Faroese phonology

The phonology of Faroese has an inventory similar to the closely related Icelandic language, but markedly different processes differentiate the two. Similarities include an aspiration contrast in stop consonants, the retention of front rounded vowels and vowel quality changes instead of vowel length distinctions.

Faroese is not remotely close to having a standard and difference between dialects are very marked. When diving into the specifics, this article primarily discuss Tórshavn varieties, as it is the biggest city on the islands and where most academics have a pied-à-terre.

Vowels

As with other Germanic languages, Faroese has a large number of vowel phonemes; by one analysis, long and short vowels may be considered separate phonemes, with 26 in total. Vowel distribution is similar to other North Germanic languages in that short vowels appear in closed syllables (those ending in consonant clusters or long consonants) and long vowels appearing in open syllables.

There is considerable variation among dialects in the pronunciation of vowels.

Map showing major Faroese isoglosses. Adapted from Þráinsson, Jacobsen & Hansen (2004 :368), citing the work of Eivind Weyhe

Monophthongs

Monophthongs of Faroese, based on formant values in Peterson (2000 , Fig. 4).

Faroese vowels

	Front		Central		Back
	short	long	short	long	short	long
Close	ɪ	iː	ʏ	( yː )	ʊ	uː
Mid	ɛ	eː	œ	øː	ɔ	oː
Open				( aː )	a

• /yː/ and /aː/ appear only in loanwords. ^[1]
• The long mid vowels /eː,øː,oː/ tend to be diphthongized to [eɛː~ɪ̟əː,øœː~ʏ̈əː,oɔː~ʊ̠əː]. ^{[1] [a]} Those diphthongs tend to have sensibly closer starting points.
• Peterson (2000) conducted preliminary acoustic studies in fall 1997 on unknown informants, giving insights on the precise acoustic of native vowels (so excluding /yː/ and /aː/):
  • /ɪ,ʏ,ʊ/ are more open than the corresponding tense vowels, with /ɪ/ being the most open of the three ([ ɪ̞ ]) and having a smaller F1 difference with /eː/ as /iː/ with /uː/ (and an even smaller F2 one). The F2 value of /ʏ/ is a flick higher than /œ/'s ([ ʏ̠ ]).
  • /ɔ/ has the same F1 value as /œ/, which in trun serves as middle point between /ɛ/ and /øː/ this suggests true-mid opening [ ɔ̝ ] (it is also, as common for "ɔ-type" vowels, slightly more central than /oː/ but not as much as /ʊ/). Meanwhile, the F2 of /ɛ,œ/ is remarkably close, /œ/ standing on a median line between /iː/ and /uː/; this points to the narrow transcriptions [ ɛ̠ ], [ ɵ̞ ].
  • The F1 value of /a/ is just slightly higher than that of /ɛ/, suggesting that it is a near-open vowel. In addition, its F2 value is right between that of /ɔ/ and /ʊ/, which suggests that it is a near-open near-back vowel [ ɑ̽ ].
  • /iː,uː,eː,øː,oː/ are very close to the value usually denoted by such symbols. Of anecdotal importance is that /uː/ is closer than /iː/ (as much as /œ/ is than /ɛ/). Also /øː/ is somewhat backer than /œ/, comparable to the difference between /eː/ and /ɛ/ ([ ɵ̠ː ]).

Diphthongs

Fronting diphthongs of Faroese, based on formant values in Peterson (2000 , Fig. 6).

Backing diphthongs of Faroese, based on formant values in Peterson (2000 , Fig. 7–8).

Faroese Diphthongs

	/-i/	/-a/	/-u/
/ʏ- ~ ʊ-/	ʊi(ː)		ʉuː
/ɛ-/	ɛiː	ɛaː	ɛuː / ɔuː (œuː)
/œ-/
/ɔ-/	ɔi(ː)	ɔaː
/a-/	ai(ː)		au(ː)

• Árnason observes that the rounding of the first element in /ʉu/ is variable. ^[2] This is reminiscent of the GOOSE-vowel in dialect fronting it in English (although English took it step further and can have it totally unrounded).
• In the north (cf. isogloss map) native /ai/ has merged with /ɔi/. ^{[b] [2]}
• /ɔa/ can be pronounced a variety of ways. In addition to the diphthong nominally transcribed as [ɔɑː], it can be an unrounded monophtong of variable backness (up to true front), a trait said to belong to the northern and eastern islands. ^{[c] [3]}
• In the North and the West (cf. isogloss map) the first element of /ɔu/ is central, its roundedness being another variable, some varieties even making it identifiable as /ɛu/. This creates a possible merger between nón[nɔuːn~nəuːn~nœuːn~nɛuːn]'3 o'clock (≡ noon)', nøvn[nœuːn]'names'. It is also possible for dialects which have a back /ɔu/ to make it alternate it /œ/ instead of /ɔ/ (as is the case in Tórshavn). ^[2]
• Short /au/ is a debatable entity (as it'd be the sole short diphthong of its column). A lot of native speakers pronounce words like javnt'even adj.n' as [jauːnt] and short /au/ does not occur in roots, which would shelter against analogy. Other instances like klaustrofobi and sound are unhelpful; the former often falls under secondary stress, where vowel duration is less proeminent and the latter can be considered an unadapted borrowing. ^[4]
• Peterson (2000) divides diphthongs into falling, further subdivised into i- and u-diphthongs and hovering diphthongs for which it is imossible to determine which part is the most proeminent. He also gives insight into the acoustic of them (long):
  • /ʉu/ starts heavily front (on par with /ɪ/) (ʏu) whilst /ʊi/ starts as central as /œ/ and as close as /i/ to end up as front as /ɪ/ and negligeably more open than /ʏ/ (ʉɪ)
  • /ɛi/ starts where all other i-diphthongs end to itself end at cardinal [i] (ɪi). /ɛa/'s onset is on par with /œ/ and fronter than /ɛ/ (i.e. true central) to end at the openest mouth position of the inventory being in the meantime as back as /ʊ/ (ɛ̝ɑ̟). /ɔu/, written ⟨ɛu⟩ on the charts, shares it's F2 value with /ɛ/ but is more open by a large margin (i.e. close-mid) (ɘ̟u)
  • /ɔi/ is a bit closer than /øː/, as it is closer to the F1 of /ʊ/ and almost as central as the former is (ʊ̟ɪ), /ɔa/ ditto for the first element, halts its opening at the level of /a/ but backer, on par with /oː/ (ʊ̟ɒ̠).
  • /ai/ is a schwa plus an offglide (əɪ). [au] was not included in the study but stems from an a sequence plus offglide, labialised velar or weak (non-velarised) fricative.

