| Kanembu | |
|---|---|
| Kanembou | |
| كَنٜݦُ | |
| Native to | Chad |
| Region | Barh el Gazel, Hadjer-Lamis |
| Ethnicity | Kanembu |
Native speakers | 880,000 (2019) [1] |
Early form | |
| Dialects |
|
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-2 | kbl |
| ISO 639-3 | Either: kbl – Kanembu txj – Old Kanembu |
| Glottolog | kane1243 |
| Linguasphere | 02-AAA-b |
Kanembu is a Nilo-Saharan language spoken in Chad by the Kanembu people. It is also spoken by a smaller number of people in Niger. It is closely related to Kanuri.
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | ||
| Plosive | voiceless | p | t | c | k | ʔ |
| voiced | b | d | ɟ | ɡ | ||
| prenasal | ᵐb | ⁿd | ᶮɟ | ᵑɡ | ||
| Fricative | f | s | ʃ | h | ||
| Trill | r | |||||
| Approximant | w | l | j | |||
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i | u | |
| Near-close | ɪ | ʊ | |
| Close-mid | e | ə | o |
| Open-mid | ɛ | ɜ | ɔ |
| Open | a |
Kanembu is written with the Latin script and Ajami alphabets.
In 2009, the Chadian government standardized both Latin and Ajami scripts for all indigenous languages of the country, including Kanembu, in what is known as Chadian National Alphabet. [3] [4]
| A a | B b | C c | D d | E e | Ə ə | F f | G g | H h | I i | J j | K k |
| [ a ] | [ b ] | [ t͡ʃ ] | [ d ] | [ e ] | [ ə ] | [ f ] | [ g ] | [ h ] | [ i ] | [ d͡ʒ ] | [ k ] |
| L l | M m | N n | O o | Pp | R r | S s | T t | U u | W w | Y y | |
| [ l ] | [ m ] | [ n ] | [ o ] | [ p ] | [ r ] | [ s ] | [ t ] | [ u ] | [ w ] | [ j ] |
The letters ⟨â, ê, î, ô, û⟩ are also used. The orthography also uses the digraphs ⟨ch, mb, nd, ng, nj⟩.
The Ajami script has been used for Kanembu, since the time of Dunama Dabbalemi, and still today in the Tarjumo language or in religious works.
| Arabic (Latin) [ IPA ] | أ إ ( - ) [ ∅ ]/[ ʔ ] | ب (B b) [ b ] | ت (T t) [ t ] | ث (S s) [ s ] | ج (J j) [ ɟ ] | ڃ (Nj nj) [ ᶮɟ ] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arabic (Latin) [ IPA ] | چ (C c) [ t͡ʃ ] | ح (H h) [ h ] | خ (Kh kh) [ x ] | د (D d) [ d ] | ڊ (Nd nd) [ ⁿd ] | ذ (S s) [ s ] |
| Arabic (Latin) [ IPA ] | ر (R r) [ r ] | ز (S s) [ s ] | س (S s) [ s ] | ش (Ch ch) [ ʃ ] | ص (S s) [ s ] | ض (D d) [ d ] |
| Arabic (Latin) [ IPA ] | ط (T t) [ t ] | ظ (Z z) [ z ] | ع ( - ) [ ʔ ] | غ (Kh kh) [ x ] | ڠ (Ng ng) [ ᵑɡ ] | ف (F f) [ f ] |
| Arabic (Latin) [ IPA ] | ق (G g) [ g ] | ك (K k) [ k ] | ل (L l) [ l ] | م (M m) [ m ] | ݦ (Mb mb) [ ᵐb ] | ن (N n) [ n ] |
| Arabic (Latin) [ IPA ] | ه (H h) [ h ] | و (W w) [ w ] | ؤ ( - ) [ ʔ ] | ي (Y y) [ j ] | ئ ( - ) [ ʔ ] |
| A | E | Ə | I | O | U |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| أَ | إٜ | أ٘ | إِ | أٗ | أُ |
| Aa | Ee | Əə | Ii | Oo | Uu |
| آ | إٜيـ | - | إِيـ | أٗو | أُو |
| a | e | ə | i | o | u |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ◌َ | ◌ٜ | ٘◌ | ◌ِ | ٝ◌ | ◌ُ |
| aa | ee | əə | ii | oo | uu |
| ◌َا / ـَا | ◌ٜيـ / ـٜيـ ◌ٜي / ـٜي | ٘◌ا / ـ٘ا | ◌ِيـ / ـِيـ ◌ِي / ـِي | ٝ◌و / ـٝو | ◌ُو / ـُو |
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