Voiceless bilabial plosive

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Voiceless bilabial plosive
p
IPA number 101
Audio sample
source  · help
Encoding
Entity (decimal)p
Unicode (hex)U+0070
X-SAMPA p
Braille Braille P.svg

The voiceless bilabial plosive or stop is a type of consonantal sound used in most spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨p⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is p.

Contents

Features

Voiceless bilabial plosive.svg

Features of the voiceless bilabial plosive:

Varieties

IPADescription
pplain p
pʰ aspirated p
pˠ velarized p
pʲ palatalized p
pʷ labialized p
p̚p with no audible release
p̌ voiced p
p͈ tense p
pʼ ejective p

Occurrence

Research has shown that incidental learning positively impacts the acquisition of the /p/ sound for Arabic speakers and other EFL learners. [1] [2] This is particularly interesting given that the stop /p/ is missing from about 10% of languages that have a /b/. (See voiced velar stop for another such gap.) This is an areal feature of the circum-Saharan zone (Africa north of the equator plus the Arabian Peninsula). It is not known how old this areal feature is, and whether it might be a recent phenomenon due to Arabic as a prestige language, or whether Arabic was itself affected by a more ancient areal pattern. [2] It is found in other areas as well; for example, Fijian, Onge, and many Papuan languages have /b/ but no /p/.

Nonetheless, the /p/ sound is very common cross-linguistically. Most languages have at least a plain /p/, and some distinguish more than one variety. Many Indo-Aryan languages, such as Hindustani, have a two-way contrast between the aspirated /pʰ/ and the plain /p/ (also transcribed as [p˭] in extensions to the IPA).