Faroese vowel alternations ^[5]

Monophthongs
		Long vowel			Short vowel
/i/	i	linur	[ˈliːnʊɹ]	'soft'	lint	[lɪn̥t]	'soft (N.)'
/e/	e	frekur	[ˈfɹeː(ʰ)kʊɹ~ˈfɹeεːkʊɹ]	'greedy'	frekt	[fɹɛʰkt]	'greedy (N.)'
/y/	y	mytisk	[ˈmyːtɪsk]	'mythological'	mystisk	[ˈmʏstɪsk]	'mysterious'
/ø/	ø	høgur	[ˈhøːʋʊɹ~ˈhøœːʋʊɹ]	'high (M.)'	høgt	[hœkt]	'high (N.)'
/u/	u	gulur	[ˈkuːlʊɹ]	'yellow'	gult	[kʊl̥t]	'yellow (N.)'
/o/	o	tola	[ˈtʰoːla~ˈtʰoɔːla]	'to endure'	toldi	[ˈtʰɔltɪ]	'endured'
/a/	a	Kanada	[ˈkʰaːnata]	'Canada'	land	[lant]	'land'
Diphthongs
		Long vowel			Short vowel
/ʊi/ [d]	í	hvítur	[ˈkfʊiːtʊɹ]	'white (M.)'	hvítt	[kfʊiʰtː]	'white (N.)'
/ɛi/	ey	deyður	[ˈteiːjʊɹ]	'dead (M.)'	deytt	[tɛʰtː]	'dead (N.)'
/ai/ [d]	ei	feitur	[ˈfaiːtʊɹ]	'fat (M.)'	feitt	[faiʰtː~fɔiʰtː]	'fat (N.)'
/ɔi/ [d]	oy	gloyma	[ˈklɔiːma]	'to forget'	gloymdi	[ˈklɔimtɪ]	'forgot'
/ɛa/	a	spakur	[ˈspɛaː(ʰ)kʊɹ]	'calm (M.)'	spakt	[spakt]	'calm (N.)'
/ɔa/	á	vátur	[ˈvɔaː(ʰ)tʊɹ]	'wet (M.)'	vátt	[vɔʰtː]	'wet (N.)'
/ʉu/	ú	fúlur	[ˈfʉuːlʊɹ]	'foul (M.)'	fúlt	[fʏl̥t]	'foul (N.)'
/ɔu/	ó	tómur	[ˈtʰɔuːmʊɹ~ˈtʰɛuːmʊɹ]	'empty (M.)'	tómt	[tʰœm̥t~tʰɔm̥t]	'empty (N.)'

Length

Vowel length in Faroese is determined by the syllable structure of the simplex word ^{[e] [f]} such that the stressed vowel in:

• Long vowels are so because they take the entire lengthening potential of a stress on them (highly variable duration).
  • tú, gleða are long because they aren't any following closing consonnant.
  • túa, bátur, akrar, vekja, bát, báts are long because the following consonant is syllabified as onset to the next syllable (or isn't allowed to form a coda because a lack of following onset).
• Short vowels are so because a following consonant takes moraic slot, such syllables tend to be slightly longer.
  • størstur, vatn, vatnið are short because a coda is allowed by a following onset.
  • arr, størri are short because the following consonnant is long.
  • gjógv, gjógvin, fedrar, eydnast are short because they stem from older fricatives and they tend to be analysed cross-lingustically as codas.
  • øll, allir, oynni are short because they were historically followed by geminates.

