Pre-stopped consonant

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In linguistics, pre-stopping, also known as pre-occlusion or pre-plosion, is a phonological process involving the historical or allophonic insertion of a very short stop consonant before a sonorant, such as a short [d] before a nasal [n] or a lateral [l], or a short [p] before a nasal [m]. The resulting sounds ([ᵈn,ᵈl,ᵖm]) are called pre-stopped consonants, or sometimes pre-ploded or (in Celtic linguistics) pre-occluded consonants, although technically [n] may be considered an occlusive/stop without the pre-occlusion.

Contents

A pre-stopped consonant behaves phonologically as a single consonant. That is, like affricates and trilled affricates, the reasons for considering these sequences to be single consonants lies primarily in their behavior. [1] Phonetically they are similar or equivalent to stops with a nasal or lateral release.

Terminology

There are three terms for this phenomenon. The most common by far is prestopped/prestopping. [2] [3] In descriptions of the languages of Southeast Asia, Australia, and the Pacific, preploded/preplosion is common, [4] though prestopped is also used. [5] In accounts of Celtic languages, preoccluded/preocclusion is used almost exclusively. [6] [7] Technically, nasals are already occlusives, and are often considered stops; however, some prefer to restrict the term 'stop' for consonants in which there is complete cessation of airflow, so 'prenasalized stop' and 'prestopped nasal' are not necessarily tautologies. [8]

In European languages

In Manx, pre-occlusion occurs in stressed monosyllabic words (i.e. words one syllable long), and is also found in Cornish on certain stressed syllables. The inserted stop is homorganic with the sonorant, which means it has the same place of articulation. Long vowels are often shortened before pre-occluded sounds. In transcription, pre-occluding consonants in final position are typically written with a superscripted letter in Manx [9] and in Cornish. [10]

Examples in Manx include: [11] [12]

In Cornish, pre-occlusion mostly affects the reflexes of older geminate/fortis /m/, intrinsically geminated in Old Cornish, and /nn/ (or /N/ depending on preferred notation). It also arises in a few cases where the combination /n+j/ was apparently re-interpreted as /nnʲ/.

Examples in Cornish:

In Faroese, pre-occlusion also occurs, as in kallar[ˈkatlaɹ] 'you call, he calls', seinna[ˈsaiːtna] 'latter'. A similar feature occurs in Icelandic, as in galli[ˈkatlɪ] ('error'); sæll[ˈsaitl̥], seinna[ˈseitna]; Spánn[ˈspautn̥].

In Australian languages

Pre-stopped nasals and laterals are found in some Australian Aboriginal languages, such as Kuyani (Adnyamathanha), Arabana, Wangkangurru, Diyari, Aranda (nasals only), and Martuthunira (laterals only). [13] Adnyamathanha, for example, has the pre-stopped nasals [ᵇm,ɟɲ,d̪n̪,ᵈn,ɖɳ] and the pre-stopped laterals [ɟʎ,d̪l̪,ᵈl,ɖɭ], though these are all in allophonic variation with the simple nasals and laterals [m,ɲ,n̪,n,ɳ,ʎ,l̪,l,ɭ].

In Mon–Khmer languages

Pre-stopped nasals are also found in several branches of Austroasiatic, especially in the North Aslian languages and Shompen, where historical word-final nasals, *m *n *ŋ, have become pre-stopped, or even full voiced stops [bdɡ].

In Austronesian languages

Hiw of Vanuatu is the only Austronesian language that has been reported to have a pre-stopped velar lateral approximant /ɡʟ/. [14] Its phonological behavior clearly defines it as a prestopped lateral, rather than as a laterally released stop. [14]

Nemi of New Caledonia has consonants that have been described as postnasalized stops, [15] but could possibly be described as prestopped nasals. [16]

See also

Related Research Articles

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In phonetics, a plosive, also known as an occlusive or simply a stop, is a pulmonic consonant in which the vocal tract is blocked so that all airflow ceases.

Velars are consonants articulated with the back part of the tongue against the soft palate, the back part of the roof of the mouth.

In phonetics, a bilabial consonant is a labial consonant articulated with both lips.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Voiced labiodental nasal</span> Consonantal sound represented by ⟨ɱ⟩ in IPA

The voiced labiodental nasal is a type of consonantal sound. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɱ⟩. The IPA symbol is a lowercase letter m with a leftward hook protruding from the lower right of the letter. Occasionally it is instead transcribed as an with a dental diacritic: ⟨m̪⟩.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Voiced uvular plosive</span> Consonantal sound represented by ⟨ɢ⟩ in IPA

The voiced uvular plosive or stop is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɢ⟩, a small capital version of the Latin letter g, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is G\.

In phonetics, a flap or tap is a type of consonantal sound, which is produced with a single contraction of the muscles so that one articulator is thrown against another.

Labial–velar consonants are doubly articulated at the velum and the lips, such as. They are sometimes called "labiovelar consonants", a term that can also refer to labialized velars, such as the stop consonant and the approximant.

