Voiced labiodental approximant

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Voiced labiodental approximant
ʋ
IPA number 150
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Encoding
Entity (decimal)ʋ
Unicode (hex)U+028B
X-SAMPA P or v\
Braille Braille QuoteOpen.svg Braille V.svg

The voiced labiodental approximant is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. It is something between an English /w/ and /v/, pronounced with the teeth and lips held in the position used to articulate the letter V. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ʋ⟩, a letter v with a leftward hook protruding from the upper right of the letter, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is Porv\. With an advanced diacritic, ⟨ʋ̟⟩, this letter also indicates a bilabial approximant, though the diacritic is frequently omitted because no contrast is likely. [1] [2] [ failed verification ]

Contents

The labiodental approximant is the typical realization of /v/ in the Indian South African variety of English. As the voiceless /f/ is also realized as an approximant ([ ʋ̥ ]), it is also an example of a language contrasting voiceless and voiced labiodental approximants. [3]

Features

Features of the voiced labiodental approximant:

Occurrence

LanguageWord IPA MeaningNotes
Äiwoo nyiveli[ɲiʋeli]'garden land' [4]
Armenian Eastern [5] ոսկի [ʋɔski]'gold'
Assyrian ܗܘܐ / hawa[hɑːʋɑ]'wind'Predominant in the Urmia dialects. For some speakers, [ v ] is used. Corresponds to [ w ] in the other varieties.
Catalan Balearic fava [ˈfɑʋɐ]'bean'Allophone of /v/. [6] See Catalan phonology
Valencian [6]
Chinese Mandarin 為

为 / wèi

[we̞i]

[ʋêi]

'for'Prevalent in northern dialects. Corresponds to /w/ in other varieties.
Chuvash аван [aʋ'an]'good, well'Corresponds to /w/ in other varieties.
Dhivehi ވަޅު / valhu [ʋaɭu]'well' (noun)
Danish Standard [7] véd [ʋe̝ːˀð̠˕ˠ]'know(s)'Also described as a short plosive [ b̪̆ ]; rarely realized as a fricative [ v ] instead. [8] See Danish phonology
Dutch Standard wang [ʋɑŋ]'cheek'In southern dialects of the Netherlands realised as bilabial [ β̞ ]. See Dutch phonology
English Indian [3] vine [ʋaɪ̯n]'vine'Corresponds to a fricative [ v ] in other accents.
Some speakers rine 'rine'Mostly idiosyncratic but somewhat dialectal [9] (especially in London and South East England). See English phonology and R-labialization
Faroese [10] røða [ˈɹøːʋa]'speech'Word-initial and intervocalic allophone of /v/. In the first case, it is in a free variation with a fricative [ v ]. [10] See Faroese phonology
Finnish vauva [ˈʋɑu̯ʋɑ]'baby'See Finnish phonology
German Swiss was [ʋas]'what'Corresponds to /v/ in Standard German [11]
Guaraní avañe'ẽ[ʔãʋ̃ãɲẽˈʔẽ]'Guaraní language'Contrasts with /w/ and /ɰ/
Hawaiian wikiwiki [ʋikiʋiki]'fast'May also be realized as [w] or [v]. See Hawaiian phonology
Hindustani Hindi वाला [ʋɑːlɑː](the) 'one'Also an allophone of /w/. See Hindustani phonology.
Urdu والا
Italian Some speakers [12] raro [ˈʋäːʋo]'rare'Rendition alternative to the standard Italian alveolar trill [ r ], due to individual orthoepic defects and/or regional variations that make the alternative sound more prevalent, notably in South Tyrol (among the Italian-speaking minority), Val d'Aosta (bordering with France) and in parts of the Parma province, more markedly around Fidenza. Other alternative sounds may be a uvular trill [ ʀ ] or a voiced uvular fricative [ ʁ ]. [12] See Italian phonology.
Lao ວີ / wi[ʋíː]'hand fan'May also be realized as [w]. See Lao phonology.
Khmer អាវុធ / avŭth[ʔɑːʋut]'weapon'See Khmer phonology
Marathi वजन [ʋə(d)zən]'weight'See Marathi phonology
Miyako [13] [ʋ̩tɑ]'thick'May be syllabic.
Norwegian Urban East [14] [15] venn [ʋe̞nː]'friend'Sometimes realized as a fricative [ v ]. [15] [16] See Norwegian phonology
Nsenga ŵanthu[ʋaⁿtʰu]'people'
Punjabi Gurmukhi ਵਾਲ [ʋäːl]'hair'
Shahmukhi وال
Russian [17] волосы [ˈʋʷo̞ɫ̪əs̪ɨ̞]'hair'Common realization of /v/; contrasts with palatalized form. [17] See Russian phonology
Serbo-Croatian цврчак / cvrčak [t͡sʋř̩ːt͡ʃak]'cricket'/v/ is a phonetic fricative, although it has less frication than /f/. However, it does not interact with unvoiced consonants in clusters as a fricative would, and so is considered to be phonologically a sonorant (approximant). [18] [19]
Shona vanhu[ʋan̤u]'people'Contrasts with /v/ and /w/.
Sinhala වතුර [ʋat̪urə]'water'
Slovak [20] voda [ˈʋo̞dä] ⓘ 'water'Usual realization of /v/. [20] See Slovak phonology
Slovene [21] veter [ˈʋéːt̪ə̀ɾ]'wind'Also described as fricative [ v ]. [22] [23] See Slovene phonology
Spanish [24] Chilean hablar [äʋˈläɾ]'to speak'Allophone of /b/. See Spanish phonology
Swedish Some speakers vän [ʋɛːn]'friend'See Swedish phonology
Tamil வாய் [ʋɑj]'mouth'See Tamil phonology
Telugu వల [ʋala]'net'
Ukrainian [25] він [ʋin]'he'Possible prevocalic realization of /w/, most commonly before /i/. [25] See Ukrainian phonology
West Frisian wêr [ʋɛːr]'where'See West Frisian phonology