Hiatus phenomena

Mending

During its history Faroese has deployed an array of processes to mend for hiatus. Inherited hiatus were handled by the process of skerping (and as such have a short stressed vowels). Meanwhile, those created by the loss of medial voiced fricatives and morphological analogy (thus with long vowels) ^[8] received the following treatment: ^[9]

• 1) High vowels (long /iː,uː/ and i- & u-diphthongs) are followed by a glide, wether it is inserted or already present is a debatable matter.
  • E.g. siga[siːja]'to say', deyður[teiːjʊɹ]'dead adj' ; fluga[ˈfluːwa]'a fly', búði[ˈpuːwɪ]'lived sg', túa[ˈtʰuːwa]'to say tú'.
• 2) When followed by (near-)close /ɪ,ʊ/, they have an epenthetic lenis continuant (respectively: [j,v]) separating them.
  • E.g. legu[ˈleːvʊ]'to a lyingdat/(the state of) lying down' ; laðin[ˈlɛaːjɪn]'(of boats) full'
• 3) When followed by (near-)open /a/, no instertion takes place and the hiatus stays.
  • E.g. lega (Southern) [ˈleːa] ^[10] 'a lying' ; laða[ˈle̞ːa]'to load' ; fáar[ˈfo̞ːaɹ]'to obtain'

Being still present in the consonant system, /v/ is able to break the regularities described above. Firstly, it has a privileged position in not having taken part in the deletion before /a/. ^[g] Secondly, -a being a common nominative ending and -u a common accusative desinence, there is a lot of room for analogies to take place and borrowing the glide from one form to another. ^[h] /v/ doesn't hold the monopoly on analogies e.g. veðrið[ˈvɛkɹɪ]'weather def' from veður'idef'[ˈvɛaːvʊɹ] like fagrir[ˈfɛkɹɪɹ]'beautiful fem.pl' is from fagur[ˈfɛaːvʊɹ]. ^[11]

Árnason considers the hiatus to be non-phonemic in forms like 1) and 3) ^[12] but the numerous analogies prevent to say the same about situations in 2). ^[13]

Smoothing

A-diphthongs are smoothed when followed by /a/. Smoothed diphthongs loose their glide and can have various affectation on their onsets, but the result invariably stays bisyllabic. ^{[14] [i]} The textbook affectation is a mid onset, in slight contrast with close-mid forms (lega (Southern) [ˈleːa] ^[10] 'a lying' VS laða[ˈle̞ːa]'to load') but the onset can even be [ɪːj~ʊːw] or [iː~uː].

Unstressed vowels

The only unstressed vowels in Faroese are short [ɪ,a,ʊ]; these appear in inflectional endings and reduced syllables áðrenn (e.g. [ˈɔaːɹɪn(ː)] 'before'). Very typical are endings like -ur, -ir, -ar. The dative is often indicated by [ʊn]. ^[j]

• [a] – bátar[ˈpɔaːtaɹ]'boats', kallar[ˈkʰatlaɹ]'[you] call'
• [ɪ] – gestir[ˈtʃɛstɪɹ]'guests', dugir[ˈtuːwɪɹ]'[you] can'
• [ʊ] – bátur[ˈpɔaː(ʰ)tʊɹ]'boat', gentur[tʃɛn̥tʊɹ]'girls', rennur[ˈɹɛnːʊɹ]'[you] run'.

In some dialects, unstressed short /ʊ/ is realized as [ø] or is reduced further to [ə]. /ɪ/ goes under a similar reduction pattern as it varies between [ɪ ~ ɛ ~ ə] ^[k] so unstressed /ʊ/ and /ɪ/ can rhyme. This can cause spelling mistakes related to these two vowels. The following table displays the different realizations in different dialects.

Unstressed /i/ and /u/ in dialects ^[19]

Word	Borðoy Kunoy Tórshavn	Viðoy Svínoy Fugloy	Suðuroy	Elsewhere (etymological)
gulur 'yellow'	[ˈkuːləɹ]	[ˈkuːləɹ]	[ˈkuːløɹ]	[ˈkuːlʊɹ]
gulir 'yellow PL'	[ˈkuːləɹ]	[ˈkuːləɹ]	[ˈkuːløɹ]	[ˈkuːlɪɹ]
bygdin 'town'	[ˈpɪktɪn]	[ˈpɪktən]	[ˈpɪktøn]	[ˈpɪktɪn]
bygdum 'towns DAT.PL'	[ˈpɪktʊn]	[ˈpɪktən]	[ˈpɪktøn]	[ˈpɪktʊn]

Consonants

		Labial	Coronal			Dorsal		Glottal
			Dental / Alveolar	Retro- flex	Palatal		Velar
Plosive / Affricate	Fortis	pʰ	tʰ	(ʈʰ)	tʃʰ		kʰ	( ʔ )
	Lenis	p	t	( ʈ )	tʃ		k
Continuant	Fortis	f	s	( ʂ )	ʃ			h
	Lenis	v		ɹ ( ɻ̊ )	j		( w )
Sonorant
	Nasal	m ( m̥ )	n ( n̥ )	( ɳ )	ɲ ( ɲ̊ )		ŋ ( ŋ̊ )
	Lateral		l ( ɬ )	( ɭ )	( ʎ ʎ̥ )

