Voiced labiodental approximant

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Voiced labiodental approximant
ʋ
IPA Number 150
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Entity (decimal)ʋ
Unicode (hex)U+028B
X-SAMPA P or v\
Braille Braille QuoteOpen.svg Braille V.svg

The voiced labiodental approximant is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. It is something between an English /w/ and /v/, pronounced with the teeth and lips held in the position used to articulate the letter V. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ʋ⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is Porv\. With an advanced diacritic, ⟨ʋ̟⟩, this letter also indicates a bilabial approximant, though the diacritic is frequently omitted because no contrast is likely. [1] [2]

Contents

The labiodental approximant is the typical realization of /v/ in the Indian South African variety of English. As the voiceless /f/ is also realized as an approximant ([ ʋ̥ ]), it is also an example of a language contrasting voiceless and voiced labiodental approximants. [3]

Features

Features of the voiced labiodental approximant:

Occurrence

LanguageWord IPA MeaningNotes
Äiwoo nyiveli[ɲiʋeli]'garden land' [4]
Armenian Eastern [5] ոսկի [ʋɔski]'gold'
Assyrian hawa ܗܘܐ[hɑːʋɑ]'wind'Predominant in the Urmia dialects. For some speakers, [ v ] is used. Corresponds to [ w ] in the other varieties.
Catalan Balearic fava [ˈfɑʋɐ]'bean'Allophone of /v/. [6] See Catalan phonology
Valencian [6]
Chinese Mandarin 為

为 / wèi

[we̞i]

[ʋêi]

'for'Prevalent in northern dialects. Corresponds to /w/ in other varieties.
Chuvash аван [aʋ'an]'good, well'Corresponds to /w/ in other varieties.
Dhivehi ވަޅު / valhu [ʋaɭu]'well' (noun)
Danish Standard [7] véd [ʋe̝ːˀð̠˕ˠ]'know(s)'Also described as a short plosive [ b̪̆ ]; rarely realized as a fricative [ v ] instead. [8] See Danish phonology
Dutch Standard wang [ʋɑŋ]'cheek'In southern dialects of the Netherlands realised as bilabial [ β̞ ]. See Dutch phonology
English Indian [3] vine [ʋaɪ̯n]'vine'Corresponds to a fricative [ v ] in other accents.
Some speakers rine 'rine'Mostly idiosyncratic but somewhat dialectal [9] (especially in London and South East England). See English phonology and R-labialization
Faroese [10] røða [ˈɹøːʋa]'speech'Word-initial and intervocalic allophone of /v/. In the first case, it is in a free variation with a fricative [ v ]. [10] See Faroese phonology
Finnish vauva [ˈʋɑu̯ʋɑ]'baby'See Finnish phonology
German Swiss was [ʋas]'what'Corresponds to /v/ in Standard German [11]
Guaraní avañe'ẽ[ʔãʋ̃ãɲẽˈʔẽ]'Guaraní language'Contrasts with /w/ and /ɰ/
Hawaiian wikiwiki [ʋikiʋiki]'fast'May also be realized as [w] or [v]. See Hawaiian phonology
Hindustani Hindi वाला [ʋɑːlɑː](the) 'one'Also an allophone of /w/. See Hindustani phonology.
Urdu والا
Italian Some speakers [12] raro [ˈʋäːʋo]'rare'Rendition alternative to the standard Italian alveolar trill [ r ], due to individual orthoepic defects and/or regional variations that make the alternative sound more prevalent, notably in South Tyrol (among the Italian-speaking minority), Val d'Aosta (bordering with France) and in parts of the Parma province, more markedly around Fidenza. Other alternative sounds may be a uvular trill [ ʀ ] or a voiced uvular fricative [ ʁ ]. [12] See Italian phonology.
Khmer អាវុធ / avŭth[ʔɑːʋut]'weapon'See Khmer phonology
Lao ຫວານ / Van[ʋaːn˩(˧)]'sweet'See Lao phonology
Marathi वजन [ʋə(d)zən]'weight'See Marathi phonology
Miyako [13] [ʋ̩tɑ]'thick'May be syllabic.
Norwegian Urban East [14] [15] venn [ʋe̞nː]'friend'Sometimes realized as a fricative [ v ]. [15] [16] See Norwegian phonology
Nsenga ŵanthu[ʋaⁿtʰu]'people'
Punjabi Gurmukhi ਵਾਲ [ʋäːl]'hair'
Shahmukhi وال
Russian [17] волосы [ˈʋʷo̞ɫ̪əs̪ɨ̞]'hair'Common realization of /v/; contrasts with palatalized form. [17] See Russian phonology
Serbo-Croatian цврчак / cvrčak [t͡sʋř̩ːt͡ʃak]'cricket'/v/ is a phonetic fricative, although it has less frication than /f/. However, it does not interact with unvoiced consonants in clusters as a fricative would, and so is considered to be phonologically a sonorant (approximant). [18] [19]
Shona vanhu[ʋan̤u]'people'Contrasts with /v/ and /w/.
Slovak [20] voda [ˈʋo̞dä] ⓘ 'water'Usual realization of /v/. [20] See Slovak phonology
Slovene [21] veter [ˈʋéːt̪ə̀ɾ]'wind'Also described as fricative [ v ]. [22] [23] See Slovene phonology
Spanish [24] Chilean hablar [äʋˈläɾ]'to speak'Allophone of /b/. See Spanish phonology
Swedish Some speakers vän [ʋɛːn]'friend'See Swedish phonology
Tamil வாய் [ʋɑj]'mouth'See Tamil phonology
Telugu వల [ʋala]'net'
Ukrainian [25] він [ʋin]'he'Possible prevocalic realization of /w/, most commonly before /i/. [25] See Ukrainian phonology
West Frisian wêr [ʋɛːr]'where'See West Frisian phonology