See also

Related Research Articles

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The voiced labial–velar approximant is a type of consonantal sound, used in certain spoken languages, including English. It is the sound denoted by the letter ⟨w⟩ in the English alphabet; likewise, the symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨w⟩, or rarely, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is w. In most languages it is the semivocalic counterpart of the close back rounded vowel. In inventory charts of languages with other labialized velar consonants, will be placed in the same column as those consonants. When consonant charts have only labial and velar columns, may be placed in the velar column, (bi)labial column, or both. The placement may have more to do with phonological criteria than phonetic ones.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Voiced labiodental nasal</span> Consonantal sound represented by ⟨ɱ⟩ in IPA

The voiced labiodental nasal is a type of consonantal sound. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɱ⟩. The IPA symbol is a lowercase letter m with a leftward hook protruding from the lower right of the letter. Occasionally it is instead transcribed as an with a dental diacritic: ⟨m̪⟩.

The voiced alveolar lateral approximant is a type of consonantal sound used in many spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents dental, alveolar, and postalveolar lateral approximants is ⟨l⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is l.

The voiced palatal approximant is a type of consonant used in many spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨j⟩. The equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is j, and in the Americanist phonetic notation it is ⟨y⟩. Because the English name of the letter J, jay, starts with, the approximant is sometimes instead called yod (jod), as in the phonological history terms yod-dropping and yod-coalescence.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Voiced velar approximant</span> Consonantal sound represented by ⟨ɰ⟩ in IPA

The voiced velar approximant is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɰ⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is M\.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Voiced alveolo-palatal fricative</span> Consonantal sound represented by ⟨ʑ⟩ in IPA

The voiced alveolo-palatal sibilant fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ʑ⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is z\. It is the sibilant equivalent of the voiced palatal fricative, and as such it can be transcribed in IPA with ⟨ʝ˖⟩.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Voiced bilabial fricative</span> Consonantal sound represented by ⟨β⟩ in IPA

The voiced bilabial fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨β⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is B. The official symbol ⟨β⟩ is the Greek letter beta.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Voiced dental fricative</span> Consonantal sound represented by ⟨ð⟩ in IPA

The voiced dental fricative is a consonant sound used in some spoken languages. It is familiar to English-speakers as the th sound in father. Its symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet is eth, or and was taken from the Old English and Icelandic letter eth, which could stand for either a voiced or unvoiced (inter)dental non-sibilant fricative. Such fricatives are often called "interdental" because they are often produced with the tongue between the upper and lower teeth, and not just against the back of the upper teeth, as they are with other dental consonants.

The voiced labiodental fricative is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨v⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is v.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Voiced palatal fricative</span> Consonantal sound represented by ⟨ʝ⟩ in IPA

The voiced palatal fricative is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) that represents this sound is ⟨ʝ⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is j\. It is the non-sibilant equivalent of the voiced alveolo-palatal sibilant.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Voiceless labial–velar fricative</span> Consonantal sound

The voiceless labial–velar fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨xʷ⟩ or occasionally ⟨ʍ⟩. The letter ⟨ʍ⟩ was defined as a "voiceless " until 1979, when it was defined as a fricative with the place of articulation of the same way that is an approximant with the place of articulation of. The IPA Handbook describes ⟨ʍ⟩ as a "fricative" in the introduction while a chapter within characterizes it as an "approximate".

