʃ ]
ح
‌(ХӀ хӀ)
[ ħ ]
خ
‌(Х х)
[ χ ]
Arabic
(Cyrillic equivalent)
[ IPA ]
څ
‌(Хъ хъ)
[ q ]
د
‌(Д д)
[ d ]
ذ
‌(З з)
[ z ]
ر
‌(Р р)
[ r ]
ز
‌(З з)
[ z ]
ڗ
‌(ЦӀ цӀ)
[ t͡sʼ ]
Arabic
(Cyrillic equivalent)
[ IPA ]
ژ
‌(Ж ж)
[ ʒ ]
س
‌(С с)
[ s ]
ش
‌(Ш ш)
[ ʃ ]
ص
‌(S s)
[ s ]
ض
‌(З з)
[ z ]
ڞ
‌(З з)
[ t͡s ]
Arabic
(Cyrillic equivalent)
[ IPA ]
ڝ
‌(Ц ц)
[ t͡s ]
ط
‌(ТӀ тӀ)
[ ]
ظ
‌(З з)
[ z ]
ع
‌(ГӀ гӀ)
[ ʕ ]
غ
‌(Гъ гъ)
[ ʁ ]
ڠ
‌(Къ къ)
[q:]
Arabic
(Cyrillic equivalent)
[ IPA ]
ف
‌(Ф ф / В в)
[ f ] / [ v ]
ڢ
‌(ПӀ пӀ)
[ ]
ق
‌(Кь кь)
[ ]
ک
‌(К к)
[ k ]
ࢰ‎
‌(КӀ кӀ)
[ ]
ؼ
‌(Хь хь)
[x:]
Arabic
(Cyrillic equivalent)
[ IPA ]
گ
‌(Г г)
[ g ]
ل
‌(Л л)
[ l ]
م
‌(М м)
[ m ]
ن
‌(Н н)
[ n ]
و
‌(В в)
[ w ]
او / و
‌(У у)
[ u ]
Arabic
(Cyrillic equivalent)
[ IPA ]
اوٓ / وٓ
‌(О о)
[ o ]
ھ
‌(Гь гь)
[ h ]
ی
‌(Й й)
[ j ]
ای / ی
‌(И и)
[ i ]
ء
‌(Ъ ъ)
[ ʔ ]

Uslar's Cyrillic

Uslar's 1892 alphabet Uslar-Dargwa alphabet.jpg
Uslar's 1892 alphabet

In 1892, Peter von Uslar published his grammar on the Urakhi dialect (or Khyurkili), which included an alphabet for it in Cyrillic. It is displayed below. [5]

аӕвԝгӷгᷱд
ежђзӡһ Cyrillic small letter Shha with high right breve serif.svg Cyrillic small letter Shha with Cil top.svg
іјкқ Cyrillic small letter ka with ascender.svg кᷱлм
нопԥԛ Cyrillic small letter Shha with hook.svg рс
тҭухц Cyrillic capital letter Cil.svg ч Cyrillic capital letter Char.svg
ш
Modified 1911 alphabet Dargin alph Uslar.jpg
Modified 1911 alphabet

In 1911, it was modified further. [6]

Latin script

The Arabic alphabet was adapted as the Dargin phonetics alphabet in 1920, but it was poorly adapted to the sounds of the Dargin language. So in 1928, as part of the All-Union project on Romanization, the Latin-based alphabet was adopted for Dargin. In the same year, the first primer in this alphabet was published (cupanov r. Nuşala ʐaꝗ-sawet. Mәħәc-qala, 1928). Initially the Dargin Romanized alphabet had no capital letters.

abcçdeәf
gǥƣhħijk
lmnop Latin small letter P with appendage.svg q
rsştuvx
Latin small letter X with descender.svg Latin small letter X with stroke.svg zƶⱬ̵

After the reform of 1932, capital letters were introduced, some Latin letters were excluded and the alphabet took the form shown in the table below:

A aB bC cÇ çD dE eӘ әF f
G gƢ ƣH hⱧ ⱨĦ ħI iJ jK k
Ⱪ ⱪL lM mN nO oP pQ qꝖ ꝗ
R rS sŞ şꟌ ꟍT tT̨ t̨U uV v
X xҲ ҳӾ ӿZ zⱫ ⱬƵ ƶⱫ̵ ⱬ̵Ӡ ӡ

Modern alphabet

The Cyrillic alphabet was adopted in 1938. In the 1960s, the letter ПI, пI was added.

А аБ бВ вГ гГъ гъГь гьГӀ гӀД д
Е еЁ ёЖ жЗ зИ иЙ йК кКъ къ
Кь кьКӀ кӀЛ лМ мН нО оП пПӀ пӀ
Р рС сТ тТӀ тӀУ уФ фХ хХъ хъ
Хь хьХӀ хӀЦ цЦӀ цӀЧ чЧӀ чӀШ шЩ щ
Ъ ъЫ ыЬ ьЭ эЮ юЯ я

References

Specific
  1. "Dargwa". Omniglot. 1998. Retrieved March 10, 2018.
  2. Minahan, James (2000). One Europe, Many Nations: A Historical Dictionary of European National Groups. Greenwood Publishing Group.
  3. Новый алфавит для народностей Дагестана. Baku: Культура и письменность Востока. 1928. pp. 176–177.[ dead link ]
  4. R. Chupanov (1927). "Our Strength Is Advice. A Primer for Adults in Dargin (Наша сила — совет. Букварь для взрослых на даргинском языке / خالاتاس آلپونالاجوز - دارگان مەڞ لیچیب)". Makhachkala: Дагполитпросвет. p. 28.[ clarification needed ]
  5. Усларъ, П. К. (1892). Khyurkilinskiy yazykХюркилинский язык (PDF). Тифлисъ.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  6. "Даргилла алипуне ва луҕсне жуж = Даргинская азбука и первая книга для чтения – Российская Национальная Библиотека – Vivaldi". vivaldi.nlr.ru. Retrieved 2024-10-27.