Comparison of ASCII encodings of the International Phonetic Alphabet

Last updated December 31, 2024

This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA).For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) consists of more than 100 letters and diacritics. Before Unicode became widely available, several ASCII-based encoding systems of the IPA were proposed. The alphabet went through a large revision at the Kiel Convention of 1989, and the vowel symbols again in 1993.^[1] Systems devised before these revisions inevitably lack support for the additions they introduced.

General information

System	Author(s)	Created	Last updated	Note	Ref
Branner (unnamed)	David Prager Branner at the University of Washington	1994	?		^[2]
Millar & Oasa (unnamed)	J. Bruce Millar and Hiroaki Oasa at Australian National University	1981	1981		^[3]
PHONASCII	George D. Allen at Purdue University	1988	1988	Not a direct mapping of the IPA. Segments are separated by spaces, and diacritics by commas.	^[4]
Praat	Paul Boersma and David Weenink at the University of Amsterdam	1991	2021		^[5]
IPA (SIL) Keyboard	SIL International	1994	2021		^[6]
UCLA Phonological Segment Inventory Database (UPSID)	Ian Maddieson at the University of California, Los Angeles	1984	?	Presented here is the scheme used for representing phonemes in the database of phonological inventories. Consequently, it is not designed for transcription of multiple segments and does not have symbols for values not found phonemically in the languages sampled.	^[7]
Usenet IPA/ASCII transcription	Participants in sci.lang and alt.usage.english newsgroups (later maintained by Evan Kirshenbaum at HP Labs)	1991	2011	Also known variously as "ASCII-IPA", "Kirshenbaum", etc.^[8] IETF language subtags register fonkirsh to identify text in this convention.^[9]	^[10]
Worldbet	James L. Hieronymus at AT&T Bell Laboratories	1994	1994	Segments are separated by spaces.	^[11]
X-SAMPA	John C. Wells at University College London	1995	2000	IETF language subtags register fonxsamp to identify text in this convention.^[9]	^[12]

Symbols

Only the symbols in the latest IPA chart are included. The numbers in the leftmost column, according to which the symbols are sorted, are the IPA Numbers. Some of the IPA symbols to which a system lacks a corresponding symbol may still be represented in that system by use of a modifier (diacritic), but such combinations are not included unless the documentation explicitly assigns one for the value.