Examples

LanguageWord IPA MeaningNotes
Adyghe паӏо / پائۆ / paio [paːʔʷa] ⓘ 'hat'
Arabic Algerian پاپيش /pāpīš[paːpiːʃ]'beautiful girls'
Hejazi بول/پول/pōl[po̞ːl]'Paul'Only used in loanwords, transcribed and pronounced as ⟨ب⟩ by many speakers.
Egyptian كبش/kabš[kɛpʃ]'ram'Allophone of [b] before unvoiced consonants. Also used in loanwords.
Armenian Eastern [3] պապիկ /papik [papik] ⓘ 'grandpa'Contrasts with aspirated form
Assyrian ܦܬܐ pata [pata]'face'
Basque harrapatu [(h)arapatu]'to catch'
Bengali পথ [pɔtʰ]'road'Contrasts with aspirated form. See Bengali phonology
Catalan [4] por [ˈpɔ(ɾ)]'fear'See Catalan phonology
Chuvash путене/putene[put̬ʲɛ'nɛ]'quail'
Czech pes [pɛs]'dog'See Czech phonology
Danish Standard [5] bog [ˈpɔ̽wˀ]'book'Usually transcribed in IPA with ⟨b̥⟩ or ⟨b⟩. It may be partially voiced [ b ] in the intervocalic position. [6] [7] It contrasts with aspirated form, which is usually transcribed in IPA with ⟨pʰ⟩ or ⟨p⟩. See Danish phonology
Dutch [8] plicht [plɪxt]'duty'See Dutch phonology
English pack [pʰæk]'pack'See English phonology
Esperanto tempo [ˈtempo]'time'See Esperanto phonology
Filipino pato [paˈto]'duck'
Finnish pappa [ˈpɑpːɑ]'grandpa'See Finnish phonology
French [9] pomme [pɔm]'apple'See French phonology
Gan Chinese Nanchangnese 把戲 [pa˨˩ɕi˩]'magic'Contrasts with aspirated form. See Nanchangnese phonology
German Pack [pʰak]'pile'See Standard German phonology
Greek πόδι / pódi [ˈpo̞ði]'leg'See Modern Greek phonology
Gujarati પગ /pag[pəɡ]'foot'See Gujarati phonology
Hakka Chinese Meizhounese 河壩 / ho² ba⁴ [ho˩pa˥]'river'Contrasts with aspirated form. See Meizhounese phonology
Hebrew פּקיד /pakid[pakid]'clerk'See Modern Hebrew phonology
Hindustani Urdu پل/pal[pəl]'moment'Contrasts with aspirated form. See Hindustani phonology
Hindi पल / pal
Hungarian pápa [ˈpaːpɒ]'pope'See Hungarian phonology
Italian [10] papà [paˈpa]'dad'See Italian phonology
Japanese [11] ポスト / posuto [posɯto]'mailbox'See Japanese phonology
Kabardian пэ / پە / pė [pa] ⓘ 'nose'
Khmer ពន្យល់ / pônyól[pɔnjɔl]'to explain'See Khmer phonology
Korean 빛 / bit [pit̚]'light'See Korean phonology
Kurdish Northern پۆر / por [ˈpʰoːɾ]'hair'See Kurdish phonology
Central پیرۆزە / píroze[pʰiːɾoːzæ]'lammergeier'
Southern پۊنگه / pûûnga[pʰʉːŋa]'pennyroyal'
Lakota púza[ˈpʊza]'dry'
Lithuanian pastatas[ˈpaːstɐtɐs]'building'See Lithuanian phonology
Luxembourgish [12] bëlleg[ˈpələɕ]'cheap'Less often voiced [ b ]. It is usually transcribed /b/, and contrasts with voiceless aspirated form, which is usually transcribed /p/. [12] See Luxembourgish phonology
Macedonian пее/pee[pɛː]'sing'See Macedonian phonology
Malay panas [pänäs]'hot'Often unreleased in syllable codas so /p/ is read as [ p̚ ] instead in lembap[ləmbap̚] 'damp'. See Malay phonology
Maltese aptit [apˈtit]'appetite'
Mandarin Dungan бонцу [pɑŋ˨˦t͡sʰou˨˦]'to assist'Contrasts with aspirated form. See Dungan phonology
Nanjingnese 半大子 [pɑŋ˦tɑ˦tsz̩]'teenager'Contrasts with aspirated form. See Nanjingnese phonology
Sichuanese 不算事 / bu² suan⁴ si⁴ [pu˨˩suan˨˩˧sz̩˨˩˧]'ineffective'Contrasts with aspirated form. See Sichuanese phonology
Standard 爆炸 / bàozhà [pɑʊ˥˩tʂa˥˩] ⓘ 'to explode'Contrasts with aspirated form. See Standard Chinese phonology
Xi'annese 迸 [pəŋ˦]'mattock'Contrasts with aspirated form. See Xi'annese phonology
Marathi पाऊस /paa'uus/pā'ūs[pɑːˈuːs]'rain'See Marathi phonology
Min Chinese Hokkien 咖啡 / ko-pi [ko˨pi˦]'coffee'Contrasts with aspirated form. See Hokkien phonology
Teochew 僻 / piah4 [pʰiaʔ˨]'remote'Contrasts with aspirated form. See Teochew phonology
Fuzhounese 白撞 / băh-dâung [paʔ˨˩lɑuŋ˨˦˨]'trespasser'Contrasts with aspirated form. See Fuzhounese phonology
Mutsun po·čor[poːt͡ʃor]'a sore'
Nepali पिता /pitā[pit̪ä]'father'See Nepali phonology
Norwegian pappa [pɑpːɑ]'dad'See Norwegian phonology
Odia ପଥର /pathara[pɔʈʰɔrɔ]'stone'Contrasts with aspirated form.
Pashto پانير /pa'nir[pɑˈnir]'cheese'
Persian پول/pul[pul]'money'
Pirahã pibaóí[ˈpìbàóí̯]'otter'
Polish [13] pas [päs] ⓘ 'belt'See Polish phonology
Portuguese [14] pai [paj]'father'See Portuguese phonology
Punjabi ਪੱਤਾ/ پتا / pattā[pət̪ːäː]'leaf'
Romanian pas [pas]'step'See Romanian phonology
Russian [15] плод /plod[pɫot̪]'fruit'Contrasts with palatalized form. See Russian phonology
Serbo-Croatian [16] пиће / piće [pǐːt͡ɕě]'drink'See Serbo-Croatian phonology
Slovak pes [pɛ̝s]'dog'
Slovene pes [pə̂s̪]'dog'See Slovene phonology
Spanish [17] peso [ˈpe̞so̞]'weight'See Spanish phonology
Swahili pombe / پٗونْبٖ[ˈpoᵐbɛ]'beer'
Swedish apa [ˈɑːˌpa]'monkey'See Swedish phonology
Telugu పని [pani]'work'Contrasts with aspirated form in old Telugu. However aspirated form is almost always pronounced as voiceless labiodental fricative in modern Telugu.
Thai แป้ง / paeng [pɛ̂ːŋ]'powder'See Thai phonology
Tsez пу/pu[pʰu]'side'Contrasts with ejective form.
Turkish kap [ˈkʰɑp]'pot'See Turkish phonology
Ukrainian [18] павук /pavuk[pɐˈβ̞uk]'spider'See Ukrainian phonology
Vietnamese [19] nhíp [ɲip˧ˀ˥]'tweezers'See Vietnamese phonology
Welsh siop[ʃɔp]'shop'See Welsh phonology
West Frisian panne[ˈpɔnə]'pan'
Wu Chinese Shanghainese 司必靈 / sy-piq-lin [sz̩˧pi̯ɪʔ˦lin˨]'spring'Contrasts with aspirated form. See Shanghainese phonology
Suzhounese 標緻 / piau¹-tsyu⁵ [pi̯æ˥tsz̩ʷ˨˩]'pretty'Contrasts with aspirated form. See Suzhounese phonology
Wenzhounese 眼淚八汁 / nga⁴-lei⁶-po⁷-tsai⁷ [ŋalei̯po˥˧tsai̯˩˨]'tear'Contrasts with aspirated form. See Wenzhounese phonology
Yi ꀠ / ba[pa˧]'exchange'Contrasts aspirated and unaspirated forms.
Yue Chinese Cantonese 豬頭丙 / zyu¹ tau⁴ bing² [t͡ʃyː˥tʰɐu̯˨˩pɪŋ˧˥]'blockhead'Contrasts with aspirated form. See Cantonese phonology
Taishanese 白 [pak̚˧˩]'white'Contrasts with aspirated form. See Taishanese phonology
Central Alaskan Yup'ik panik[panik]'daughter'
Zapotec Tilquiapan [20] pan[paŋ]'bread'