• /f,v/ are normally labiodental, albeit "not as clearly labiodental as in English" according to Kristján Árnason. Intervocalic /v/ is normally an approximant [ ʋ ], whereas word-initial /v/ varies between an approximant [ ʋ ] and a fricative [ v ]. ^[20]
• /ɹ/ ranges from (post-)alveolar to retroflex, and from a trill (only in elderly speech) ^[21] to an approximant, fricatives being the predominant allophones. Taps regularly occur in stressed syllables onsets, especially after un(post)aspirated /p,t,k/. ^[22]
• /n/ is dental [ n̪ ], whereas /tʰ,t/ vary between being dental [t̪ʰ, t̪] and (less commonly) alveolar [tʰ, t]. ^[20]
• Initial /l/ is dental [ l̪ ] or alveolar [ l ]. Postvocalic /l/ may be more of a postalveolar lateral [ l̠ ], especially after back vowels. ^[20]
• /l/ assimilates to nearby palatals, resulting in the variants [ʎ̥, ʎ] ([ʎ̥] occurring when [ʎ] is devoiced): kjálki [ˈtʃʰaʎ̥tʃɪ]'jaw', telgja [ˈtʰεʎtʃa]'to carve'. Pronunciation of initial /lj/ varies situationally between the sequence [lj] and a palatal lateral ([ʎ]) or, possibly the most common realisation, a palatal approximant ([j]). ^[20]
• /tʃʰ,tʃ/ are palato-alveolar, and vary between stops [t̠ʲʰ, t̠ʲ] and affricates [tʃʰ, tʃ]. ^[23]
• [w] is the vocalised allophone of /v/ in coda position. Such sequences are treated as diphthongs, as they can be either long or (although marginally and in spurious cases) short. Also, /av/ is the only native source of [au(ː)], e.g. havn [hauːn]'haven', javnt [jaun̥t]~[jauːnt]'even N'. ^[24] Vocalisation is not the only option as hav [hɛaːʋ]'sea' and havs[hafs] ~ (Suðuroy) [haʋs]'sea GEN' show it. ^[25]
• [x,ɣ] are highly marginal allophones of /kʰ,k/ only reported to have occurred before another plosive. ^[26]
• /h/ is treated by Árnason as voiced. ^[27]
• [ʔ] frequently occurs in stressed syllable with an "empty" onsets. ^[28] In this position, its most notable feature is its blocing of vowel elision: Okkurt um árið 190'8 ˈʔɔʰkʊɻ̊ʈumˈʔɔɑːɹəˈnʊiːʧɔntɾ'''ʊˈʔɔ'''ʰta '[Something] around the year 1908'.

There are several phonological processes involved in Faroese, including:

• Liquid consonants are devoiced before voiceless consonants
• Nasal consonants generally assume the place of articulation and laryngeal settings of following consonants, especially /n/. ^[29]
• Velar stop consonants (/k/,/ɡ/) palatalize to postalveolar affricates before /iː,ɪ,eː,ɛ,ɛi,j/.
• /v/ becomes devoiced to /f/ before voiceless consonants
• /s/ before another consonant becomes /ʃ/ after /ɛi,ai,ɔi,ʊi/
• /sk/ becomes /ʃ/ before /iː,ɪ,eː,ɛ,ɛi,j/ (but in morphological forms often /stʃ/ word internally, i.e. elski[ɛɬstʃɪ]'I love'
• /ɹ/ retroflexes itself as well as following consonants in consonant clusters, yielding the allophones [ʂ,ɭ,ʈ,ɳ] while /ɹ/ itself becomes [ɻ], example: ⟨rd⟩[ɻʈ]; preaspirated consonants devoice the rhotic: example: ⟨rt⟩[ɻ̊ʈ]; ⟨rs⟩ is usually [ʂː] (only in some loanwords [ɻ̊ʂ]), e.g. Tórshavn [ˈtʰɔuʂhaun] ^ⓘ . Voiceless [ɻ̊] is usually realised as [ʂ].
• Pre-stopping of original ⟨ll⟩ to [tl] and ⟨nn⟩ to [tn].
• Intervocalically the aspirated consonants become pre-aspirated unless followed by a closed vowel. In clusters, the aspiration merges with sonorants, rendering them voiceless: e.g. ⟨nt⟩[n̥t], ⟨kv⟩[kf]

Omissions in consonant clusters

Faroese tends to omit the first or second consonant in clusters of different consonants:

• fjals[fjals]'mountain's' instead of *[fjatls] from [fjatl] (NOM). Other examples for genitives are: barns[ˈpans]'child's', vatns[van̥s]'water's'.
• hjálpti[jɔɬtɪ]'helped' PASTSG' instead of *[ˈjɔɬptɪ] from hjálpa[ˈjɔɬpa]. Other examples for past forms are: sigldi[ˈsɪltɪ]'sailed', yrkti[ˈɪɻ̊ʈɪ]'wrote poetry'.
• homophone are fylgdi'followed' and fygldi'caught birds with a net': [ˈfɪltɪ].
• skt will be:
  1. [st] in words of more than one syllable: føroyskt[ˈføːɹɪst]'Faroese N.SG'; russiskt[ˈɹʊsːɪst]'Russian N.SG'; íslendskt[ˈʊʃlɛŋ̊st]'Icelandic N.SG'.
  2. [kst] in monosyllables: enskt[ɛŋ̊kst]'English N.SG'; danskt[taŋ̊kst]'Danish N.SG'; franskt[fɹaŋ̊kst]'French N.SG'; spanskt[spaŋ̊kst]'Spanish N.SG'; svenskt[svɛŋ̊kst]'Swedish N.SG'; týskt[tʰʊikst]'German N.SG'.
     • However [ʂt] in: írskt[ʊʂt]'Irish N.SG', norskt[nɔʂt]'Norwegian N.SG'