#	IPA	Branner	M&O	PHONASCII	Praat	SIL	UPSID	Usenet	Worldbet	X-SAMPA	Value
101	p	`p`	`p`	`p`	`p`	`p`	`p`	`p`	`p`	`p`	Voiceless bilabial plosive
102	b	`b`	`b`	`b`	`b`	`b`	`b`	`b`	`b`	`b`	Voiced bilabial plosive
103	t	`t`	`t`	`t`	`t`	`t`	`t`	`t`	`t`	`t`	Voiceless alveolar plosive
104	d	`d`	`d`	`d`	`d`	`d`	`d`	`d`	`d`	`d`	Voiced alveolar plosive
105	ʈ	`tr)`	`t(`	`tr`	`\t.`	`t<`	`t.`	`t.`	`tr`	t`	Voiceless retroflex plosive
106	ɖ	`dr)`	`d(`	`dr`	`\d.`	`d<`	`d.`	`d.`	`dr`	d`	Voiced retroflex plosive
107	c	`c`	`c`	`c`	`c`	`c`	`c`	`c`	`c`	`c`	Voiceless palatal plosive
108	ɟ	`j-`	`J`	`J`	`\j-`	`j=`	`dj`	`J^`	`J`	`J\`	Voiced palatal plosive
109	k	`k`	`k`	`k`	`k`	`k`	`k`	`k`	`k`	`k`	Voiceless velar plosive
110	ɡ	`g`	`g`	`g`	`\gs`	`g<`	`g`	`g`	`g`	`g`	Voiced velar plosive
111	q	`q`	`q`	`q`	`q`	`q`	`q`	`q`	`q`	`q`	Voiceless uvular plosive
112	ɢ	`G`	`G`	`G`	`\gc`	`G=`	`G`	`G`	`Q`	`G\`	Voiced uvular plosive
113	ʔ	`?`	`?`	`?`	`\?g`	`?=`	`?`	`?`	`?`	`?`	Glottal plosive
114	m	`m`	`m`	`m`	`m`	`m`	`m`	`m`	`m`	`m`	Voiced bilabial nasal
115	ɱ	`m"`	`m>`	`mv`	`\mj`	`m>`	`mD`	`M`	`M`	`F`	Voiced labiodental nasal
116	n	`n`	`n`	`n`	`n`	`n`	`n`	`n`	`n`	`n`	Voiced alveolar nasal
117	ɳ	`nr)`	`n(`	`nr`	`\n.`	`n<`	`n.`	`n.`	`nr`	n`	Voiced retroflex nasal
118	ɲ	`nj)`	`n)`	`nj`	`\nj`	`n=`	`nj`	`n^`	`n~`	`J`	Voiced palatal nasal
119	ŋ	`ng)`	`g~`	`ng`	`\ng`	`n>`	`N`	`N`	`N`	`N`	Voiced velar nasal
120	ɴ	`N`	`N`	`N`	`\nc`	`N=`	`nU`	`n"`	`Nq`^[a]	`N\`	Voiced uvular nasal
121	ʙ	`B`		`bb`	`\bc`	`B=`		`b<trl>`	`B`	`B\`	Voiced bilabial trill
122	r	`r`	`r`	`rr`	`r`	`r`	`r`	`r<trl>`	`r`	`r`	Voiced alveolar trill
123	ʀ	`R`	`R`	`RR`	`\rc`	`R=`	`R`	`r"`	`R`	`R\`	Voiced uvular trill
124	ɾ	`r"`	`r*`	`dt`	`\fh`	`r>`	`r[`	`*`	`d(`	`4`	Voiced alveolar tap
125	ɽ	`rr)`	`r(*`	`rt`	`\f.`	`r<`	`r.[`	`*.`	`rr`	r`	Voiced retroflex flap
126	ɸ	`P"`	`F`	`F`	`\ff`	`f=`	`P`	`P`	`F`	`p\`	Voiceless bilabial fricative
127	β	`B"`	`B`	`V`	`\bf`	`b=`	`B`	`B`	`V`	`B`	Voiced bilabial fricative
128	f	`f`	`f`	`f`	`f`	`f`	`f`	`f`	`f`	`f`	Voiceless labiodental fricative
129	v	`v`	`v`	`v`	`v`	`v`	`v`	`v`	`v`	`v`	Voiced labiodental fricative
130	θ	`O-`	`s[]`	`sd`	`\tf`	`t=`	`0D`	`T`	`T`	`T`	Voiceless dental fricative
131	ð	`d-`	`z[]`	`zd`	`\dh`	`d=`	`6D`	`D`	`D`	`D`	Voiced dental fricative
132	s	`s`	`s`	`s`	`s`	`s`	`s`	`s`	`s`	`s`	Voiceless alveolar fricative
133	z	`z`	`z`	`z`	`z`	`z`	`z`	`z`	`z`	`z`	Voiced alveolar fricative
134	ʃ	`S`	`sV`	`S`	`\sh`	`s=`	`S`	`S`	`S`	`S`	Voiceless postalveolar fricative
135	ʒ	`3"`	`zV`	`Z`	`\zh`	`z=`	`Z`	`Z`	`Z`	`Z`	Voiced postalveolar fricative
136	ʂ	`sr)`	`s(`	`sr`	`\s.`	`s<`	`s.`	`s.`	`sr`	s`	Voiceless retroflex fricative
137	ʐ	`zr)`	`z(`	`zr`	`\z.`	`z<`	`z.`	`z.`	`zr`	z`	Voiced retroflex fricative
138	ç	`c"`	`c$`	`c\`	`\c,`	`c=`	`C`	`C`	`C`	`C`	Voiceless palatal fricative
139	ʝ	`j"`	`j$`	`J\`	`\jc`	`j<`	`jF`	`C<vcd>`	`j^`^[a]	`j\`	Voiced palatal fricative
140	x	`x`	`x`	`x`	`x`	`x`	`x`	`x`	`x`	`x`	Voiceless velar fricative