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ "Impact of Watching Cartoons on Pronunciation of a Child in an EFL Setting: A Comparative Study with Problematic Sounds of EFL Learners – AWEJ" . Retrieved 2024-05-30.
  2. 1 2 Altakhaineh, Abdel Rahman Mitib; Alsaraireh, Mohammad Yousef; Alhendi, Hiba (2022-10-01). "The impact of incidental learning on the acquisition of the sound /p/ by Arabic-speaking EFL learners". ExELL. 10 (1): 51–65. doi:10.2478/exell-2022-0010.
  3. ↑ Dum-Tragut (2009 :17)
  4. ↑ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992 :53)
  5. ↑ Basbøll (2005 :61)
  6. ↑ Goblirsch (2018), pp. 134–5, citing Fischer-Jørgensen (1952) and Abrahams (1949, pp. 116–21, 228–30).
  7. ↑ Puggaard-Rode, Horslund & Jørgensen (2022).
  8. ↑ Gussenhoven (1992 :45)
  9. ↑ Fougeron & Smith (1993 :73)
  10. ↑ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004 :117)
  11. ↑ Okada (1999), p. 117.
  12. 1 2 Gilles & Trouvain (2013 :67–68)
  13. ↑ Jassem (2003 :103)
  14. ↑ Cruz-Ferreira (1995 :91)
  15. ↑ Padgett (2003 :42)
  16. ↑ Landau et al. (1999), p. 66.
  17. ↑ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003 :255)
  18. ↑ Danyenko & Vakulenko (1995), p. 4.
  19. ↑ Thompson (1959 :458–461)
  20. ↑ Merrill (2008 :108)

References

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