Phonological history

Vowel mergers

The earliest vowel shifts involved mid and low vowels. Pairs of Old West Scandinavian (OWS) front vowels (mid and open) merged into a single series, with long–short counterparts: /e/ and /ɛ/ became /e/, while /eː/ and /ɛː/ became /æː/. Additionally, /aː/ was subsequently rounded and merged into /ɔː/, but short /ɔ/ was fronted and merged with /œ/ (bǫrn → børn 'children'). There were special developments when adjacent to nasal consonants: /ɔ/ remained as a back vowel (lǫnd → lond 'countries'), but /ɔː/ merged with /oː/ (spónn → spónur 'spoon'). ^[30]

Short			Long
/e/	→	/ɛ/	/eː/	→	/æː/
/ɛ/			/ɛː/
/ø/		/ø/	/øː/		/øː/
/ɔ/			/ɔː/		/ɔː/
/a/		/a/	/aː/

Similar to the Great Vowel Shift in English, Faroese has underwent breaking of long vowels. Initially, high vowels /iː/, /yː/, and /uː/ were broken into /ɪi/, /ʏy/, and /ʊu/, respectively. Then, front high vowels (both long and short), /ɪi/—/ʏy/ and /i/—/y/ merged as /ʊi/ and /i/ in all dialects (Christer Lindqvist in 2003 suggested an intermediary form for the diphthong: [ʉy]→[ʊy]). Meanwhile, back vowel /oː/ broke as /ɔu/ (but /əu/ in the north). ^[31]

Skerping

Skerping

Written	Pronunciation	instead of
-ógv-	[ɛkv]	*[ɔu̯kv] (expected fronting: *[œy̯kv])
-úgv-	[ɪkv]	*[ʉu̯kv] (expected fronting: *[yy̯kv] → *[yːkv])
-eyggj-	[ɛtʃː]	*[ɛi̯tʃː]
-íggj-, -ýggj-	[ʊtʃː]	*[ʊitʃː]
-eiggj-	[atʃː]	*[aitʃː]
-oyggj-	[ɔtʃː]	*[ɔitʃː]

The so-called "skerping" ([ʃɛʂpɪŋk]'sharpening' ^[32] is a typical phenomenon of fronting back vowels before [kv] and monophthongizing certain diphthongs before long [tʃː]. Skerping is not indicated orthographically.

• [ɛkv]: Jógvan[ˈjɛkvan]'a form of the name John', gjógv [tʃɛkv]'cleft'
• [ɪkv]: kúgv[kʰɪkv]'cow', trúgva[ˈtʂɪkva]'believe', but: trúleysur[ˈtʂʉuːˌlɛisʊɹ]'faithless'
• [ɛtʃː]: heyggjur[ˈhɛtʃːʊɹ]'high M', but heygnum[ˈhɛiːnʊn]'high D.SG'
• [ʊtʃː]: nýggjur[ˈnʊtʃːʊɹ]'new M', but nýtt[nʊiʰtː]'New N'
• [atʃː]: beiggi[ˈpatʃːɪ]'brother'
• [ɔtʃː]: oyggj[ɔtʃː]'island', but oynna[ˈɔitna]'island Acc.SG'

Sample

SUB:Subjunctive mood IMP:Imperative mood PRS:Present tense PST:Past tense 2PS:second person, singular 3PS:third person, singular DF:Definite IDF:Indefinite N:Nominative case A:Accusative case D:Dative case G:Genitive case MA:Masculine gender FE:Feminine gender NT:Neuter gender CMPA:Comparative SPER:Superlative

Universal Declaration of Human Rights

The following is a sample text of Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. The first line is the orthographic version; ^[33] the second is the International Phonetic Alphabet transcription. A recording is available on the UDHR audio project's website. ^[34]

Grein1:

ˈfɪsːtaˈkɹaiːn ||

Øll

ˈʔœtˑl

menniskju

ˈmɛnːɪʃʊ ^[l]

eru

(ʔ)ɛɹʊ

fødd

ˌfœtˑ

fræls

ˈfɹalːs ^[m] (|)

og

ʔɔ

jøvn

ˈjœuːn |

til

tʰɪl

virðingar

ˈviːɹ.ɪŋkaɹ (|)

og

ʔɔ

mannarættindi.

ˈman(ː)a.ˌɹaʰtːɪntɪ ||

Tey

tʰɛi

hava

‿(h)ava

skil

ˈʃiːl (|)

og

ʔɔ

samvitsku

ˌsaɱː‿.vɪskˈʊˑ |

og

ʔɔ

eiga

ˈʔaiː(a)‿

at fara

a(t) faɹa (|)

hvørt

ˈkfœɻ̊ːʈ

um

ʊm

annað

ˌanːa ^[l]

í

(ʔ)ʊi

bróðuranda.

ˈpɹɔuːvʊɹ.ˌanːta

{Grein1:} Øll menniskju eru fødd fræls og jøvn til virðingar og mannarættindi. Tey hava skil og samvitsku og eiga {at fara} hvørt um annað í bróðuranda.