141	ɣ	`g"`	`r=<`	`g\`	`\gf`	`g=`	`gF`	`Q`	`G`	`G`	Voiced velar fricative
142	χ	`X`	`X`	`X`	`\cf`	`x=`	`X`	`X`	`X`	`X`	Voiceless uvular fricative
143	ʁ	`R%`	`R=`	`G\`^[b]	`\ri`	`R>`	`RF`	`g"`	`K`	`R`	Voiced uvular fricative
144	ħ	`h-`	`h<`	`H`	`\h-`	`h>`	`H`	`H`	`H`	`X\`	Voiceless pharyngeal fricative
145	ʕ	`?&`	`6<`	`Hv`	`\9e`	`?<`	`9`	`H<vcd>`	`!`	`?\`	Voiced pharyngeal fricative
146	h	`h`	`h`	`h`	`h`	`h`	`h`	`h`	`h`	`h`	Voiceless glottal fricative
147	ɦ	`h"`	`6`	`hv`	`\h^`	`h<`	`hh`	`h<?>`	`hv`^[a]	`h\`	Voiced glottal fricative
148	ɬ	`l-`	`l%$`	`ls`	`\l-`	`l=`	`hlF`	`s<lat>` or `L`^[c]	`hl`^[a]	`K`	Voiceless alveolar lateral fricative
149	ɮ	`l3")`	`l$`	`lz`	`\lz`	`l>`	`lF`	`z<lat>`	`Zl`^[a]	`K\`	Voiced alveolar lateral fricative
150	ʋ	`v"`	`v>`		`\vs`	`v=`	`vA`	`r<lbd>`	`V[`^[a]	`P` or `V\`	Voiced labiodental approximant
151	ɹ	`r&`	`r=`	`r`	`\rt`	`r=`	`rA`	`r`	`9`	`r\`	Voiced alveolar approximant
152	ɻ	`jr)`	`r=(`		`\r.`	`R<`	`r.A`	`r.`	`9r`	r\`	Voiced retroflex approximant
153	j	`j`	`j`	`j`	`j`	`j`	`j`	`j`	`j`	`j`	Voiced palatal approximant
154	ɰ	`m&"`		`Rg`	`\ml`	`w>`	`RA`	`j<vel>`	`4)`^[a]	`M\`	Voiced velar approximant
155	l	`l`	`l`	`l`	`l`	`l`	`l`	`l`	`l`	`l`	Voiced alveolar lateral approximant
156	ɭ	`lr)`	`l(`	`lr`	`\l.`	`l<`	`l.`	`l.`	`lr`	l`	Voiced retroflex lateral approximant
157	ʎ	`y&`	`l)`	`lj`	`\yt`	`L<`	`lj`	`l^`	`L`	`L`	Voiced palatal lateral approximant
158	ʟ	`L`			`\lc`	`L=`	`L`	`L`^[c]	`Lg`^[a]	`L\`	Voiced velar lateral approximant
160	ɓ	`b$`	`b,,`	`b?`	`\b^`	`b>`	`b<`	b`	`b<`	`b_<`	Voiced bilabial implosive
162	ɗ	`d$`	`d,,`	`d?`	`\d^`	`d>`	`d<`	d`	`d<`	`d_<`	Voiced alveolar implosive
164	ʄ	`j$`	`J,,`	`J?`	`\j^`	`j>`	`dj<`	J`	`J<`	`J\_<`	Voiced palatal implosive
166	ɠ	`g$`	`g,,`	`g?`	`\g^`	`g>`	`g<`	g`	`g<`	`g_<`	Voiced velar implosive
168	ʛ	`G$`	`G,,`	`G?`	`\G^`	`G>`	`G<`	G`	`Q<`	`G\_<`	Voiced uvular implosive
169	ʍ	`w&`			`\wt`	`w=`	`hw`	`v<vls>`	`W`	`W`	Voiceless labial–velar fricative
170	w	`w`	`w`	`w`	`w`	`w`	`w`	`w`	`w`	`w`	Voiced labial–velar approximant
171	ɥ	`h&`	`w.`		`\ht`	`y<` or `h=`	`wj`	`j<rnd>`	`jw`^[a]	`H`	Voiced labial–palatal approximant
172	ʜ	`H`			`\hc`	`Q=`				`H\`	Voiceless epiglottal trill
173	ʡ	`?-`			`\?-`	`H=`	`99`			`>\`	Epiglottal plosive
174	ʢ	`?"`			`\9-`	`Q<`				`<\`	Voiced epiglottal trill
175	ɧ	`Sx)`			`\hj`	`H>`				`x\`	Sj-sound
176	ʘ	`p!`	`p*`		`\O.`	`p=`		`p!`	`p\|`	`O\`	Bilabial click
177	ǀ	`t!`	`t*`	`t!`	`\\|1`	`!<`	`/`	`t!`	`\|`	`\|\`	Dental click
178	ǃ	`r!`			`!`	`!`	`!`	`c!`^[d]		`!\`	Alveolar click
179	ǂ	`c!`	`c*`	`c!`	`\\|-`	`!=`	`/=`	`c!`^[d]	`c\|`	`=\`	Palatal click
180	ǁ	`l!`	`l*`	`l!`	`\\|2`	`!>`	`#`	`l!`	`\|\|`	`\|\\|\`	Alveolar lateral click
181	ɺ	`l"`		`lt`	`\rl`	`L>`	`l[`	`*<lat>`	`l)`	`l\`	Voiced alveolar lateral flap
182	ɕ	`ci)`	`sV>`	`ss`	`\cc`	`c<`	`SJ`		`c}`	`s\`	Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative
183	ʑ	`zi)`	`zV>`	`zz`	`\zc`	`z>`	`ZJ`		`z}`	`z\`	Voiced alveolo-palatal fricative