In phonetics, nasalization is the production of a sound while the velum is lowered, so that some air escapes through the nose during the production of the sound by the mouth. Examples of archetypal nasal sounds include and.

In phonetics and phonology, a sonorant or resonant is a speech sound that is produced with continuous, non-turbulent airflow in the vocal tract; these are the manners of articulation that are most often voiced in the world's languages. Vowels are sonorants, as are semivowels like and, nasal consonants like and, and liquid consonants like and. This set of sounds contrasts with the obstruents.

Implosive consonants are a group of stop consonants with a mixed glottalic ingressive and pulmonic egressive airstream mechanism. That is, the airstream is controlled by moving the glottis downward in addition to expelling air from the lungs. Therefore, unlike the purely glottalic ejective consonants, implosives can be modified by phonation. Contrastive implosives are found in approximately 13% of the world's languages.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Apical consonant</span> Phone (speech sound)

An apical consonant is a phone produced by obstructing the air passage with the tip of the tongue (apex) in conjunction with upper articulators from lips to postalveolar, and possibly prepalatal. It contrasts with laminal consonants, which are produced by creating an obstruction with the blade of the tongue, just behind the tip. Sometimes apical is used exclusively for an articulation that involves only the tip of the tongue and apicolaminal for an articulation that involves both the tip and the blade of the tongue. However, the distinction is not always made and the latter one may be called simply apical, especially when describing an apical dental articulation. As there is some laminal contact in the alveolar region, the apicolaminal dental consonants are also labelled as denti-alveolar.

An obstruent is a speech sound such as, , or that is formed by obstructing airflow. Obstruents contrast with sonorants, which have no such obstruction and so resonate. All obstruents are consonants, but sonorants include vowels as well as consonants.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Homorganic consonant</span> Consonant sound articulated in the same place of articulation as another

In phonetics, a homorganic consonant is a consonant sound that is articulated in the same place of articulation as another. For example,, and are homorganic consonants of one another since they share the bilabial place of articulation. Consonants that are not articulated in the same place are called heterorganic.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Margi language</span> Chadic language of Nigeria, Cameroon and Chad

Margi, also known as Marghi and Marghi Central, is a Chadic language spoken in Nigeria, Cameroon, and Chad. It is perhaps the best described of the Biu–Mandara branch of that family. Marghi South language and Putai are closely related and sometimes considered dialects of Margi.

The voiceless palatal nasal is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbols in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represent this sound are ⟨ɲ̊⟩ and ⟨ɲ̥⟩, which are combinations of the letter for the voiced palatal nasal and a diacritic indicating voicelessness. The equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is J_0.

In phonetics, an occlusive, sometimes known as a stop, is a consonant sound produced by occluding airflow in the vocal tract, but not necessarily in the nasal tract. The duration of the block is the occlusion of the consonant. An occlusive may refer to one or more of the following, depending on the author:

The creaky-voiced glottal approximant is a consonant sound in some languages. In the IPA, it is transcribed as ⟨ʔ̞⟩ or ⟨ʔ̰⟩. It involves tension in the glottis and diminution of airflow, compared to surrounding vowels, but not full occlusion.

References

  1. ↑ Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. p. 128. ISBN   978-0-631-19815-4.
  2. ↑ Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN   978-0-631-19815-4.
  3. ↑ Keith Brown, ed. (2005). Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics (2 ed.). Elsevier. ISBN   0-08-044299-4.
  4. ↑ Adelaar & Himmelmann (2005) The Austronesian languages of Asia and Madagascar
  5. ↑ Botma (2004) Phonological Aspects of Nasality
  6. ↑ Ball & Fife (2002) The Celtic Languages
  7. ↑ "Pre-occluded" is also used in Laver (1994) Principles of Phonetics
  8. ↑ Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. p. 102. ISBN   978-0-631-19815-4.
  9. ↑ Williams, Nicholas. 1994. "An Mhanainnis", in Stair na Gaeilge: in ómós do Pádraig Ó Fiannachta. Maigh Nuad: Roinn na Sean-Ghaeilge, Colásite Phádraig. §X.4.10. ISBN   0-901519-90-1
  10. ↑ Williams, Nicholas. 2006. "Pre-occlusion in Cornish", in Writing on Revived Cornish. Cathair na Mart: Evertype. ISBN   978-1-904808-08-4
  11. ↑ Broderick, George (1984–86). A Handbook of Late Spoken Manx. Tübingen: Niemeyer. pp. 3:28–34. ISBN   3-484-42903-8. (vol. 1). (vol. 2)., (vol. 3). Retrieved 2009-03-05.
  12. ↑ Broderick, George (1993). "Manx". In M. J. Ball; J. Fife (eds.). The Celtic Languages. London: Routledge. pp. 228–85 [236]. ISBN   0-415-01035-7.
  13. ↑ Mielke 2008:135
  14. 1 2 François (2010)
  15. ↑ Ozanne-Rivierre (1995 :54).
  16. ↑ François (2010 :403).

Bibliography

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