{ˈfɪsːtaˈkɹaiːn ||} ˈʔœtˑl ˈmɛnːɪʃʊ ^[l] (ʔ)ɛɹʊ ˌfœtˑ {ˈfɹalːs ^[m] (|)} ʔɔ {ˈjœuːn |} tʰɪl {ˈviːɹ.ɪŋkaɹ (|)} ʔɔ {ˈman(ː)a.ˌɹaʰtːɪntɪ ||} tʰɛi ‿(h)ava {ˈʃiːl (|)} ʔɔ {ˌsaɱː‿.vɪskˈʊˑ |} ʔɔ ˈʔaiː(a)‿ {a(t) faɹa (|)} ˈkfœɻ̊ːʈ ʊm ˌanːa ^[l] (ʔ)ʊi ˈpɹɔuːvʊɹ.ˌanːta

1^st article: All humans are born free and equal in terms of respect and rights. They [all] have conscience and reason and ought to behave each around another in brotherhood.

Lord's Prayer

The following is a sample text of the Lord's Prayer in Faroese. The first line is the orthographic version; ^[35] the second is the International Phonetic Alphabet transcription. A recording posted under the @teknmal767 channel is available on YouTube, it contains two performances of the prayer spoken and signed. ^[36]

Faðir

ˈfɛaːjɪɹ

vár,

ˈvɔaːɹ |

Tú,

ˈtʰʉuː

sum

sʊm

ert

ˌ(ʔ)ɛɻ̊ːʈ

í

ʊi

Himli.

ˈhɪmːlɪ ||

Heilagt

ˈhaiːlaʰt (|)

verði

(ˈ)ve(ː)ɹɪ

navn

ˌnauːn

Títt.

ˈtʰʊiʰtː |

Komi

ˈkʰoːmɪ

ríki

ˌɹʊiːt͡ʃɪ

Títt.

ˈtʰʊiʰtː ||

Verði

ˈveːɹɪ

vilji

ˌvɪlːjɪ

Tín,

ˈtʰʊiːn |

sum

sʊm

í

ʊi

Himli,

ˈhɪmːlɪ (|)

so

so

á

ʔɔa

jørð.

ˈjøːɹ ||

Gev

ˈt͡ʃeːv

okkum

ɔʰkˑʊn

í dag

ʊiˈtɛaː

okkara

ɔʰkˑaɹa

dagliga

ˌtak.lija

breyð.

ˈpɹɛiː ||

Og

ʔɔ

fyrigev

ˈfiˑɹɪ.ˌt͡ʃeːv

okkum

ɔʰkˑʊn

syndir

ˈsɪnːtɪɹ

okkara,

ɔʰkˑaɹa ||

so sum

soˑ sʊɱ‿

vit

ˈviˑt

eisini

ˈʔaiːsɪnɪ

fyrigeva

ˈfiˑɹɪ.ˌt͡ʃɛva

teimum,

ˈtʰaiːmʊn |

ið

ʔʊi

móti

ˈmɛuːtɪ

okkum

ɔʰkˑʊn

synda.

ˈsɪnːta ||

[Og]

ʔɔ

Leið

ˈlaiː

okkum

ɔʰkˑʊn

ikki

ɪʰt͡ʃˑ‿

í

ʊi

fre[i]stingar,

ˈfɹaisːt.ɪŋkaɹ |

men

mɛn

frels

ˈfɹɛɬːs

okkum

ɔʰkˑʊn ^[l]

frá

ˌfɹɔaː

tí illa.

tʰʊiˈʔɪtˑla ||

Tí

tʰʊi

at

at

[T]ítt

ˈtʰʊiʰtː

er

ɛɹ

ríkið,

‿ˈʊiːt͡ʃɪ |

valdið

ˈvalːtɪ (|)

og

ʔɔ

heiðurin

ˈhaiː(ʊ)ɹɪn |

um

ʔʊm

allar

ˈʔatˑlaɹ

ævir.

ˈʔɛaːvɪɹ ||

Amen.

ˈʔamːˌɛn

Faðir vár, Tú, sum ert í Himli. Heilagt verði navn Títt. Komi ríki Títt. Verði vilji Tín, sum í Himli, so á jørð. Gev okkum {í dag} okkara dagliga breyð. Og fyrigev okkum syndir okkara, {so sum} vit eisini fyrigeva teimum, ið móti okkum synda. [Og] Leið okkum ikki í fre[i]stingar, men frels okkum frá {tí illa}. Tí at [T]ítt er ríkið, valdið og heiðurin um allar ævir. Amen.

