Voiced labiodental approximant | |||
---|---|---|---|
ʋ | |||
IPA Number | 150 | ||
Audio sample | |||
Encoding | |||
Entity (decimal) | ʋ | ||
Unicode (hex) | U+028B | ||
X-SAMPA | P or v\ | ||
Braille | ![]() ![]() | ||
|
The voiced labiodental approximant is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. It is something between an English /w/ and /v/, pronounced with the teeth and lips held in the position used to articulate the letter V. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ʋ⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is P
orv\
. With an advanced diacritic, ⟨ʋ̟⟩, this letter also indicates a bilabial approximant, though the diacritic is frequently omitted because no contrast is likely. [1] [2] [ failed verification ]
The labiodental approximant is the typical realization of /v/ in the Indian South African variety of English. As the voiceless /f/ is also realized as an approximant ([ ʋ̥ ]), it is also an example of a language contrasting voiceless and voiced labiodental approximants. [3]
Features of the voiced labiodental approximant:
Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Äiwoo | nyiveli | [ɲiʋeli] | 'garden land' [4] | ||
Armenian | Eastern [5] | ոսկի | [ʋɔski] | 'gold' | |
Assyrian | hawa ܗܘܐ | [hɑːʋɑ] | 'wind' | Predominant in the Urmia dialects. For some speakers, [ v ] is used. Corresponds to [ w ] in the other varieties. | |
Catalan | Balearic | fava | [ˈfɑʋɐ] | 'bean' | Allophone of /v/. [6] See Catalan phonology |
Valencian [6] | |||||
Chinese | Mandarin | 為 | [we̞i] [ʋêi] | 'for' | Prevalent in northern dialects. Corresponds to /w/ in other varieties. |
Chuvash | аван | [aʋ'an] | 'good, well' | Corresponds to /w/ in other varieties. | |
Dhivehi | ވަޅު / valhu | [ʋaɭu] | 'well' (noun) | ||
Danish | Standard [7] | véd | [ʋe̝ːˀð̠˕ˠ] | 'know(s)' | Also described as a short plosive [ b̪̆ ]; rarely realized as a fricative [ v ] instead. [8] See Danish phonology |
Dutch | Standard | wang | [ʋɑŋ] | 'cheek' | In southern dialects of the Netherlands realised as bilabial [ β̞ ]. See Dutch phonology |
English | Indian [3] | vine | [ʋaɪ̯n] | 'vine' | Corresponds to a fricative [ v ] in other accents. |
Some speakers | rine | 'rine' | Mostly idiosyncratic but somewhat dialectal [9] (especially in London and South East England). See English phonology and R-labialization | ||
Faroese [10] | røða | [ˈɹøːʋa] | 'speech' | Word-initial and intervocalic allophone of /v/. In the first case, it is in a free variation with a fricative [ v ]. [10] See Faroese phonology | |
Finnish | vauva | [ˈʋɑu̯ʋɑ] | 'baby' | See Finnish phonology | |
German | Swiss | was | [ʋas] | 'what' | Corresponds to /v/ in Standard German [11] |
Guaraní | avañe'ẽ | [ʔãʋ̃ãɲẽˈʔẽ] | 'Guaraní language' | Contrasts with /w/ and /ɰ/ | |
Hawaiian | wikiwiki | [ʋikiʋiki] | 'fast' | May also be realized as [w] or [v]. See Hawaiian phonology | |
Hindustani | Hindi | वाला | [ʋɑːlɑː] | (the) 'one' | Also an allophone of /w/. See Hindustani phonology. |
Urdu | والا | ||||
Italian | Some speakers [12] | raro | [ˈʋäːʋo] | 'rare' | Rendition alternative to the standard Italian alveolar trill [ r ], due to individual orthoepic defects and/or regional variations that make the alternative sound more prevalent, notably in South Tyrol (among the Italian-speaking minority), Val d'Aosta (bordering with France) and in parts of the Parma province, more markedly around Fidenza. Other alternative sounds may be a uvular trill [ ʀ ] or a voiced uvular fricative [ ʁ ]. [12] See Italian phonology. |
Khmer | អាវុធ / avŭth | [ʔɑːʋut] | 'weapon' | See Khmer phonology | |
Marathi | वजन | [ʋə(d)zən] | 'weight' | See Marathi phonology | |
Miyako [13] | [ʋ̩tɑ] | 'thick' | May be syllabic. | ||
Norwegian | Urban East [14] [15] | venn | [ʋe̞nː] | 'friend' | Sometimes realized as a fricative [ v ]. [15] [16] See Norwegian phonology |
Nsenga | ŵanthu | [ʋaⁿtʰu] | 'people' | ||
Punjabi | Gurmukhi | ਵਾਲ | [ʋäːl] | 'hair' | |
Shahmukhi | وال | ||||
Russian [17] | волосы | [ˈʋʷo̞ɫ̪əs̪ɨ̞] | 'hair' | Common realization of /v/; contrasts with palatalized form. [17] See Russian phonology | |
Serbo-Croatian | цврчак / cvrčak | [t͡sʋř̩ːt͡ʃak] | 'cricket' | /v/ is a phonetic fricative, although it has less frication than /f/. However, it does not interact with unvoiced consonants in clusters as a fricative would, and so is considered to be phonologically a sonorant (approximant). [18] [19] | |
Shona | vanhu | [ʋan̤u] | 'people' | Contrasts with /v/ and /w/. | |
Sinhala | වතුර | [ʋat̪urə] | 'water' | ||
Slovak [20] | voda | 'water' | Usual realization of /v/. [20] See Slovak phonology | ||
Slovene [21] | veter | [ˈʋéːt̪ə̀ɾ] | 'wind' | Also described as fricative [ v ]. [22] [23] See Slovene phonology | |
Spanish [24] | Chilean | hablar | [äʋˈläɾ] | 'to speak' | Allophone of /b/. See Spanish phonology |
Swedish | Some speakers | vän | [ʋɛːn] | 'friend' | See Swedish phonology |
Tamil | வாய் | [ʋɑj] | 'mouth' | See Tamil phonology | |
Telugu | వల | [ʋala] | 'net' | ||
Ukrainian [25] | він | [ʋin] | 'he' | Possible prevocalic realization of /w/, most commonly before /i/. [25] See Ukrainian phonology | |
West Frisian | wêr | [ʋɛːr] | 'where' | See West Frisian phonology | |
The voiced alveolar, dental and postalveolarplosives are types of consonantal sounds used in many spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents voiced dental, alveolar, and postalveolar plosives is ⟨d⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is d
.