184	ⱱ					`v<`	`v[`				Voiced labiodental flap
209	ɫ	`l~)`	`l-`		`\l~`	`l~~`	`l-`	`L`^[c]		`5`	Velarized alveolar lateral approximant
301	i	`i`	`i`	`i`	`i`	`i`	`i`	`i`	`i`	`i`	Close front unrounded vowel
302	e	`e`	`e`	`e`	`e`	`e`	`e`	`e`	`e`	`e`	Close-mid front unrounded vowel
303	ɛ	`E`	`E`	`E`	`\ef`	`e<`	`E`	`E`	`E`	`E`	Open-mid front unrounded vowel
304	a	`a`	`a`	`a`	`a`	`a`	`a`	`a`	`a`	`a`	Open front unrounded vowel
305	ɑ	`a"`	`A`	`aa`	`\as`	`a=`	`a_`	`A`	`A`	`A`	Open back unrounded vowel
306	ɔ	`c&`	`O`	`O`	`\ct`	`o<`	`O`	`O`	`>`	`O`	Open-mid back rounded vowel
307	o	`o`	`o`	`o`	`o`	`o`	`o`	`o`	`o`	`o`	Close-mid back rounded vowel
308	u	`u`	`u`	`u`	`u`	`u`	`u`	`u`	`u`	`u`	Close back rounded vowel
309	y	`y`	`y` or `i!`	`y`	`y`	`y`	`y`	`y`	`y`	`y`	Close front rounded vowel
310	ø	`o/)`	`0` or `e!`	`oe`	`\o/`	`o>`	`o/`	`Y`	`7`	`2`	Close-mid front rounded vowel
311	œ	`oe)`	`E!`	`oE`	`\oe`	`E<`	`E)`	`W`	`8`	`9`	Open-mid front rounded vowel
312	ɶ	`OE)`	`a!`	`OE`	`\Oe`	`E>`		`&.`	`6`	`&`	Open front rounded vowel
313	ɒ	`a"&`	`A=` or `A!`	`ao`	`\ab`	`o=`	`a_)`	`A.`	`5`	`Q`	Open back rounded vowel
314	ʌ	`v&`	`^`, `V=` or `O!`	`A`	`\vt`	`u>`	`^`	`V`	`^`	`V`	Open-mid back unrounded vowel
315	ɤ	`U"`	`o!`	`oo`	`\rh`	`O>`	`o(`	`o-`	`2`	`7`	Close-mid back unrounded vowel
316	ɯ	`m&`	`m=` or `u!`	`uu`	`\mt`	`u=`	`uu`	`u-`	`4`	`M`	Close back unrounded vowel
317	ɨ	`i-`	`i"`	`i-`	`\i-`	`I=`	`i_`	`i"`	`ix`	`1`	Close central unrounded vowel
318	ʉ	`u-`	`u"`	`u-`	`\u-`	`U=`	`u+`	`u"`	`ux`	`}`	Close central rounded vowel
319	ɪ	`I`	`I`	`I`	`\ic`	`i=`	`I`	`I`	`I`	`I`	Near-close near-front unrounded vowel
320	ʏ	`Y`	`Y`	`Y`	`\yc`	`Y=`	`Y`	`U.`	`Y`	`Y`	Near-close near-front rounded vowel
321	ʊ	`U`	`U`	`U`	`\hs`	`u<`	`U`	`U`	`U`	`U`	Near-close near-back rounded vowel
322	ə	`@`	`e=`	`6`	`\sw`	`e=`	`"@`	`@`	`&`	`@`	Mid central vowel
323	ɵ	`o-`	`o"`		`\o-`	`O=`	`@)`	`@.`	`ox`	`8`	Close-mid central rounded vowel
324	ɐ	`a&`			`\at`	`a>`	`4`		`ax`	`6`	Near-open central vowel
325	æ	`ae)`	`@`	`ae`	`\ae`	`a<`	`aa`	`&`	`@`	`{`	Near-open front unrounded vowel
326	ɜ	`E&`	`E"`	`3`	`\er`	`e>`	`3`	`V"`	`3`	`3`	Open-mid central unrounded vowel
327	ɚ	`xr^`		`3r`	`\sr`		`"@.`	`R`		@`	R-coloured mid central vowel
395	ɞ	`E"`	`O"`		`\kb`	`O<`	`3)`	`O"`		`3\`	Open-mid central rounded vowel
397	ɘ	`e&`	`e"`	`6`	`\e-`	`E=`	`@`	`@<umd>`		`@\`	Close-mid central unrounded vowel
401	◌ʼ	`		`?`	`\ap`	`]]`	`'`	`	`>`	`_>`	Ejective
402A	◌̥	`V)`	`%`	`,-v`	`\0v`	`%`		`<o>`	`0`	`_0`	Voiceless
402B	◌̊	`V)`	`%`	`,-v`	`\0^`	`@`		`<o>`	`0`	`_0`	Voiceless
403	◌̬	`v)`		`,+v`		`%%`		`<vcd>`	`v`	_v	Voiced
404	ʰ	`h^`	`HH`	`,h`	`\^h`	`h^`	`h`	`<h>`	`h`	`_h`	Aspirated
405	◌̤	`h")`		`,hv`	`\:v`	`%%%`	`h`	`<?>`	`Hv`	`_t`	Breathy voiced
406	◌̰	`~`		`,?v`	`\~v`	`$$$`	`*`		`?`	`_k`	Creaky voiced
407	◌̼	`{`				`{{{{`			`{`	`_N`	Linguolabial
408	◌̪	`[`	`[`	`,d`	`\Nv`	`{`		`[`	`[`	`_d`	Dental
409	◌̺	`]`		`,ap`	`\Uv`	`{{`			`]`	`_a`	Apical
410	◌̻	`[]`		`,lm`	`\Dv`	`{{{`			`}`	`_m`	Laminal
