Belarusian Arabic alphabet

Kitab in Arabitsa, c. 1750-1800

Basic summary of the letters and the functioning of Belarusian Arabic alphabet

The Belarusian Arabic alphabet ^[a] or the Belarusian Arabica ^{[b] [1]} was based on the Perso-Arabic script and was developed in the 15th or 16th century. It consisted of 28 graphemes, including several additions to represent Belarusian phonemes not found in the Arabic language.

The Belarusian Arabic alphabet was used by the Lipka Tatars, who had been invited to settle in the eastern territories of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania—a region that now comprises modern-day Belarus. During the 14th–16th centuries they gradually stopped using their own language and started using the Ruthenian language (modern Belarusian and Ukrainian) rendered in the Belarusian Arabic alphabet. Books of that literary tradition are known in Belarusian as Kitab (Belarusian : Кітаб), which is Arabic for 'book' or 'written material'.

Example of text in Arabitsa

Some Polish texts were also written in the Arabic script in the 17th century or later. ^[2]

Additional graphemes

• For the sounds /ʒ/ (ж), /t͡ʃ/ (ч) and /p/ (п), which are absent from the Arabic language, the following Persian graphemes were used:

ژ ‎‎ چ ‎‎ پ ‎

• For denoting the soft /d͡zʲ/ (дзь) and /t͡s/ (ц) sounds, the following newly constructed graphemes were used:

ࢮ ‎‎ ࢯ ‎ ( )

These graphemes were used during the 16th–20th centuries to write Belarusian and Polish. ^[2]

• The sounds /w/ (ў) and /v/ (в) were both represented by the same symbol:

و ‎

Equivalence chart

Vowels

• 
  Vowels A and E (initial اَ)
• 
  Vowels I and Y (initial اِ)
• 
  Vowels U and O (initial اُ)
• 
  No vowel
• 
  Consonant gemination

/a/ is consistently written long (that is, with a mater lectionis), while /e/ is consistently written short.

/o/ is most commonly written long. ^[3]

Consonants

Cyrillic	Latin	Arabic
		Contextual forms			Isolated
		Final	Medial	Initial
Б б	B b	ـب	ـبـ	بـ	ب
В в	V v	ـو		و
Г г	H h	ـه	ـهـ	هـ	ه
Ґ ґ	G g	ـغ	ـغـ	غـ	غ
Д д	D d	ـد		د
Дж дж	Dž dž	ـج	ـجـ	جـ	ج
Дзь дзь	Dź dź	ـࢮ		ࢮ ( )
Ж ж	Ž ž	ـژ		ژ
З з	Z z	ـض	ـضـ	ضـ	ض
Зь зь	Ź ź	ـز		ز
Й й	J j	ـى	ـىـ	ىـ	ى
К к	K k	ـق	ـقـ	قـ	ق
Кь кь	Kj kj	ـك	ـكـ	كـ	ك
Л л, Ль ль	Ł ł, L l	ـل	ـلـ	لـ	ل
М м	M m	ـم	ـمـ	مـ	م
Н н, Нь нь	N n, Ń ń	ـن	ـنـ	نـ	ن
П п	P p	ـپ	ـپـ	پـ	پ
Р р	R r	ـر		ر
С с	S s	ـص	ـصـ	صـ	ص
Сь сь	Ś ś	ـس	ـسـ	سـ	س
Т т	T t	ـط	ـطـ	طـ	ط
Ў ў	Ŭ ŭ	ـو		و
Ф ф	F f	ـف	ـفـ	فـ	ف
Х х	Ch ch	ـح	ـحـ	حـ	ح
Ц ц	C c	ـࢯ	ـࢯـ	ࢯـ	ࢯ ( )
Ць ць	Ć ć	ـت	ـتـ	تـ	ت
Ч ч	Č č	ـچ	ـچـ	چـ	چ
Ш ш	Š š	ـش	ـشـ	شـ	ش
’	—	—	ـعـ	—	—
ь	—	—