ˈfɛaːjɪɹ {ˈvɔaːɹ |} ˈtʰʉuː sʊm ˌ(ʔ)ɛɻ̊ːʈ ʊi {ˈhɪmːlɪ ||} {ˈhaiːlaʰt (|)} (ˈ)ve(ː)ɹɪ ˌnauːn {ˈtʰʊiʰtː |} ˈkʰoːmɪ ˌɹʊiːt͡ʃɪ {ˈtʰʊiʰtː ||} ˈveːɹɪ ˌvɪlːjɪ {ˈtʰʊiːn |} sʊm ʊi {ˈhɪmːlɪ (|)} so ʔɔa {ˈjøːɹ ||} ˈt͡ʃeːv ɔʰkˑʊn ʊiˈtɛaː ɔʰkˑaɹa ˌtak.lija {ˈpɹɛiː ||} ʔɔ ˈfiˑɹɪ.ˌt͡ʃeːv ɔʰkˑʊn ˈsɪnːtɪɹ {ɔʰkˑaɹa ||} {soˑ sʊɱ‿} ˈviˑt ˈʔaiːsɪnɪ ˈfiˑɹɪ.ˌt͡ʃɛva {ˈtʰaiːmʊn |} ʔʊi ˈmɛuːtɪ ɔʰkˑʊn {ˈsɪnːta ||} ʔɔ ˈlaiː ɔʰkˑʊn ɪʰt͡ʃˑ‿ ʊi {ˈfɹaisːt.ɪŋkaɹ |} mɛn ˈfɹɛɬːs ɔʰkˑʊn ^[l] ˌfɹɔaː {tʰʊiˈʔɪtˑla ||} tʰʊi at ˈtʰʊiʰtː ɛɹ {‿ˈʊiːt͡ʃɪ |} {ˈvalːtɪ (|)} ʔɔ {ˈhaiː(ʊ)ɹɪn |} ʔʊm ˈʔatˑlaɹ {ˈʔɛaːvɪɹ ||} ˈʔamːˌɛn

Our Father, You, who is in Heaven. Holly be Your name, come Your kingdom, done be Your will, on earth as [is] in Heaven. Give us today our daily bread. And forgive us our sins, just as we also forgive those who sinned against us. And do not lead us into temptation(s), but deliver us from evil [lit: it badly]. For to You is the realm, the power and the glory through all [of] eternity. Amen.

Notes

1. This is a common trend in Scandinavian languages, as can be seen in the charts of: Eklund & Traunmüller (1997:11), interested in Standard Central Swedish, suporting transcriptions as ⟦ iɛ ^ⓘ , ø̈œ̈ ^ⓘ , ʊ̠ö̞ ^ⓘ ⟧; Flego & Berkson (2020:9), describing the vowels of Reykjavík Icelandic, pointing to ⟦ eɛ ^ⓘ , ɵɞ̝ ^ⓘ , oɔ̈ ^ⓘ ⟧; Natvig (2018:105, 114), averaging data from all over Norway, ended up with the narrow [e̞ɛɵɵ̞oɔ̝]
2. But not in borrowings as in kai[kʰäiː]'quay'
3. Its short alternant remains /ɔ/ under all circumstances.
4. Phonetically short diphthongs can have in some specific words a monophthong instead of their regular alternant, e.g. in Northern Streymoy týskt'German adj' is pronunced [tʰʊkst]. ^[2]
5. Though some compound have been lexicalised bátur[ˈpɔaː(ʰ)tʊɹ]'boat' VS bátsmaður[ˈpɔʰtsmɛavʊɹ]'shipmate'. ^[6]
6. This can be still seen in Icelandic where vowel length is mostly based on the syllable's current struture e.g.: - Ég kom heim[ˈhɛiːm]'I came home' - Ég fer heim á morgunn[ˈhɛiːmɑuˌmɔrˑkʏn]'I'm going home tomorrow' - Ég kom heim til hans[ˈhɛimˑtɪlans]'I came to his place'. ^[7]
7. Though not in some cases, compare grava[ˈkɹɛaːva]'to dig' with prógva[ˈpʂɛkva] > prófa'to prove'.
8. As in lega[ˈleːva]'a lyingnom' and legu[ˈleːvʊ]'obl'.
9. This is reminiscent of the smoothing in RP of sequences diphthong plus schwa: e.g. 'layer' [ˈle̞ɪə~le̞ːə], 'lower' [ˈləʊə~ləː], 'loir' [ˈlɔɪə~lɔːə]. An opening disinction also arrise between smoothed /ɔɪə/ and /ɔː+ə/ (as in drawer) the latter being closer. ^[15] However the parallel ends there, in Faroese it is a dissimilation process and applies to hovering diphthongs ; ^[16] in English it is a consequence of the weakness of the glides and is an opption available to any falling diphthong and outputs a single syllable (other e.g. 'lyre' [~laːə], 'lour' [~lɑːə], 'real' [~ˈɹɪːəɫ], 'gruel' [~ˈgɹʊːəɫ], ^[17] and in SSBE 'security' [sɪˈkj̊ʉ̞ːɹɪt(ʰ)ɪi]. ^[18]
10. Etymologically spelt ⟨um⟩
11. As can be heard in this pronunciation piece: Eiði /ˈaiɪ/ ^ⓘ
12. Sandhi phenomena (nasal assimilation, h- and final vowel deletion) are sensitive to phrase boundaries. ^{[37] [ failed verification ]}
13. The /l/ is velarised in the recording.