411	◌̹	`u)`	`}`	`,+w`	`\3v`	`++++`		`.`	`(w)`^[a]	`_O`	More rounded
412	◌̜	`U)`	`{`		`\cv`	`____`		`-`		`_c`	Less rounded
413	◌̟	`+`	`+`	`,<` or `,fr`	`\+v`	`+`			`+`	`_+`	Advanced
414	◌̠	`_`	`-`^[e]	`,>` or `,bk`	`\-v`	`_`			`-`	`_-`	Retracted
415	◌̈	`"^`	`"`		`\:^`	`*`		`"`		`_"`	Centralized
416	◌̽	`x^`			`\x^`	`**`				`_x`	Mid-centralized
417	◌̘	`<`			`\T(`	`+++`			`¿`^[a]^[f]	`_A`	Advanced tongue root
418	◌̙	`>`			`\T)`	`___`			`¡`^[a]^[f]	`_q`	Retracted tongue root
419	◌˞	`r^`			`\hr`	`[[[`	`.`	`<r>`		`	Rhoticity
420	ʷ	`w^`		`,V\`	`\^w`	`w^`	`W`	`<w>`	`w`	`_w`	Labialized
421	ʲ	`j^`	`.`	`,j`	`\^j`	`j^`	`J`	`<pzd>`	`j`	`'` or `_j`	Palatalized
422	ˠ	`g^`		`,g`	`\^G`	`g=^`	`-`	`<vzd>`	`2`	`_G`	Velarized
423	ˤ	`&g^`		`,H`	`\^9`	`?<^`	`9`	`<H>`	`!`	`_?\`	Pharyngealized
424	◌̃	`~^`	`~`	`,+n`	`\~^`	`~`	`~`	`~`	`~`	`~` or `_~`	Nasalized
425	ⁿ	`n^`		`,n-`	`\^n`	`n^`	`n`		`n`	`_n`	Nasal release
426	ˡ	`l^`		`,l-`	`\^l`	`l^`	`L`		`l`	`_l`	Lateral release
427	◌̚	`.)`		`,=`	`\cn`	`]]]`		`<unx>`	`c`	`_}`	No audible release
428	◌̴	`~)`	`-`^[e]							`_e`	Velarized or pharyngealized
429	◌̝	`=`	`.`^[g]	`,/` or `,up`	`\T^`	`++`				`_r`	Raised
430	◌̞	`="`	`(`	`,\` or `,dn`	`\Tv`	`__`				`_o`	Lowered
431	◌̩	`,)`	`\`	`,$`	`\\|v`	`$`		`-`	`=`	`=` or `_=`	Syllabic
432	◌̯	`(`	`*`^[h]	`,gl`	`\nv`	`$$`			`(`	`_^`	Non-syllabic
433	◌͡◌	`))`^[i]		`_`	`\li`	`#&`				`_`	Affricate or double articulation
433	◌͜◌	`))`^[i]		`_`		`@&`				`_`	Affricate or double articulation
501	ˈ	`'`	`'`	`$S5`	`\'1`	`}`		`'`	`	`"`	Primary stress
502	ˌ	`,`	`	`$S3`	`\'2`	`}}`		`,`	`'`	`%`	Secondary stress
503	ː	`:`	`\|`	`,:`	`\:f`	`:`	`:`	`:`	`:`	`:`	Long
504	ˑ	`;`	`:`	`,.`	`\.f`	`::`			`;`	`:\`	Half-long
505	◌̆	`(^`	`*`^[h]	`,--`	`\N^`	`***`	`S`		`(`	`_X`	Extra-short
506	.	`.`		`$`	`.`	`.`		`#`	`.`	`.`	Syllable break
507	\|	`\|`			`\|`	`.<`				`\|`	Minor (foot) group
508	‖	`\|\|`			`\|\|`	`.=`				`\|\|`	Major (intonation) group
509	‿	`=)`			`\_u`	`#=`				`-\`	Linking (absence of a break)
510	↗	`/`				`#>>`				`</>` or `<R>`	Global rise
511	↘	`\`				`#<<`				`<\>` or `<F>`	Global fall
512	◌̋	`5`	`5`	`$T5-`		`@4`			`_9`	`_T`	Extra-high
513	◌́	`4`	`4`	`$T4-`	`\'^`	`@3`			`_7`	`_H`	High
514	◌̄	`3`	`3`	`$T3-`	`\-^`	`@2`			`_5`	`_M`	Mid
515	◌̀	`2`	`2`	`$T2-`	\`^	`@1`			`_3`	`_L`	Low
516	◌̏	`1`	`1`	`$T1-`		`@0`			`_1`	`_B`	Extra-low
517	ꜛ	`/)`				`#<`				`^`	Upstep
518	ꜜ	`\)`				`#>`				`!`	Downstep
519	˥	`5`	`5`	`$T5-`		`#4`				`<T>`	Extra-high
520	˦	`4`	`4`	`$T4-`		`#3`				`<H>`	High
521	˧	`3`	`3`	`$T3-`		`#2`				`<M>`	Mid
522	˨	`2`	`2`	`$T2-`		`#1`				`<L>`	Low
523	˩	`1`	`1`	`$T1-`		`#0`				`<B>`	Extra-low
524	◌̌	`15`	`15`	`$1/`	`\v^`	`@13`				`_L_H`, `_R` or `_/`	Rising
525	◌̂	`51`	`51`	`$5\`	`\^^`	`@31`				`_H_L`, `_F` or `_\`	Falling
526	◌᷄	`35`	`35`	`$3/`		`@23`				`_H_T`	High-rising
527	◌᷅	`13`	`13`	`$3\`		`@12`				`_B_L`	Low-rising
528	◌᷈	`342`	`342`	`$T3^`		`@131`				`_M_H_L`, `_R_F` or `_/_\`	Rising–falling