See also

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The near-close near-front unrounded vowel, or near-high near-front unrounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɪ⟩, the small capital I. The International Phonetic Association advises serifs on the symbol's ends. Some sans-serif fonts do meet this typographic specification. Prior to 1989, there was an alternate symbol for this sound: ⟨ɩ⟩, the use of which is no longer sanctioned by the IPA. Despite that, some modern writings still use it.

The voiced labiodental plosive or stop is a consonant sound produced like a, but with the lower lip contacting the upper teeth, as in. This can be represented in the IPA as ⟨b̪⟩. A separate symbol that is sometimes seen, especially in Bantu linguistics, but not recognized by the IPA, is the db ligature⟨ȸ⟩.

The mid back rounded vowel is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. While there is no dedicated symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents the exact mid back rounded vowel between close-mid and open-mid, it is normally written ⟨o⟩. If precision is desired, diacritics may be used, such as ⟨o̞⟩ or ⟨ɔ̝⟩, the former being more common. There was an alternative IPA symbol for this sound, ⟨ꭥ⟩. A non-IPA letter ⟨ⱺ⟩ is also found.

References

  1. ↑ Peter Ladefoged (1968) A Phonetic Study of West African Languages: An Auditory-instrumental Survey, p. 26.
  2. ↑ Joyce Thambole Mogatse Mathangwane (1996), Phonetics and Phonology of Ikalanga: A Diachronic and Synchronic Study, vol. 1, p. 79
  3. 1 2 Mesthrie (2004 :960)
  4. ↑ Næss, Åshild (2017). A short dictionary of Äiwoo. Coombs Building, Fellows Rd, Canberra, A.C.T. ISBN   978-1-922185-37-2. OCLC   970690673.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  5. ↑ Dum-Tragut (2009 :20)
  6. 1 2 Saborit Vilar (2009 :52)
  7. ↑ Basbøll (2005 :62)
  8. ↑ Basbøll (2005 :27 and 66)
  9. ↑ Foulkes & Docherty (1999 :?)
  10. 1 2 Árnason (2011 :115)
  11. ↑ Schmid, Stephan (2010), Segmental features of Swiss German ethnolects, archived from the original on 2016-03-04, retrieved 2015-04-27
  12. 1 2 Canepari (1999), pp. 98–101.
  13. ↑ Thomas Pellard, Why it is important to study the Ryukyuan languages Archived 2015-10-18 at the Wayback Machine (presentation)
  14. ↑ Kristoffersen (2000 :22 and 25)
  15. 1 2 Vanvik (1979 :41)
  16. ↑ Kristoffersen (2000 :74)
  17. 1 2 Yanushevskaya & Bunčić (2015 :223)
  18. ↑ Morén (2005 :5–6)
  19. ↑ Wayles Brown & Theresa Alt (2004), A Handbook of Bosnian, Serbian and Croatian, SEELRC
  20. 1 2 Hanulíková & Hamann (2010 :374)
  21. ↑ Šuštaršič, Komar & Petek (1999 :136)
  22. ↑ Priestley (2002 :394)
  23. ↑ Greenberg (2006 :18)
  24. ↑ "El alófono labiodental sonoro [v] del fonema /b/ en el castellano de Concepción (Chile): Una investigación exploratoria" (PDF).
  25. 1 2 Žovtobrjux & Kulyk (1965 :121–122)

Bibliography

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