The voiceless labiodental fricative is a type of consonantal sound used in a number of spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨f⟩.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Voiceless palatal fricative</span> Consonantal sound represented by ⟨ç⟩ in IPA

The voiceless palatal fricative is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ç⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is C. It is the non-sibilant equivalent of the voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Open back rounded vowel</span> Vowel sound represented by ⟨ɒ⟩ in IPA

The open back rounded vowel, or low back rounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɒ⟩. It is called Latin turned alpha being a rotated version of Latin alpha. It seems a "turned script a", being a rotated version of "script (cursive) a", which is the variant of a that lacks the extra stroke on top of a "printed a". Latin turned alpha a ⟨ɒ⟩ has its linear stroke on the left, whereas Latin alpha a ⟨ɑ⟩ has its linear stroke on the right.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Close-mid front unrounded vowel</span> Vowel sound represented by ⟨e⟩ in IPA

The close-mid front unrounded vowel, or high-mid front unrounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨e⟩.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Near-close near-front unrounded vowel</span> Vowel sound represented by ⟨ɪ⟩ in IPA

The near-close near-front unrounded vowel, or near-high near-front unrounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɪ⟩, the small capital I. The International Phonetic Association advises serifs on the symbol's ends. Some sans-serif fonts do meet this typographic specification. Prior to 1989, there was an alternate symbol for this sound: ⟨ɩ⟩, the use of which is no longer sanctioned by the IPA. Despite that, some modern writings still use it.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Near-close near-front rounded vowel</span> Vowel sound represented by ⟨ʏ⟩ in IPA

The near-close front rounded vowel, or near-high front rounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages.

The mid back rounded vowel is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. While there is no dedicated symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents the exact mid back rounded vowel between close-mid and open-mid, it is normally written ⟨o⟩. If precision is desired, diacritics may be used, such as ⟨o̞⟩ or ⟨ɔ̝⟩, the former being more common. There was an alternative IPA symbol for this sound, ⟨ꭥ⟩. A non-IPA letter ⟨ⱺ⟩ is also found.

References

  1. ↑ Ladefoged, Peter (1968). A Phonetic Study of West African Languages: An Auditory-instrumental Survey (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 26. ISBN   9780521069632.
  2. ↑ Mathangwane, Joyce Thambole Mogatse (1996). Phonetics and Phonology of Ikalanga: A Diachronic and Synchronic Study (Thesis). Berkeley: University of California. p. 79.
  3. 1 2 Mesthrie (2004 :960)
  4. ↑ Næss, Åshild (2017). A short dictionary of Äiwoo. Asia-Pacific Linguistics. Vol. A-PL 35. Canberra. hdl: 1885/112469 . ISBN   978-1-922185-37-2. OCLC   970690673.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  5. ↑ Dum-Tragut (2009 :20)
  6. 1 2 Saborit Vilar (2009 :52)
  7. ↑ Basbøll (2005 :62)
  8. ↑ Basbøll (2005 :27 and 66)
  9. ↑ Foulkes & Docherty (1999 :?)
  10. 1 2 Árnason (2011 :115)
  11. ↑ Schmid, Stephan (2010). "Segmental features of Swiss German ethnolects". In Calamai, Silvia; Celata, Chiara; Ciucci, Luca (eds.). Proceedings of the Workshop "Sociophonetics, at the crossroads of speech variation, processing and communication". Edizioni della Normale. pp. 69–72. ISBN   978-88-7642-434-2. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 27 April 2015.
  12. 1 2 Canepari (1999), pp. 98–101.
  13. ↑ Pellard, Thomas (19 January 2009). Why it is important to study the Ryukyuan languages: The example of Õgami Ryukuan (PDF) (Speech). Oxford. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 October 2015.
  14. ↑ Kristoffersen (2000 :22 and 25)
  15. 1 2 Vanvik (1979 :41)
  16. ↑ Kristoffersen (2000 :74)
  17. 1 2 Yanushevskaya & Bunčić (2015 :223)
  18. ↑ Morén (2005 :5–6)
  19. ↑ Brown, Wayles; Alt, Theresa (2004). "A Handbook of Bosnian, Serbian and Croatian". SEELRC. Duke University.
  20. 1 2 Hanulíková & Hamann (2010 :374)
  21. ↑ Šuštaršič, Komar & Petek (1999 :136)
  22. ↑ Priestley (2002 :394)
  23. ↑ Greenberg (2006 :18)
  24. ↑ Sadowsky, Scott (2010). "El alófono labiodental sonoro [v] del fonema /b/ en el castellano de Concepción (Chile): Una investigación exploratoria" (PDF). Estudios de Fonética Experimental. XIX: 231–261. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 April 2018.
  25. 1 2 Žovtobrjux & Kulyk (1965 :121–122)

Bibliography

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