Coverage

Scope	Branner	Millar & Oasa	PHONASCII	Praat	SIL	UPSID	Usenet	Worldbet	X-SAMPA
Consonants (80)	79 (99%)	69 (86%)	67 (84%)	79 (99%)	80 (100%)	75 (94%)	73 (91%)	73 (91%)	79 (99%)
Vowels (29)	29 (100%)	27 (93%)	26 (90%)	29 (100%)	28 (97%)	28 (97%)	28 (97%)	26 (90%)	29 (100%)
Diacritics (35)	34 (97%)	15 (43%)	25 (71%)	30 (86%)	34 (97%)	12 (34%)	17 (49%)	25 (71%)	26 (74%)
Suprasegmentals (28)	28 (100%)	20 (71%)	21 (75%)	14 (50%)	28 (100%)	2 (7%)	4 (14%)	11 (39%)	28 (100%)
Total (172)	170 (99%)	131 (76%)	139 (81%)	152 (88%)	170 (99%)	117 (68%)	122 (71%)	135 (78%)	162 (94%)

Notes

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 In Worldbet, these combinations are given as merely proposed for values "for which no machine-readable coding has yet been proposed".
↑ The uvular approximant is represented by R in PHONASCII.
1 2 3 L represents either a voiceless alveolar lateral fricative, a velar approximant, or a velarized alveolar lateral approximant in the Usenet IPA/ASCII transcription.
1 2 c! represents either an alveolar or palatal click in the Usenet IPA/ASCII transcription.
1 2 - represents either retracted or "velarized or pharyngealized" in Millar & Oasa's system.
1 2 ¿ and ¡ are not part of ASCII, but are nonetheless proposed as encoding advanced and retracted tongue root, respectively, in Worldbet.
↑ . represents either raised or palatalized in Millar & Oasa's system.
1 2 * represents either non-syllabic or extra-short in Millar & Oasa's system.
↑ )) representing a tie bar is placed after both segments, as in ts)), in Branner's system.

Related Research Articles

The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) is an alphabetic system of phonetic notation based primarily on the Latin script. It was devised by the International Phonetic Association in the late 19th century as a standard written representation for the sounds of speech. The IPA is used by lexicographers, foreign language students and teachers, linguists, speech–language pathologists, singers, actors, constructed language creators, and translators.

The following show the typical symbols for consonants and vowels used in SAMPA, an ASCII-based system based on the International Phonetic Alphabet. SAMPA is not a universal system as it varies from language to language.

Phonetic transcription is the visual representation of speech sounds by means of symbols. The most common type of phonetic transcription uses a phonetic alphabet, such as the International Phonetic Alphabet.

Labialization is a secondary articulatory feature of sounds in some languages. Labialized sounds involve the lips while the remainder of the oral cavity produces another sound. The term is normally restricted to consonants. When vowels involve the lips, they are called rounded.

Kirshenbaum, sometimes called ASCII-IPA or erkIPA, is a system used to represent the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) in ASCII. This way it allows typewriting IPA-symbols by regular keyboard. It was developed for Usenet, notably the newsgroups sci.lang and alt.usage.english. It is named after Evan Kirshenbaum, who led the collaboration that created it. The eSpeak open source software speech synthesizer uses the Kirshenbaum scheme.

The Extended Speech Assessment Methods Phonetic Alphabet (X-SAMPA) is a variant of SAMPA developed in 1995 by John C. Wells, professor of phonetics at University College London. It is designed to unify the individual language SAMPA alphabets, and extend SAMPA to cover the entire range of characters in the 1993 version of International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). The result is a SAMPA-inspired remapping of the IPA into 7-bit ASCII.