Ligature

Cyrillic	Latin	Arabic
		Contextual forms			Isolated
		Final	Medial	Initial
Ла ла, Ля ля	Ła ła, La la	ـلا		لا

Sample text

Below is a sample text, Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. ^[4]

Belarusian Cyrillic alphabet	Усе людзі нараджаюцца свабоднымі i роўнымі ў сваёй годнасці i правах. Яны надзелены розумам i сумленнем i павінны ставіцца адзін да аднаго ў духу брацтва.
Belarusian Latin alphabet	Usie ludzi naradžajucca svabodnymi i roŭnymi ŭ svajoj hodnaści i pravach. Jany nadzieleny rozumam i sumlenniem i pavinny stavicca adzin da adnaho ŭ duchu bractva.
Belarusian Arabic alphabet	اُوسَ ليُوࢮِى نَارَاجَايُوࢯَّا صْوَابَودْنِمِى اِى رَووْنِمِى وصْوَايَويْ هَودْنَاسْتِى اِى پْرَاوَاحْ. يَانِ نَاࢮَلَنِ رَوضُومَامْ اِى صُومْلَنَّمْ اِى پَاوِىنِّ صْتَاوِىࢯَّا آࢮِىنْ دَا آدْنَاهَو ودُوحُو بْرٰاࢯْطْوَا.‎
Belarusian IPA transcription	[u̯sʲeˈlʲud͡zʲɪnərɐˈd͡ʐajʊt͡sːəsvɐˈbodnɨmʲɪiˈrou̯nɨmʲɪu̯svɐˈjojˈɦodnəsʲt͡sʲɪiprɐˈvax‖jɐˈnɨnɐˈd͡zʲelʲɪnɨˈrozʊməmisʊˈmlʲenʲːɪmipɐˈvʲinːɨˈstavʲɪt͡sːəɐˈd͡zʲindaədnɐˈɦou̯ˈduxʊˈbrat͡stvə‖]
English translation	All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

See also

• Belarusian Latin alphabet
• Arebica – modified Arabic script used for Serbo-Croatian

Notes

1. Belarusian: Беларускі арабскі алфавіт / بلاروسكى آرابسكى آلفاوىط, romanized: Biełaruski arabski ałfavit
2. بلاروصقایا آرابیࢯا, Беларуская Арабіца, Biełaruskaja Arabica

References

1. Seveleu-Dubrovnik, Maxime. "The origin of the Belarusan Arabic alphabet". The Belarusian Arabic alphabet initiative at the FIAS. Archived from the original on 2023-04-10.
2. Ilya Yevlampiev; Karl Pentzlin; Nurlan Joomagueldinov (20 May 2011). "Revised Proposal to encode Arabic characters used for Bashkir, Belarusian, Crimean Tatar, and Tatar languages, ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2" (PDF).
3. "Антон Антановіч. Беларускія тэксты, пісаныя арабскім пісьмом". knihi.com (in Belarusian). Retrieved 2022-05-27.
4. "Belarusian language, alphabet and pronunciation". Omniglot.

Further reading

• Akiner, Shirin. Religious Language of a Belarusian Tatar Kitab: A Cultural Monument of Islam in Europe. Otto Harrassowitz, 2009.
• Д-р Я. Станкевіч. Беларускія мусульмане і беларуская літаратура арабскім пісьмом. [Адбітка з гадавіка Беларускага Навуковага Таварыства, кн. I.] – Вільня : Друкарня Я. Левіна, 1933; Менск : Беларускае коопэрацыйна-выдавецкае таварыства ″Адраджэньне″, 1991 [факсімільн.]. – 3-е выд.
• Антон Антановіч, "Беларускія тэксты, пісаныя арабскім пісьмом"

External links

• Media related to Belarusian Arabic alphabet at Wikimedia Commons
• Kitabs, the unique highlight of the Belarusian language at pravapis.org