References

1. Árnason (2011), p. 75.
2. Árnason (2011), p. 69.
3. Árnason (2011) , p. 69 citing Staksberg (1991) , p. 34–5 harvp error: no target: CITEREFStaksberg1991 (help)
4. Árnason (2011), pp. 71–2.
5. Árnason (2011), p. 68.
6. Árnason (2011), p. 26.
7. Árnason (2011), p. 206.
8. Árnason (2011), p. 81.
9. Árnason (2011), p. 82.
10. Sprotin, FØ-FØ, "lega".
11. Árnason (2011), p. 30.
12. Árnason (2011 , p. 82) : "But this [hiatus/plosive alternation of the type faðir 'father sg' V.S. fedrar 'pl/ancestors'] would hardly motivate the construction of synchronic rules (or input–output relations) to mirror the loss of the fricatives and the development of stops before sonorants. Phonologically speaking the hiatus forms are 'primitive' and should appear as such in the lexical representation."
13. Árnason (2011 , p. 82) : "Th[e] analogical levelling [...] shows that the insertion of [ʋ] according to (5.13b) is opaque (and neutralizing) and cannot be classified as a purely phonological rule or constraint."
14. Árnason (2011), p. 83, 85.
15. Cruttenden 2008, pp. 145–6.
16. Árnason 2011, p. 84.
17. Cruttenden 2008, p. 147.
18. Lindsey 2012.
19. Þráinsson, Jacobsen & Hansen (2004), p. 350.
20. Árnason (2011), p. 115.
21. Árnason (2011), p. 115–6.
22. Barnes & Weyhe (1994), p. 194.
23. Árnason (2011), p. 116.
24. Árnason (2011), p. 71.
25. Árnason (2011), p. 120.
26. Árnason (2011), p. 117, 177.
27. Árnason (2011), p. 114.
28. Árnason (2011), p. 117.
29. Árnason (2011), p. 115, 297.
30. Peterson & Voeltzel 2025, p. 81–83.
31. Peterson & Voeltzel 2025, p. 84–85.
32. Þráinsson, Jacobsen & Hansen (2004) use the term "Faroese Verschärfung"
33. UN Information Centre DK. "Universal Declaration of Human Rights - Faroese" [Heimsyvirlýsing um Mannarættindi]. ohchr.org. 1.grein. Retrieved 14 November 2025.
34. Mortensen, Per. "udhr faroese". udhr.audio. Archived from the original on 14 November 2025.
35. Faðir vár  (in Faroese) – via Wikisource.
36. Biskopstø, E.; Hansen, M.; Simonsen, A.; et al. (@teknmal767) (19 December 2021). "Faðir vár". YouTube.

Bibliography

Faroese language sources

• Árnason, Kristján (2011). The Phonology of Icelandic and Faroese. Oxford University Press. ISBN   978-0199229314.
• Barnes, Michael P.; Weyhe, Eivind (1994). "7: Faroese". In van der Auwera, Johan; König, Ekkehard (eds.). The Germanic Languages. Routledge Language Family. pp. 190–218. ISBN   978-0-415-05768-4.
• Þráinsson, Høskuldur; Jacobsen, Jógvan í Lon; Hansen, Zakaris Svabo (2004). Faroese: An Overview and Reference Grammar. Tórshavn/Reykjavík: Føroya Fróðskaparfelag. ISBN   978-9991841854.
• Peterson, Hjalmar Páll (2000). "Mátingar av sjálvljóðum í føroyskum" [Measurement of Faroese vowels](PDF). Málting: Tíðarrit um føroyskt mál og málvísindi (in Faroese). 10 (1): 37–43. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2023-12-30.

Dictionary

• Poulsen, J. H. W.; Simonsen, M.; Jacobsen, J. í L.; Johansen, A.; Hansen, Z. Sv., eds. (10 April 2020). "Netaorðabøkur" [Web dictionaries]. Sprotin.

Other languages sources

• Cruttenden, Alan (2008). "8.11. Diphthongs + [ə]". Gimson's Pronunciation of English (7th ed.). London: Hodder. pp. 145–8. ISBN   978-0-340-95877-3.
• Eklund, Ing.; Traunmüller, H. (1997). "Comparative study of male and female whispered and phonated versions of the long vowels of Swedish". Phonetica. 54 (1): 1–21. doi:10.1159/000262207.
• Flego, Stefon; Berkson, Kelly (2020). "A Phonetic Illustration of the Sound System of Icelandic". IULC Working Papers. 20 (1).
• Lindsey, Geoff (January 22, 2012). "Smoothing, then and now". englishspeechservices.com (blog). Archived from the original on 2 Oct 2025.
• Natvig, David A. (2018). Contrast, variation and chang in Norwgian vowel systems (PDF) (Ph. D. thesis). UW.

Further reading

• Cathey, James (1997). "Variation and reduction in Modern Faroese vowels". In Birkmann, Thomas; Klingenberg, Heinz; Nübling, Damaris; Ronneberger-Sibold, Elke (eds.). Vergleichende germanische Philologie und Skandinavistik: Festschrift für Otmar Werner. Tübingen: Max Niemeyer Verlag. pp. 91–100. ISBN   978-3484730311.
• O'Neil, Wayne A. (1964). "Faroese Vowel Morphophonemics". Language. 40 (3). Linguistic Society of America: 366–371. doi:10.2307/411501. JSTOR   411501.
• Peterson, Hjalmar P.; Voeltzel, Laurence (2025). Lahiri, Aditi (ed.). Faroese Phonetics and Phonology. Phonology and Phonetics. Vol. 34. De Gruyter Mouton. p. 376. ISBN   978-3110750553.
• Rischel, Jørgen (1964). "Toward the phonetic description of Faroese vowels". Fróðskaparrit. 13: 99–113. doi: 10.18602/fsj.v13i.347 (inactive 12 July 2025).

External links

• Faroese on Omniglot