The voiced labial–palatalapproximant is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages, for example, French "huitième", read as [ɥitjɛm]. It has two constrictions in the vocal tract: with the tongue on the palate, and rounded at the lips. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɥ⟩, a rotated lowercase letter ⟨h⟩, or occasionally ⟨jʷ⟩, which indicates with a different kind of rounding.

The voiced alveolar lateral approximant is a type of consonantal sound used in many spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents dental, alveolar, and postalveolar lateral approximants is ⟨l⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is l.

The voiced velar lateral approximant is a type of consonantal sound, used as a distinct consonant in a very small number of spoken languages in the world. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ʟ⟩, a small capital version of the Latin letter l, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is L\.

The voiced palatal approximant is a type of consonant used in many spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨j⟩. The equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is j, and in the Americanist phonetic notation it is ⟨y⟩. Because the English name of the letter J, jay, starts with, the approximant is sometimes instead called yod (jod), as in the phonological history terms yod-dropping and yod-coalescence.

The voiced velar approximant is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɰ⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is M\.

The voiced dental fricative is a consonant sound used in some spoken languages. It is familiar to English-speakers as the th sound in father. Its symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet is eth, or and was taken from the Old English and Icelandic letter eth, which could stand for either a voiced or unvoiced (inter)dental non-sibilant fricative. Such fricatives are often called "interdental" because they are often produced with the tongue between the upper and lower teeth, and not just against the back of the upper teeth, as they are with other dental consonants.

In phonetics, a flap or tap is a type of consonantal sound, which is produced with a single contraction of the muscles so that one articulator is thrown against another.

Velarization or velarisation is a secondary articulation of consonants by which the back of the tongue is raised toward the velum during the articulation of the consonant. In the International Phonetic Alphabet, velarization is transcribed by one of four diacritics:

Americanist phonetic notation, also known as the North American Phonetic Alphabet (NAPA), the Americanist Phonetic Alphabet or the American Phonetic Alphabet (APA), is a system of phonetic notation originally developed by European and American anthropologists and language scientists for the phonetic and phonemic transcription of indigenous languages of the Americas and for languages of Europe. It is still commonly used by linguists working on, among others, Slavic, Uralic, Semitic languages and for the languages of the Caucasus, of India, and of much of Africa; however, Uralicists commonly use a variant known as the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet.

The International Phonetic Alphabet was created soon after the International Phonetic Association was established in the late 19th century. It was intended as an international system of phonetic transcription for oral languages, originally for pedagogical purposes. The Association was established in Paris in 1886 by French and British language teachers led by Paul Passy. The prototype of the alphabet appeared in Phonetic Teachers' Association (1888b). The Association based their alphabet upon the Romic alphabet of Henry Sweet, which in turn was based on the Phonotypic Alphabet of Isaac Pitman and the Palæotype of Alexander John Ellis.

In phonetics, secondary articulation occurs when the articulation of a consonant is equivalent to the combined articulations of two or three simpler consonants, at least one of which is an approximant. The secondary articulation of such co-articulated consonants is the approximant-like articulation. It "colors" the primary articulation rather than obscuring it. Maledo (2011) defines secondary articulation as the superimposition of lesser stricture upon a primary articulation.

The Extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet for Disordered Speech, commonly abbreviated extIPA, are a set of letters and diacritics devised by the International Clinical Phonetics and Linguistics Association to augment the International Phonetic Alphabet for the phonetic transcription of disordered speech. Some of the symbols are used for transcribing features of normal speech in IPA transcription, and are accepted as such by the International Phonetic Association.

L, or l, is the twelfth letter of the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide. Its name in English is el, plural els.

The pronunciation of the phoneme in the English language has many variations in different dialects.