The voiced alveolar tap or flap is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents a dental, alveolar, or postalveolar tap or flap is ⟨ɾ⟩.
The voiced alveolar trill is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents dental, alveolar, and postalveolar trills is ⟨r⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is r
. It is commonly called the rolled R, rolling R, or trilled R. Quite often, ⟨r⟩ is used in phonemic transcriptions of languages like English and German that have rhotic consonants that are not an alveolar trill. That is partly for ease of typesetting and partly because ⟨r⟩ is the letter used in the orthographies of such languages.
The voiced labial–velar approximant is a type of consonantal sound, used in certain spoken languages, including English. It is the sound denoted by the letter ⟨w⟩ in the English alphabet; likewise, the symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨w⟩, or rarely, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is w
. In most languages it is the semivocalic counterpart of the close back rounded vowel. In inventory charts of languages with other labialized velar consonants, will be placed in the same column as those consonants. When consonant charts have only labial and velar columns, may be placed in the velar column, (bi)labial column, or both. The placement may have more to do with phonological criteria than phonetic ones.
The voiced labiodental nasal is a type of consonantal sound. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɱ⟩. The IPA symbol is a lowercase letter m with a leftward hook protruding from the lower right of the letter. Occasionally it is instead transcribed as an with a dental diacritic: ⟨m̪⟩.
The voiced alveolar lateral approximant is a type of consonantal sound used in many spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents dental, alveolar, and postalveolar lateral approximants is ⟨l⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is l
.
The voiced palatal approximant is a type of consonant used in many spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨j⟩. The equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is j
, and in the Americanist phonetic notation it is ⟨y⟩. Because the English name of the letter J, jay, starts with, the approximant is sometimes instead called yod (jod), as in the phonological history terms yod-dropping and yod-coalescence.
The voiced velar approximant is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɰ⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is M\
.
The voiced bilabial fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨β⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is B
. The official symbol ⟨β⟩ is the Greek letter beta.
The voiced dental fricative is a consonant sound used in some spoken languages. It is familiar to English-speakers as the th sound in father. Its symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet is eth, or and was taken from the Old English and Icelandic letter eth, which could stand for either a voiced or unvoiced (inter)dental non-sibilant fricative. Such fricatives are often called "interdental" because they are often produced with the tongue between the upper and lower teeth, and not just against the back of the upper teeth, as they are with other dental consonants.
The voiced labiodental fricative is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨v⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is v
.
The voiced palatal fricative is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) that represents this sound is ⟨ʝ⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is j\
. It is the non-sibilant equivalent of the voiced alveolo-palatal sibilant.
The voiceless labial–velar fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨xʷ⟩ or occasionally ⟨ʍ⟩. The letter ⟨ʍ⟩ was defined as a voiceless until 1979, when it was defined as a fricative with the place of articulation of the same way that is an approximant with the place of articulation of. However, the IPA Handbook treats it as both a "fricative".
The voiceless labiodental fricative is a type of consonantal sound used in a number of spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨f⟩.
The voiceless palatal fricative is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ç⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is C
. It is the non-sibilant equivalent of the voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative.
The close back rounded vowel, or high back rounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound used in many spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨u⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is u
.
The close-mid front unrounded vowel, or high-mid front unrounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨e⟩.
The near-close near-front unrounded vowel, or near-high near-front unrounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɪ⟩, the small capital I. The International Phonetic Association advises serifs on the symbol's ends. Some sans-serif fonts do meet this typographic specification. Prior to 1989, there was an alternate symbol for this sound: ⟨ɩ⟩, the use of which is no longer sanctioned by the IPA. Despite that, some modern writings still use it.
The near-close front rounded vowel, or near-high front rounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages.
The mid back rounded vowel is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. While there is no dedicated symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents the exact mid back rounded vowel between close-mid and open-mid, it is normally written ⟨o⟩. If precision is desired, diacritics may be used, such as ⟨o̞⟩ or ⟨ɔ̝⟩, the former being more common. There was an alternative IPA symbol for this sound, ⟨ꭥ⟩. A non-IPA letter ⟨ⱺ⟩ is also found.
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