References

↑ International Phonetic Association (1993). "Council actions on revisions of the IPA". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 23 (1): 32–34. doi:10.1017/S002510030000476X. S2CID 249420050.
↑ Branner, David Prager (1994). "Proposal for an ASCII Version of the IPA". University of Washington. Archived from the original on 9 February 1999.
↑ Millar, J. B.; Oasa, H. (1981). "Proposal for ASCII coded phonetic script". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 11 (2): 62–74. doi:10.1017/S0025100300002279. S2CID 146352996.
↑ Allen, George D. (1988). "The PHONASCII system". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 18 (1): 9–25. doi:10.1017/S0025100300003509. S2CID 143899772.
↑ Boersma, Paul; Weenink, David (4 August 2009). "Phonetic symbols". Praat.
↑ "IPA (SIL) Keyboard Help". Keyman Help. SIL International.
↑ Reetz, Henning (23 May 2018). "Simple UPSID interface". Universität Frankfurt.
↑ Gómez-Vilda, Pedro; Ferrández-Vicente, José Manuel; Rodellar-Biarge, Victoria; Álvarez-Marquina, Agustín; Mazaira-Fernández, Luis Miguel; Martínez-Olalla, Rafael; Muñoz-Mulas, Cristina (2009). "Detection of Speech Dynamics by Neuromorphic Units". In Mira, José; Ferrández, José Manuel; Álvarez, José R.; de la Paz, Félix; Toledo, F. Javier (eds.). Methods and Models in Artificial and Natural Computation: A Homage to Professor Mira's Scientific Legacy – Third International Work-Conference on the Interplay Between Natural and Artificial Computation, IWINAC 2009, Santiago de Compostela, Spain, June 22-26, 2009, Proceedings, Part I. Springer. pp. 67–78. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-02264-7_8. ISBN 978-3-642-02263-0. Page 74.
1 2 "Language Subtag Registry". IANA. 2021-03-05. Retrieved 30 April 2021.
↑ Kirshenbaum, Evan (6 September 2011). "Representing IPA phonetics in ASCII" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 April 2016.
↑ Hieronymus, James L. (1994). "ASCII Phonetic Symbols for the World's Languages: Worldbet". AT&T Bell Laboratories Technical Memorandum. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.225.9914 .
↑ Wells, John (3 May 2000). "Computer-coding the IPA: a proposed extension of SAMPA". University College London.

External links

Representation of IPA with ASCII

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[worldbet-proposed-13] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 In Worldbet, these combinations are given as merely proposed for values "for which no machine-readable coding has yet been proposed".

[14] The uvular approximant is represented by R in PHONASCII.

[usenet-l-15] 1 2 3 L represents either a voiceless alveolar lateral fricative, a velar approximant, or a velarized alveolar lateral approximant in the Usenet IPA/ASCII transcription.

[usenet-cexcl-16] 1 2 c! represents either an alveolar or palatal click in the Usenet IPA/ASCII transcription.

[mo-hyphen-17] 1 2 - represents either retracted or "velarized or pharyngealized" in Millar & Oasa's system.

[worldbet-nonascii-18] 1 2 ¿ and ¡ are not part of ASCII, but are nonetheless proposed as encoding advanced and retracted tongue root, respectively, in Worldbet.

[mo-period-19] . represents either raised or palatalized in Millar & Oasa's system.

[mo-asterisk-20] 1 2 * represents either non-syllabic or extra-short in Millar & Oasa's system.

[21] )) representing a tie bar is placed after both segments, as in ts)), in Branner's system.

[1] International Phonetic Association (1993). "Council actions on revisions of the IPA". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 23 (1): 32–34. doi:10.1017/S002510030000476X. S2CID 249420050.

[2] Branner, David Prager (1994). "Proposal for an ASCII Version of the IPA". University of Washington. Archived from the original on 9 February 1999.

[3] Millar, J. B.; Oasa, H. (1981). "Proposal for ASCII coded phonetic script". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 11 (2): 62–74. doi:10.1017/S0025100300002279. S2CID 146352996.

[4] Allen, George D. (1988). "The PHONASCII system". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 18 (1): 9–25. doi:10.1017/S0025100300003509. S2CID 143899772.

[5] Boersma, Paul; Weenink, David (4 August 2009). "Phonetic symbols". Praat.

[6] "IPA (SIL) Keyboard Help". Keyman Help. SIL International.

[7] Reetz, Henning (23 May 2018). "Simple UPSID interface". Universität Frankfurt.

[8] Gómez-Vilda, Pedro; Ferrández-Vicente, José Manuel; Rodellar-Biarge, Victoria; Álvarez-Marquina, Agustín; Mazaira-Fernández, Luis Miguel; Martínez-Olalla, Rafael; Muñoz-Mulas, Cristina (2009). "Detection of Speech Dynamics by Neuromorphic Units". In Mira, José; Ferrández, José Manuel; Álvarez, José R.; de la Paz, Félix; Toledo, F. Javier (eds.). Methods and Models in Artificial and Natural Computation: A Homage to Professor Mira's Scientific Legacy – Third International Work-Conference on the Interplay Between Natural and Artificial Computation, IWINAC 2009, Santiago de Compostela, Spain, June 22-26, 2009, Proceedings, Part I. Springer. pp. 67–78. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-02264-7_8. ISBN 978-3-642-02263-0. Page 74.

[IANA-9] 1 2 "Language Subtag Registry". IANA. 2021-03-05. Retrieved 30 April 2021.

[10] Kirshenbaum, Evan (6 September 2011). "Representing IPA phonetics in ASCII" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 April 2016.

[11] Hieronymus, James L. (1994). "ASCII Phonetic Symbols for the World's Languages: Worldbet". AT&T Bell Laboratories Technical Memorandum. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.225.9914 .

[12] Wells, John (3 May 2000). "Computer-coding the IPA: a proposed extension of SAMPA". University College London.

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